1, how to deal with food poisoning?
Improper diet can lead to many diseases. Anyone who gets sick after eating poisonous food is called food poisoning. After eating toxic food, most people get sick within a few hours, and acute gastroenteritis is the most common. Have symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fever. In severe cases, it may even lead to death.
(1) On-site treatment of food poisoning:
1 first of all, we should know the cause of poisoning, the number of people poisoned, the food that caused poisoning, the symptoms of patients and so on.
2. Report the epidemic situation to the health and epidemic prevention department in time.
3. Arrange and rescue patients.
4, collect all kinds of test samples, such as eating the rest of the toxic food, patients vomit, tableware inspection, etc.
5, to prevent the spread of disease, find out the cause of food poisoning and take corresponding measures immediately.
(2) Emergency treatment of food poisoning:
We should race against time to save the patient. The earlier the rescue, the better the effect. The principle of first aid is to clean up and discharge the toxic substances in the same intestine as soon as possible to prevent the toxic substances from being absorbed and give symptomatic treatment. If the symptoms are serious, you should be hospitalized.
1. Vomiting: This is the most important way to expel toxic food from the stomach, and it is simple and easy. Generally, vomiting should be induced in time within 4 ~ 6 hours after meals, but patients with liver cirrhosis and gastric ulcer are prohibited. Commonly used vomiting inducing methods are:
Stimulate the pharynx: stimulate the posterior pharyngeal wall with something convenient at hand, such as chopsticks, tongue depressor, pen container, chicken feathers or fingers, etc., causing vomiting reflex. Sometimes because the food is too thick, it is not easy to spit it out. Let the patient drink some warm water, then induce vomiting, and repeat it until vomiting.
There was no food in it, but I still took 1: 1000 potassium permanganate orally. Potassium permanganate can stimulate gastric mucosa and cause vomiting.
Generally, poisons are detoxified by the liver or excreted by the kidney with urine after absorption. It is also a simple and effective detoxification method for patients who can drink water to take a large amount of liquid orally.
(3) Prevention of food poisoning:
Food poisoning often occurs when several people or even hundreds of people eat the same food at the same time, which not only brings pain to the poisoned person, but also directly affects production, work and study, and even causes death in serious cases. Therefore, the prevention of food poisoning is one of the important links to protect people's health. The main thing is to separate raw food from cooked food, fully disinfect food and utensils, and pay attention to the production date and effective date of food.
2. What should I do if I am drunk?
When the amount of alcohol in the body reaches 20-4Om 1, dizziness, fatigue, loss of self-control, euphoria, increased language, sometimes rudeness, emotional excitement, flushed or pale face, and breath with alcohol; When the alcohol content in the body reaches 0-loom 1, the movements are uncoordinated, the gait is faltering, the movements are clumsy, the words are incoherent, and nystagmus is irritable; When the alcohol in the body reaches more than 200m 1, the patient is in a state of sleep, with pale face, cold skin and thin lips. In severe cases, patients may have chronic breathing, rapid heartbeat and fecal incontinence. They may die of respiratory failure, weakened pharyngeal reflex and vomiting after a full meal, leading to aspiration pneumonia or suffocation.
Generally, you don't need to deal with it, you can rest on the spot. If necessary, you can stimulate the root of your tongue with chopsticks and fingers, spit out the contents of your stomach, and then drink tea. If necessary, induce vomiting and gastric lavage and send them to the hospital as soon as possible.
3. How to rescue gas poisoning?
Its poisoning environment is common in
(1) The coal stove used for heating in winter in northern China was poisoned by gas due to no chimney or chimney blockage, air leakage, use of charcoal hot pot, gas shower or charcoal fire for heating. The doors and windows are closed and the ventilation is not smooth.
(2) A large amount of carbon monoxide is produced in the fire, which will cause acute gas poisoning for a short time after being inhaled by fire personnel.
