Introduction of vaccination knowledge
Basic immunization procedures of children's vaccination knowledge
Vaccination is an effective method to prevent infectious diseases in children by injecting or orally taking biological products for preventing infectious diseases into the human body, stimulating the human immune system and making the human body produce antibodies against certain infectious diseases, that is, resistance against corresponding bacteria or viruses. Planned immunization refers to planned vaccination according to age.
Planned immunization includes two procedures:
One is the whole process of basic immunization, that is, the first vaccination is completed within 1 year;
Second, it is necessary to strengthen immunization in the future, that is, according to the immune persistence of vaccines, the immune level of the population and the epidemic situation of diseases, multiple cropping should be carried out in time. This can consolidate the immune effect and achieve the purpose of preventing diseases.
Children's vaccination knowledge should choose vaccination.
1 How to choose vaccination
Many parents are not very clear about the purpose of vaccination. Children's immune system is underdeveloped, their resistance is poor, and they are prone to many infectious diseases. In order to prevent children from infectious diseases, biological products are used for vaccination to improve the specific immunity of susceptible people. Vaccination is a key measure to prevent, control and eliminate corresponding infectious diseases.
Faced with a variety of vaccines, how do parents choose? After the child is born, the specific vaccination procedures are: BCG and hepatitis B vaccine are vaccinated at birth; Vaccinate for a whole semester with hepatitis B vaccine; Vaccinate against polio in the second full semester; Vaccinate with DTP vaccine and polio vaccine for three months; Vaccinate the whole process with DTP vaccine and polio vaccine; Vaccination with DTP vaccine for five years; At the age of six, he was vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine; At the age of eight, I was vaccinated against measles. At the age of one and a half to two years, DTP vaccine and measles vaccine will be strengthened, polio vaccine will be strengthened at the age of four, and DTP -2 vaccine will be strengthened at the age of seven, thus completing basic immunity and strengthening immunity.
Vaccination other than basic immunization should generally be done 1~2 months before the epidemic of the corresponding disease. For example, meningococcal vaccine 1 1 before the end of June, Japanese encephalitis vaccine before the end of May, and influenza vaccine from September to June in 65438+February. Vaccines such as varicella vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, leprosy college entrance examination vaccine, Anerbao vaccine and rotavirus vaccine can be vaccinated all year round.
2. Choosing vaccination is learned.
Parents who take their children to the hospital for vaccination know that before the injection, the doctor will ask about the health status of some children. Why? According to experts, healthy school-age children can be vaccinated, but children should not be vaccinated under the following circumstances, and they need to consult a doctor to understand relevant knowledge:
1. Fever children with body temperature over 37.5℃;
2. Children with psoriasis, skin infection, severe dermatitis and eczema;
3. Children with heart disease, hepatitis, nephritis and active tuberculosis;
4. Children with abnormal brain or nervous system development, encephalitis sequela and epilepsy;
5 children with severe malnutrition, severe rickets and congenital immunodeficiency;
6. Children with allergies, asthma and urticaria;
7. Children with diarrhea should not take polio sugar pills, and must wait for two weeks after illness before taking them;
8. Children with axillary or cervical lymphadenopathy.
3. Correctly understand the misunderstanding of vaccination.
Some vaccinations will have different reactions, so how to deal with the "vaccination reaction" is particularly important. Before vaccination, parents should give their children a bath and put on clean clothes, and explain their health to the doctor. Doctors can only be vaccinated after checking the "contraindications" that have not been vaccinated. Observe on the spot after inoculation 15 ~ 30 minutes, and leave the scene if there is no reaction. After vaccination, children should rest properly, do not do strenuous exercise, do not eat irritating foods such as peppers, and do not take a bath for the time being. Sometimes children will have "vaccination reaction", such as slight fever, listlessness, not wanting to eat, crying and so on. Generally, it is not serious. As long as you take good care and feed more boiled water, 1~2 days will be fine. A very small number of children may have a high fever, and the reaction will be aggravated. They should seek medical attention immediately.
I especially remind parents and friends that we often hear some wrong statements from parents in clinic. We must master relevant knowledge and avoid misunderstanding, mainly in the following aspects:
1. After vaccination, antibodies are gradually produced after 1~2 months, so after vaccination, you should not be careless and pay attention to prevention.
2. After vaccination, the antibody level of some vaccines gradually decreases or disappears after a period of time, so it is necessary to strengthen vaccination.
