I. Environment and environmental issues
The manifestations of environmental problems: resource shortage, environmental pollution, ecological destruction and global environmental change.
Concept of sustainable development: sustainable development is a development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The basic idea of sustainable development: ① sustainable economic development; ② Ecological sustainable development; ③ Social sustainable development.
Second, environmental pollution and its prevention and control
The concept of self-purification ability of geographical environment: refers to the ability of the environment to absorb and assimilate foreign substances.
Causes of environmental pollution: in a certain time and space, the self-purification ability of the environment is limited, and environmental pollution will occur if pollutant emissions exceed its self-purification ability. Self-purification mechanism: physical purification, chemical purification and biological purification.
Eutrophication of water body: Eutrophication of water body occurs in fresh water body, which is called "water bloom"; It occurs in the ocean and is called "red tide"
Formation conditions: In relatively closed bays, lakes and other water bodies, the self-purification ability is weak due to the poor fluidity of water bodies.
Pollutants: plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
Pollution sources: industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater and agricultural wastewater.
Harm ① aquatic plants and fish die, ② water quality deteriorates, and ③ lakes become swamps.
Lake swamping is a natural phenomenon with a slow process. Human activities (water eutrophication and lake reclamation) have accelerated this process. Offshore oil pollution: the exploitation, processing and transportation of offshore oil, and the leakage of pollutants from offshore oil tankers.
Hazard: Oil pollution can directly cause the hair and skin of seabirds and marine animals to lose waterproof and thermal insulation performance, or a large number of deaths due to blockage of respiratory and sensory organs. Oil film and oil block can adhere to a large number of fish eggs and young fish, and hinder the photosynthesis of algae, and benthos are also affected by the oil that sinks to the bottom of the sea.
How to remove oil?
① Dispersion: spraying strong detergent, which is not suitable for nearshore or fishing grounds; (2) Sedimentation: spreading powdery lime is harmful to benthos; (3) adsorption: in still water environment, wheat straw is used to adsorb oil; ④ Fence: small oil pollution and still water environment; ⑤ laissez-faire: let it decompose naturally; ⑥ Combustion: The oil layer is 2mm, causing air pollution.
Harm of water pollution: ① Harm to human health; ② Reduce crop yield and quality; ③ Affect the output and quality of fishery production; ④ Restrict industrial development; (5) accelerating the degradation and destruction of the ecological environment; ⑥ Causing economic losses.
Water pollution prevention and control measures: ① Optimize the industrial structure, actively promote clean production and improve the reuse rate of industrial water. ② Strengthen the prevention and control of domestic sewage and the protection of surface water and underground water sources. ③ Develop water-saving agriculture, rationally use chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and reduce agricultural water pollution. ④ Improve laws and regulations, strengthen law enforcement, and improve the water environment monitoring network.
Environmental problems caused by contemporary garbage: ① air, ② polluted water, ③ polluted soil, ④ occupied cultivated land, ⑤ affected environmental sanitation, and ⑤ endangered human health.
Factors affecting the self-purification of air pollution diffusion: ① Emission of pollutants: If the emission is small, it is easy to spread. (2) Meteorological conditions: Meteorological conditions such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, cloud conditions and radiation are conducive to improving wind speed and enhancing turbulence, which are conducive to the diffusion of pollutants; When there is inversion weather and the atmosphere is unusually stable, it is not conducive to the diffusion of atmospheric pollutants. ③ Topography: The topography of basins and valleys is not conducive to the diffusion of pollutants.
The diameter of inhalable particles is less than 65438 00 microns;
Benefits of inhalable particulate matter: stimulate and exercise people's immune function.
Disadvantages of inhalable particulate matter: ① If the particulate matter contains toxic and harmful components, it will cause immune dysfunction and endanger health. ② If there are many germs and viruses in particulate matter, it may cause infectious diseases. ③ Long-term excessive particulate matter accumulated in the lungs may cause pneumoconiosis. ④ Some particles are deposited in the lungs, which may also cause malignant lesions.
Why are inhalable particles the main air pollutants in northern cities?
① Less precipitation, dry and windy weather in the north, serious desertification in some areas, and more natural dustfall; ② burning coal; ③ Motor vehicle exhaust; (4) Dust on the construction site.
How to control inhalable particulate pollution?
① Use clean energy instead of burning coal; (2) Formulate automobile exhaust emission standards to meet the emission standards; (3) Expand the green area and control the dust on the construction site; (4) Strengthen the management of polluting enterprises, reduce pollutant emissions and meet the discharge standards.
Acid rain-precipitation with PH less than 5.6 and severe acid rain with pH less than 4.5; The main air pollutants that form acid rain are sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides;
Pollution sources: industrial and mining enterprises, means of transportation, domestic stoves burn coal, oil and natural gas, and non-ferrous metallurgy industries discharge acid gases into the atmosphere.
