Discuss the factors that affect children's psychological development. Parents should pay attention to their children's physical and mental development, especially the factors that affect their physical and mental development, and prescribe the right medicine to help their children grow up healthily. The factors that affect children's psychological development are discussed below.
On the factors affecting children's psychological development 1 Cultivating children with mental health is our ultimate goal, and there are many factors restricting children's psychological development. Controlling the influence of various factors on children's healthy psychology is a magic weapon to scientifically guide children to establish healthy psychology. In the cultivation of children's healthy psychology, these seven factors can not be ignored.
1, genetic factors. The characteristics of human brain and physiological nerves are the material basis of psychological phenomena, which provides the possibility for our human psychological development. This genetic factor provides an objective reference for us to cultivate children's healthy psychology in real life, but it does not play a decisive role.
2. Social, cultural and environmental factors. With the improvement of cognitive ability, children have a certain ability to take care of their social environment, especially the influence of mainstream social and cultural thoughts, which seriously affects their psychological growth.
3. Socio-economic and environmental factors. Just as social and cultural factors affect children's psychological growth, social and economic environment also objectively affects children's psychological growth.
4. Natural environmental factors. "One side of water and soil nurtures one side of people" not only refers to people's living habits in different regions, but also includes people's psychological cultivation in some regions.
5. School cultural environment factors. Without the influence of family and society, school has the most direct and powerful influence on children's psychological growth. No wonder parents will try their best to choose a school for their children.
6. Family culture and environmental factors. The influence of family culture on children's psychological development is self-evident. Economic structure, parents' parenting attitude and value orientation, parent-child relationship and so on all have direct and important influences on children's psychological development. Creating a harmonious family life environment can better promote the growth of children's healthy psychology.
7. Subjective factors. This main factor mainly refers to the spontaneity of children, who actively change their psychological growth route during their growth.
Children with mental health may not develop well, but children with mental health will certainly not develop well. In order to guide children to shape healthy psychology, we need objective analysis, comprehensive measurement and active guidance. Under the premise of considering various complex factors, we should integrate various influencing factors to create the most suitable psychological growth environment for children.
This paper discusses the factors that affect children's psychological development: 2 1 and biological factors. Including genetic factors and physiological factors;
2. Family factors. Including the natural structure of the family, economic situation, family education and other factors;
3. Social and cultural factors. Including traditional culture and realistic cultural factors;
4. School education factors. Including the school's educational content, educational methods, school spirit, teachers, peer interaction and other factors.
Children's psychological development refers to the positive psychological changes from immaturity to maturity. In other words, it is a process of expanding, improving, perfecting and complicating people's activities to reflect the objective reality.
Under certain social and educational conditions, most children of a certain age are always at a certain level of development, showing basically similar psychological characteristics. This is the premise of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Individual psychological development refers to the occurrence, development and change process of individual psychology from birth to adulthood and then to old age.
age characteristics
1. Age characteristics are formed under certain social and educational conditions, so there is no unified and eternal age characteristics.
2. The development of children's psychology has both continuity and stages. Each stage not only leaves the characteristics of the previous stage, but also contains the new quality of the next stage, but each stage always has the dominant essential characteristics.
3. Children's age characteristics are summarized from many individual children's psychological development facts, which represent the typical characteristics and general trends of most children's psychological development at this age. That is to say, they should be based on frequent rather than accidental performance, and the characteristics of individual children under special conditions at this stage should not be regarded as age characteristics.
The stability is shown as follows:
(l) Under certain social and educational conditions, most children of a certain age are always at a certain level of development and show basically similar psychological characteristics.
(2) The process sequence and development speed of the development stage are relatively unchanged, insurmountable and irreversible. The reasons for this stability are:
(1) Social conditions for running schools are relatively stable in a certain period of time;
(2) Children master knowledge and experience in a certain order. In general, most children spend about the same time;
③ Physiological development has a relatively stable process.
The age characteristics of children's psychological development is a starting point of education, and the arrangement of teaching materials and the design of teaching methods should take into account the level and age characteristics of the educated. Because the age characteristics have both stages and continuity, we should pay attention to the transition from one stage to another; Because of the stability and variability of age characteristics, we should pay attention to the same sex and individual differences in teaching.