After vaccination, I mistakenly thought that I would not suffer from this infectious disease again. After vaccination, a few people do not produce antibodies, and there is still the possibility of contracting the disease.
Parents should attach importance to children's vaccination knowledge.
Recently, the state and local governments have successively introduced some preferential measures for children's vaccination, which shows the strength in public prevention and control. How to make good use of these measures is related to the level of parents' immune knowledge. The following are "precautions", parents may wish to review them.
After the child is born, the antibodies from the mother gradually disappear, and the resistance to various infectious diseases declines, so vaccination is needed.
Common infectious diseases that endanger children's health are measles, polio, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, hepatitis B, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, epidemic encephalitis B and so on.
These diseases are very serious. Once infected, they will affect children's growth and development, and some may even be life-threatening or leave sequelae, which will bring misfortune to individuals and families and burden to society. Planned immunization is the most convenient, effective and economical means to prevent, control and finally eliminate the corresponding infectious diseases.
Children's vaccination knowledge needs to be vaccinated with a variety of vaccines.
Children should be vaccinated regularly from birth according to the requirements of national planned immunization.
At present, planned immunization in China includes injecting hepatitis B vaccine and BCG vaccine after birth. The former can effectively block mother-to-child transmission, that is, if the mother has hepatitis B, the child can be prevented from being infected to some extent by vaccination; The latter prevents tuberculosis. Children will be vaccinated against polio one after another; DTP vaccine that can prevent pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus simultaneously; Measles, Japanese encephalitis and meningococcal vaccine; Leprosy cheek vaccine, etc. In addition, there are some vaccines such as chicken pox and Haemophilus influenzae type B, and parents can choose to vaccinate according to their children's physical condition.
Before children go to kindergarten, they have little contact with the outside world and their living environment is relatively clean. After they go to kindergarten, they are in close contact with the outside world, so the chances of contracting some diseases will increase. Parenting experts suggest that parents should vaccinate their children against diseases such as chicken pox and hepatitis A before they go to kindergarten.
Children's knowledge of vaccination is taboo.
Not all children can be vaccinated anytime and anywhere.
Vaccination time, physical condition of the vaccinator, any contraindications, etc. Both have an impact on the efficacy of the vaccine and the possible uncomfortable reaction after vaccination. Children in the following circumstances should generally avoid or suspend vaccination:
(1) Children with severe heart, liver and kidney diseases and active tuberculosis should not be vaccinated;
(2) Children whose body temperature exceeds 37.5℃ and have axillary or lymphadenopathy should not be vaccinated, and the reasons should be found out and cured before vaccination;
(3) Children with severe malnutrition, rickets and congenital immunodeficiency should not be vaccinated;
(4) Children with allergic constitution such as asthma and urticaria should not be vaccinated;
5] The nervous system including the brain is abnormal, and children with encephalitis sequela and epilepsy should not be vaccinated;
[6] Children with dermatitis, suppurative dermatosis and severe eczema should not be vaccinated until they are cured;
(7) If children defecate more than four times a day, they can only be vaccinated against polio after two weeks of recovery;
(8) Children who have recently injected polyvalent immunoglobulin should not be vaccinated against measles within six weeks;
Pet-name ruby cold, mild low fever and other common diseases can be suspended according to the situation;
⑽ Vaccination should not be carried out on an empty stomach and hunger.
In addition, when parents take their children for vaccination, they must reflect the child's physical condition at that time to the doctor in detail, and it is best to bring relevant medical history information.
Pay attention to the uncomfortable reaction of children after vaccination.
Any uncomfortable reaction may occur after vaccination. If the child has local redness, pain, swollen lymph nodes, fever and other symptoms. After vaccination, it will soon subside, which is a normal uncomfortable reaction. If these symptoms get worse, you'd better go to the hospital as soon as possible.
In addition, some children will have allergic reactions to some vaccines, with symptoms such as long rash, allergic purpura, angioneurotic edema and even shock. Therefore, when vaccinating vaccines containing allergic ingredients, we must be cautious, and it is best not to vaccinate the same vaccine again. If injection is needed, children with allergies must report to the doctor, and the doctor will prepare rescue measures before vaccination.
Parents are especially reminded that they must choose a regular medical institution for vaccination, and do not vaccinate their children after purchasing them, so as not to cause adverse consequences.