Hazard: ① Acidification of rivers and lakes, endangering aquatic organisms. (2) Acidifying soil, endangering soil ecology and reducing crop yield. ③ Corrode leaves and destroy forests. (4) the corrosion of stone and steel, causing damage to buildings, rails, bridges and cultural relics.
The reasons why acid rain in the south is more serious than that in the north are as follows: ① The non-ferrous metallurgical industry in the south is developed and a large number of acid gases are discharged. ② The soil in the south is acidic, and the dust in the atmosphere is acidic. ③ Big cities in the south burn high-sulfur coal. ④ The southern terrain is dominated by low hills, with low wind speed and difficult diffusion of acid gas. It's rainy in the south.
How to prevent acid rain in China: ① Establish acid rain control area and SO2 pollution control area. ② Restrict the exploitation of high-sulfur coal. ③ Develop clean coal combustion technology and coal desulfurization technology. ④ Adjust the energy structure, develop and utilize new energy and clean energy. ⑤ Strengthen the recycling of SO2 in waste gas.
Reasons for global warming: ① Nature: global temperature fluctuation rises. (2) Man-made: Human activities (burning of fossil fuels, destruction of forests, especially the destruction of tropical rainforests) lead to the increase of greenhouse gases such as CO2 in the atmosphere and the rise of temperature.
Measures to prevent and control air pollution: ① Improve energy efficiency and save energy. ② Develop clean coal technology. ③ Develop clean energy and renewable energy. ④ Control acid rain and sulfur dioxide pollution. ⑤ Adjust the industrial structure and make rational production layout; ⑥ Plant trees to control dust on the ground.
Three. Utilization and protection of natural resources
Supply and demand of fresh water in China.
Reasons for shortage: natural reasons: ① the total amount is rich, but the per capita is insufficient; ② Uneven regional distribution; ③ The seasonal and interannual changes of precipitation are great.
Man-made reasons: ① population growth, economic development, and the demand for water for production and life has increased greatly; ② Water resources are seriously polluted and wasted.
The temporal and spatial distribution law of fresh water resources in China: time: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring, and great interannual change; Space: more in the south and less in the north, less in the east and west.
Differences in different regions of China: South China: (Take Shanghai as an example) The total amount of water resources is rich, and the reason for water shortage in many regions is serious water pollution. North China: The total amount (Yellow River, Huaihe River and Haihe River) is not rich, and the most serious water shortage is the transition zone-the reason of resource-based water shortage.
Natural reasons: ① Less precipitation and great seasonal and interannual changes; (2) The river runoff flowing through this area is small, with great seasonal and interannual changes.
Man-made reasons: dense population, developed industry and agriculture, and large water consumption; ④ Water resources are seriously polluted and wasted.
Consequences of over-exploitation of groundwater: land subsidence, seawater intrusion in coastal areas, deterioration of groundwater quality, rational utilization and protection of water resources.
Solutions to freshwater shortage:
Open source: ① building reservoirs; (2) opening canals to divert water; ③ Rational development and extraction of groundwater; ④ Wastewater treatment and reuse; ⑤ Seawater desalination; ⑤ Artificial rainfall.
Throttling: agriculture: ① improve irrigation technology and reduce irrigation quota; ② develop water-saving agriculture. Industry: ③ improve water use efficiency, ④ improve water reuse rate, ⑤ recycle sewage and ⑤ develop cleaner production. ⑦ Raise water price, enhance citizens' awareness of water saving, formulate water law and adjust industrial structure.
Prevention and control of land degradation:
Definition of land degradation: the decline in the quality of land resources is usually manifested as the decline in crop yield or the decline in the quality of agricultural products on cultivated land.
Causes of land degradation: natural causes: abnormal climate; Global warming. Man-made reasons: excessive reclamation; Overgrazing; Excessive logging; Deforestation; Improper use of water resources; The construction of industrial and mining towns causes vegetation destruction; soil contamination
The manifestations of land degradation are grassland degradation, land desertification, soil salinization and soil quality decline.
Soil erosion is a common and serious land degradation phenomenon.
Land degradation in different areas of China;
Northwest China, land desertification, grassland degradation.
In northern China, unreasonable irrigation leads to salinization and soil erosion.
In southern China, soil erosion and pollution mainly lead to the decline of land quality.
The Qinghai-Tibet region is cold and barren.
Three ecological problems in China: rocky desertification, soil erosion and desertification.
Rocky desertification occurred in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and hilly areas of Guangdong and Guangxi in China (subtropical humid and karst areas). External force: water erosion; Reasons: Nature: ① steep slope, ② shallow soil layer, ③ abundant precipitation and high precipitation intensity in summer; Man-made: ① excessive logging, ② indiscriminate logging and ③ steep slope reclamation.