The factors that affect children's psychological development are mainly biological factors and social factors, that is, the influence of innate talent and acquired environment. The interaction of innate and acquired factors shapes a person's psychological quality and personality characteristics. Biological factors include:
(1) Genetic factors: A sperm or egg with chromosome abnormality or genetic defect is doomed to the future misfortune of the child at the time of fertilization. Abnormal chromosome number and structure will lead to various congenital malformations and genetic diseases. Such as brain hypoplasia, congenital idiocy, congenital deafness's disease, phenylketonuria, schizophrenia, manic depression and so on. , will lead to obvious mental disability and psychological barriers.
(2) Fetal development: During the whole period of fetal development, maternal health and various external factors may also affect the normal development of the fetus. Especially in the first three months of pregnancy, if pregnant women are infected with influenza, rubella, hepatitis and other viruses, it can cause chromosome aberration of embryos, or placental blood circulation disorder, and insufficient oxygen supply, thus affecting fetal development. Improper use of drugs, or exposure to pesticides, drug abuse, and environmental temperature is too high or too low and other chemical and physical factors also have an impact.
In addition, the nutrition during pregnancy, emotional state, proper work and life arrangements, and various perinatal problems may make the fetus hurt and become a problematic newborn after birth.
(3) Childhood environment: diseases in infancy, improper medication, environmental pollution factors, head injury, improper feeding, etc. It will have a bad influence.
(4) Early education: including school education, social education and family education. Family education in childhood is particularly important for children's life.
First, environmental factors affecting children's psychological development
(1) Family environment is the main family factor that affects children's psychological development.
1, parents' education for their children is inconsistent, and there is also the doting of the elderly at home;
2. Parents are nervous and hostile and often quarrel;
3. Parents, especially mothers, have been separated from their children for a long time;
4. Father's authority at home has not yet formed;
5. Parents mainly criticize and punish their children, with insufficient encouragement, praise and understanding;
6. Parents' bad words and deeds set an example.
Some factors have obvious and far-reaching influence on children's psychological development, such as separation from their mothers in early childhood; Some factors are common in our domestic families, such as inconsistent parental education; Some factors are difficult to completely eliminate, even if our psychologists just try their best to reduce the education of children, they can't be completely eliminated.
Motherly love is great, so is paternal love. Its greatness lies in that parents love their children with their hearts.
1, Socioeconomic Status It is generally believed that children in families with better socioeconomic status have better language, adaptability and intellectual development than those with poorer socioeconomic status. In the latter, there are more nervous events exposed in the family than in the former; In addition, in this kind of family, there are few opportunities for psychological and social communication, and children are as anxious and depressed as adults. If parents have low education level and poor parenting skills, it is more likely to cause children's behavior problems.
2. Parents' unhappy childhood. Parents' marital status, health status, mother's psychological stress during pregnancy and the situation during childbirth can all affect the development of children's behavior. In a survey, it was found that most children with behavioral problems had pathological phenomena before and during pregnancy, and their delivery was abnormal. Parents' personality, intelligence and education level also have an impact on children's behavior development.
3. Parents' attitude towards their children. Parents' excessive team love, worry and protection, preference, discrimination and unrealistic expectations all have a negative impact on children's behavior.
4. Parents are the first admirers of children, and children often imitate their parents' words and deeds, so parents' behavior will inevitably affect their children. Family atmosphere, parents' separation and quarrels have a profound influence on children, and children are easily disturbed by parents' public quarrels, especially when such quarrels are related to others. Others, such as drinking, smoking and attitudes towards people and things, all have psychological effects on children.
5. The contradiction between parents and children Every normal family will have contradictions, but if the contradiction is too big, it will cause parents' worry and children's insecurity. There are many reasons for conflicts at home, such as children's annoying behavior, housework, TV programs, clothes, friends and study. A basic problem is that parents and children can't understand each other.
Once there is a contradiction, parents' blame and punishment will only intensify the contradiction and even lead to hostile behavior. Parents should understand that a child's character comes partly from heredity and partly from parents' upbringing. When children behave badly and lose their temper, parents should first control their emotions and not let the contradictions worsen.
6. Family breakdown, parents' divorce has a great impact on children, which often leads to many behavioral problems. The factors related to children's behavior are: divorce reasons, relationship with followers (father or mother), birth of new compatriots, social and economic pressure, mother's (or father's) mood, continuous confrontation and abuse between divorced parties.
Collective environment
Nurseries, kindergartens and schools are like families, with teachers as parents and colleagues as brothers and sisters. Appropriate educational content and methods directly affect children's physical and mental development. Living and studying in a harmonious, friendly, United, happy and positive environment can make children's emotional behavior develop well.