(3) In the process of industrial production, a large amount of carbon monoxide leaks due to insufficient safety facilities or mechanical failure, leading to acute poisoning.
(4) Poisoning may occur in a single garage closed in severe winter, even if the car is started for a long time or the exhaust gas leaks.
(5) Brush limewater on indoor walls in winter, and close doors and windows for poisoning when drying rooms with coal stoves. After gas poisoning, I feel headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting at first. With the deepening of poisoning, I feel faint or coma, incontinence, cherry red complexion, spasm and difficulty breathing. Severe cases died of respiratory and circulatory central failure.
First aid measures:
1, immediately open the doors and windows for ventilation, so that the poisoned person can leave the poisoned environment and move to a well-ventilated room or hospital, breathe fresh air and keep warm. Prevent secondary respiratory tract infection.
2. Sober people drink hot sugar tea and take as much oxygen as possible.
3. For those who have difficulty breathing or stop breathing, mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration should be carried out for more than two hours, and vomit should be cleaned up to keep the respiratory tract unblocked. People with cardiac arrest should be given cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the emergency center should be called for treatment.
Second, the common sense of natural disasters
Natural disasters mainly refer to injuries caused by earthquakes, windstorms, floods, snowstorms and fires. At the same time, in disasters, large-scale disasters caused by earthquakes, windstorms, fires and volcanic eruptions. Such as landslides caused by earthquake, floods caused by tsunami, secondary fires, house collapse, gas explosion, train derailment and other disasters are intertwined, and their scale and degree of injury are completely unexpected, which directly affects people's health and production and transportation. Because it is impossible for people to predict when, where and what kind of natural disasters will happen, it is necessary to know something about natural disasters, study how to help the victims caused by various disasters, and make necessary preparations.
(1) Judging the disaster situation: When a disaster occurs, first judge and analyze the location of the disaster calmly, and only consider the situation of the disaster itself. If the disaster itself is light, it is considered that the disaster is not big and takes a contemptuous attitude; If you suffer serious damage yourself, it is wrong to exaggerate the disaster pessimistically.
(2) Take countermeasures: Once a disaster occurs, it is important to decide what actions should be taken according to the disaster situation on the spot, so as to ensure people's safety to the maximum extent. When you need to leave your residence, you should first think of life safety first, and give priority to taking care of patients, the elderly, children and women. We should prepare some necessary materials, and don't cling to the belongings and articles at home, so as not to get involved in the disaster again because we carry too many articles to hinder the transfer.
(3) Daily preparation: prepare disaster relief equipment and conduct disaster relief drills when necessary. When a disaster happens, we should not only care about personal safety, but also consider the safety and cooperation of the surrounding collective.
(4) Collect and analyze disasters: In the case of chaotic disasters, sometimes there will be some inaccurate information and rumors, so don't be confused by all kinds of rumors.
(5) Rescue work: After the disaster, it is inevitable to carry out a wide range of rescue activities to rescue the victims to the maximum extent and prevent diseases.
1, how to protect against fire burns?
1. Put out the fire quickly and stay away from the fire source immediately. When clothes are on fire, don't run to make a phone call, lest the wind help the fire and cause respiratory tract burns. Take off burning clothes or roll on the ground. If clothes stick to burned skin, don't tear them hard. You can cut off the unattached part with scissors and take it off slowly.
2. Analgesia: For patients with mild burns, oral painkillers can be used; Severe burns can be treated by intramuscular injection of painkillers.
3. Protect the wound and prevent infection: generally, no special treatment is given to the burn wound. Cover the wound with a clean cloth or dressing to prevent injury and re-contamination. Do not break blisters, avoid local application of drugs or ointments, and take antibiotics orally.
4. Escort to the hospital: those with severe burns should be sent to the hospital for treatment in time, but those who have stopped breathing and heartbeat should be given cardiopulmonary resuscitation first, and then sent to the hospital after breathing and heartbeat recover.
What should I do in case of an earthquake?