Soil erosion (taking the Loess Plateau as an example): External force: running water erosion,
Reason: Nature: ① Loess soil is loose; (2) The precipitation is concentrated and there is heavy rain; ③ Low vegetation coverage. Man-made: ① destroying vegetation, changing farming and animal husbandry methods, building palaces, cutting firewood and fighting; (2) Irrational farming system: shortage of crop rotation, neglect of environmental protection during mining, and prominent contradiction between human and land.
Jiangnan hills: red desert. Function: running water erosion.
Reason: Nature: ① There is a lot of precipitation, concentrated in summer, with heavy rain. ② The surface fluctuates greatly, and the soil and water on the slope are unstable. (3) The water system is developed and the erosion ability is strong. Man-made: ① Deforestation, ② Deforestation and firewood collection,
Desertification: Taking Northwest China as an Example: External Force: Wind Erosion.
Reasons: Nature: ① Dry climate, less precipitation; ② The surface is covered with deep sandy sediments; (3) windy days are frequent and concentrated; ④ The ecological environment is fragile. Man-made: ① excessive logging, ② overgrazing, ③ excessive farming, ④ improper utilization of water resources, ⑤ neglect of environmental protection in industrial and mining traffic construction, and ⑤ sudden contradiction between human and land.
Prevention and control measures of soil erosion: ① biological measures: returning farmland to forests and grasslands, planting trees and grass, and creating economic forests; ② Engineering measures: building reservoirs, terraces and warping dams; ③ Agriculture and animal husbandry measures: contour farming, using organic fertilizer, timely farming, and keeping livestock.
Rational development and utilization of fossil fuels
Distribution of fossil fuels:
Distribution of coal in China: It is mainly distributed in North China, in which Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia provinces have the largest reserves, and the south is seriously short of coal except Guizhou.
Distribution of oil and natural gas. Distribution of major oil fields: From the Mediterranean region through the Middle East to Indonesia, the Middle East and North Africa have the most abundant reserves. The Middle East is the largest oil export region in the world, and the eastern part of China: Daqing, Liaohe, Dagang, Zhongyuan, Shengli and other oil fields and coastal continental shelf. West: Tarim, Qaidam and great basin, Junggar.
The most important renewable energy.
Advantages of solar energy: ① huge energy, ② clean and pollution-free, ③ renewable and inexhaustible.
Disadvantages: ① The energy is scattered, the density is low, and it is difficult to use. ② Affected by the weather, it can only be used on sunny days.
Factors affecting the distribution of solar energy: ① Latitude: low latitude and strong solar radiation; High latitude and weak solar radiation. ② Weather: sunny days and more solar radiation; Cloudy days are more and less. ③ Terrain: high terrain and thin atmosphere; Low terrain and thick atmosphere. ④ Atmospheric transparency: good transparency and strong solar radiation; Poor transparency is weak.
The reasons why the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is rich in solar energy are as follows: ① The terrain is high, the atmosphere is thin, the atmosphere is clean, the transparency is good, and the weakening effect on solar radiation is small. ② There are many sunny days and long sunshine hours. ③ Low latitude and strong solar radiation. The reason for the lack of solar energy in Sichuan basin is that it is rainy, foggy and sunny. The southwest of Taiwan Province Province and Hainan Island are rich in solar energy because they are located on the leeward slope of the summer monsoon and there are many sunny days.
Advantages of wind energy: ① renewable, ② clean and pollution-free, and ③ low cost of wind power generation.
Disadvantages: ① low energy density, ② limited by seasons, unstable wind speed, and ③ difficult storage and transportation.
Distribution law of wind energy in China: space: north > south; From the seaside to the inland, it weakens rapidly and the inland increases again. Time: winter and spring > summer and autumn.
Location of wind power station: an area with high annual average wind speed and stable wind power.
Hydropower: the most widely used renewable energy.
Advantages of hydropower: ① renewable, ② clean and pollution-free, ③ low power generation cost, and ④ multiple benefits after the completion of hydropower station.
Disadvantages: ① Long construction period, ② Relocation of residents, ③ The power generation is affected by seasonal variation of water quantity, and ④ It may bring adverse effects to the reservoir area and surrounding environment.
Top five countries in water resources: China, Russian Federation, Brazil, USA and Canada. Countries with the largest proportion of hydropower: Norway and Brazil.
Distribution of water energy in China (influencing factors: river runoff and river head). Mainly distributed in the southwest: large amount of water; The gap is big.
Tidal energy: ① Distribution: narrow bay, shallow sea and river estuary ② Advantages and disadvantages: clean and pollution-free, which hinders the entry and exit of ships and fish.