(3) Children's own physiological environment
1. Disability and chronic physical diseases have a great influence on children's behavior. Among these diseases, some will bring discomfort and pain to children, some will affect or restrict children's daily activities and social interaction, some will make children feel fear and anxiety, and some will make children feel humiliated, isolated, embarrassed and feel inferior. These changes can often change the attitudes of parents, teachers and partners to children's behavior, which will lead to changes in children's own behavior. The adverse effects of diseases on children's emotions and behaviors are mainly manifested as depression. Boys tend to retreat, while girls tend to attack.
2. The maturity of intelligent nervous system is the most important factor for children's behavioral development. The maturity of the nervous system is related to intelligence, and children of a certain age should have a corresponding level of intellectual development. For people with late intellectual development, if expectations are too high, they often feel frustrated and insecure; People with relatively high intelligence are often bored with school, don't listen carefully and don't finish their homework.
3. Childish temperament.
4. The influence of biochemical and endocrine factors on behavior There is a biological basis for people's emotional and behavioral changes, among which the most important ones are nerve mediators (such as monoamine serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, etc. ) and endocrine. Many children with attention deficit and ADHD can improve their symptoms by blocking monoamine oxidase, and tricyclic antidepressants also have therapeutic effects on ADHD.
In patients with anxiety disorder, the content of plasma corticosteroids increased, which accelerated the update speed of biogenic amines (norepinephrine and serotonin) in feedback, especially; Excessive serotonin function may be related to the occurrence of anxiety disorder. At present, it is believed that anorexia nervosa may be related to diencephalon-neuroendocrine regulation disorder.
In addition, the influence of endorphins on mood and behavior has also attracted the attention of scholars. The current data show that the effect of endorphins on mental movement is closely related to the function of biogenic amines in the brain, and affects the secretion of hormones in the anterior pituitary gland through dopamine. But in general, the study of endorphins is not deep enough.
Second, the parenting factors that affect children's psychological development: Traditionally, parenting styles are divided into "authoritative" and "obedient" ways. The former mainly uses too many instructions, orders, threats and punishments, while the latter often asks for children's opinions in a pleading tone, explains the reasons to the children after the situation changes, and respects the children's opinions on the premise of permission. The "authoritative" method may lead children to lose their temper, disobey discipline, hate their peers, do whatever they want, be opinionated and lack self-confidence. The above situation rarely appears in the "conformity" rule.
"Authoritative" sex education method, no matter which one parents adopt, will lead to the occurrence of negative confrontation between themselves and their children, thus affecting the normal development of children's behavior. However, it is also found that "adaptive" sex education methods will increase children's aggressive behavior, based on the fact that western children who use "adaptive" methods are far more aggressive than eastern children who use "authoritative" methods. Therefore, it has been suggested that there is no perfect educational method at present, and it may be better to use them properly.
When educating children, we must proceed from their actual level. It is not appropriate to ask children to exceed their development level or to allow them to learn certain skills when their development level allows them, but parents miss the opportunity to teach them.
It is easy to spoil the upbringing of the only child, but parents often don't admit it. The best evidence of doting is that when parents forbid children to do something, children often threaten their parents with crying and losing their temper.
Third, children's temperament characteristics that affect children's psychological development: As an internal physical factor, it determines the tendency of children's behavior development to a certain extent, that is to say, temperament characteristics have a very important impact on behavior performance. Temperament is obvious from birth, and everyone has his own temperament characteristics. Understanding this huge difference is the basis of understanding behavior problems, because behavior differences are important factors that cause behavior problems.
Studies have confirmed that three temperament types, difficult pregnancy type (D), slow pregnancy type (S) and moderately difficult pregnancy type, are prone to behavioral problems, especially for children with difficult pregnancy.
Any temperament type can cause behavior problems, but it is not necessarily destined to happen. Children's behavior is the result of the interaction between their own temperament characteristics and environmental factors. This interaction is mainly manifested in whether they are coordinated, and if they are coordinated, it will be beneficial to children's behavior development; Disharmony will hinder the development of their behavior, which will lead to behavior problems.
The relationship between parents and children is directly influenced by children's temperament. Whether this relationship is harmonious or not determines the direction of children's behavior development. If you adopt a child with temperament characteristics such as irregular life function, poor adaptability, negative mood and strong reaction intensity, the child can gradually adapt to the environment and behavioral problems may be avoided. If the "authoritative" approach is adopted, it will attract the emotional opposition between children and parents, which will lead to a series of behavioral problems.
Therefore. Establishing a stable and harmonious intimate relationship between parents and children plays an important role in the development of children's behavior.