Bioenergy: ① Traditional utilization of bioenergy: firewood, on the one hand, causes environmental pollution, on the other hand, causes waste of resources. ② New utilization mode: Biogas (mainly composed of methane) is a new energy, and its preparation is limited by temperature, which takes a long time in the south and a short time in the north.
Biogas is an ideal energy source in rural areas for the following reasons: ① Rich raw materials, which can be prepared in dispersion and used locally. ② Solve the problem of insufficient energy consumption in rural areas. ③ Relieve the contradiction between fuel, feed and fertilizer. ④ Returning straw to field can improve soil fertility and increase agricultural output. ⑤ Promote closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and improve the agricultural ecological environment.
How to solve the problem of energy shortage in rural areas of China: ① Build firewood forest. ② Develop biogas. ③ Developing small hydropower. ④ Develop and utilize solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy according to local conditions. ⑤ Promote firewood-saving stoves.
Advantages of geothermal energy: ① low cost, ② renewable;
Disadvantages: ① The development technology is difficult and the cost is high; ② There is not much room for development; ③ The update speed is slow; (4) contains toxic substances, pay attention to environmental protection.
Distribution: There are abundant geothermal resources at the junction of plates.
Fourth, ecological environment protection.
Ecological value of forest: ① Regulating climate. (2) Water conservation, soil and water conservation, wind prevention and sand fixation. ③ Absorb noise, eliminate smoke and dust, release oxygen and purify air. ④ Cultivate species and maintain biodiversity. ⑤ Protect cultivated land. ⑥ beautify the environment.
Economic value of forest: ① Making furniture. (2) Important raw materials for the paper industry. There are many kinds of medicinal materials in the forest. ④ Important building materials, etc.
Consequences of forest destruction: ecological imbalance, environmental deterioration, frequent floods, intensified soil erosion, land desertification, rising global temperature and decreased species diversity.
Causes of forest destruction: ① excessive burning and reclamation. ② Develop farms and pastures on a large scale. ③ Commercial logging. ④ Mining, water conservancy, highway construction and urban construction. ⑤ Deforestation in the agricultural era. 6. War, forest fire.
What are the measures to protect forests in China? ① Strengthen the rule of law and prohibit deforestation. ② Closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, returning farmland to forests and building nature reserves. (3) Planned logging and combination of cutting and breeding. (4) Planting trees and actively building artificial forests. ⑤ Encourage protective development and change the economic structure in mountainous areas. ⑥ Improve people's awareness of environmental protection. Natural grassland distribution: areas with insufficient rainfall. The basis of developing animal husbandry.
Related reading: As students, how do we protect the environment?
The role that middle school students can play in environmental protection cannot be ignored. They have an advantage over adults. They are energetic, open-minded and more receptive to new things, so they are a powerful force to promote the transformation of the environment in a favorable direction. Therefore, middle school students should know what they can do to protect the environment.
I. Environmental education
Studying scientific knowledge seriously, consciously accepting environmental education and actively spreading environmental knowledge are the primary responsibilities that middle schools need to perform in environmental protection.
Teenagers are the future of the country. Now middle school students will take up their jobs in seven or eight years and become the main force of social and economic construction. Without complete and systematic scientific knowledge, it is impossible to make scientific and reasonable decisions in the future. At the same time, if you don't have certain knowledge of environmental science, it will be difficult to devote yourself to environmental protection and promote the improvement of environmental quality in the future.
Through environmental education, we should strive to achieve three goals: first, improve middle school students' understanding of environmental protection and make them understand why they should protect the environment; The second is to establish a new environmental moral concept of "protecting the environment is glorious and destroying the environment is shameful". Third, understand and master the skills of environmental protection, improve the ability of middle school students to translate environmental science knowledge into practical actions, so that they can understand.
How to protect the environment and eliminate the harm of environmental deterioration to people? These three goals complement each other. Among them, knowledge is the foundation, skill or action is the goal, and consciousness is the guarantee to turn knowledge into action.
While consciously accepting environmental education, middle school students should also actively spread environmental science knowledge and spread their new knowledge to people around them in time, so as to further expand their influence and raise environmental awareness of more people as much as possible. At the same time, we should be able to use what we have learned in time to criticize and stop environmental damage around us.
Two. protection measures
Middle school students can also protect the environment through some concrete and capable actions.
1. Insist on starting from me, starting from now, and starting from the side. Establish a good environmental morality of loving nature and environmental sanitation, influence others everywhere, and drive others to love and protect the environment.
2. Actively participate in public welfare activities and strive to promote environmental improvement. One is direct participation, and the other is indirect participation in promoting environmental protection.
3. Consciously participate in the supervision and management of environmental protection. In China, many primary and middle school students have taken the initiative to monitor pollution and protect the environment.
4. Do a good job in propaganda to arouse the concern of the whole society for environmental protection. As a middle school student, we should not only be guardians of environmental protection, but also messengers of environmental protection.