1. Run out of the house quickly, or hide under solid furniture, not under narrow hutongs, walls or cliffs.
2. Rescue the buried wounded in time, but don't drag them hard to avoid spinal fracture.
People who have stopped breathing and heartbeat should receive CPR first aid immediately. Those with fractures should be fixed and then sent to hospital for treatment.
4. Pay attention to disease prevention and treatment after the earthquake to prevent the spread of the disease.
3. How to save yourself in a flood?
1. Move property and urgently needed items to the second floor or higher ground in time.
2. Send the old, weak, sick and disabled children to a safe place in advance. When the water level reaches the knee of an adult, be careful not to wash the child away.
3. Try to rescue the drowning person, rescue the drowning person from the water surface, immediately remove the sludge and foreign bodies in the mouth and nose, make the respiratory tract unobstructed and control the water quickly; But the water control time should not be too long, so as not to delay the rescue time. If the patient's breathing and heartbeat stop, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions should be performed immediately. After the patient's breathing and heartbeat recover, he should be sent to the hospital in time, and continue to observe and rescue on the way.
Infectious diseases often occur after floods, so we should pay attention to the sanitary conditions in the disaster areas and carry out disease prevention and control.
Third, general self-help knowledge
1. What is the emergency analgesic method for toothache?
Generally, when eating hard food or encountering sweet, sour, cold and hot, the pain is aggravated. Fresh garlic can be peeled, mashed into mud and stuffed into cavities; It is also appropriate to use a proper amount of Yunnan Baiyao to make a paste with warm water and apply it to the periodontal and heel areas; You can also rub the affected area with essential balm and ten drops of water, or brush your teeth with a lot of acid-resistant toothpaste continuously, and the pain will be relieved quickly and then disappear. For toothache caused by tooth allergy, 2-3 pieces of baking soda can be ground and dissolved in 1 cup of cold boiled water, and mouthwash several times a day. In addition, for toothache caused by dental caries complicated with infection, periodontitis, gingivitis, pulpitis, etc. Six tablets of Liushen Pill can be ground with a small amount of yellow wine and placed in the cavity of dental caries, or mixed with saliva on the gum after grinding, which can quickly relieve the pain until it disappears.
Another common cause of toothache is toothache. You can use cold compress to relieve the pain, or you can use cotton balls dipped in 75% alcohol to apply to the toothache for 2-3 minutes, and then use alcohol cotton balls to press the pain. Or take 1 slice of fresh ginger and put it on the sore spot.
2. What are the hemostatic measures for epistaxis?
Don't lie on your back after a nosebleed. When you lie on your back, your nose will not bleed. It's not really stopping the bleeding. But from the posterior pharyngeal wall into the esophagus and stomach, and will soon be spit out from the stomach. The best way to stop epistaxis is to squeeze the upper part of the nose (under the nasal bone) with your fingers, which just squeezes the area where the nasal septum is prone to bleeding, and it can stop bleeding for about 4-5 minutes. At the same time, you can also cold compress your forehead and pillow to contract blood vessels and accelerate hemostasis. Never plug your nostrils with a handkerchief to avoid secondary infection. If the amount of bleeding is large and compression hemostasis is ineffective, you should go to the hospital in time.
3. sprain first aid?
When you sprain, you should stop exercising immediately. First, cold compress: soak your fingers in water (preferably with ice) for about 15 minutes, then wrap them with cold wet cloth, and then fix them in the finger extension position with adhesive tape. Sprains are most common in ankles, wrists and waist. The emergency treatment method is to apply cold compress first, and never rub or paste analgesic ointment to prevent further bleeding. After a day or two, hot compress or paste the analgesic ointment.
4. First aid for animal bites (stings)?
With the increase of pets, the chances of being bitten by dogs or cats increase. In this case, wash it with water and soap quickly and inject the vaccine in time.
Bites by centipedes are also common. Centipede is a poisonous insect. After being bitten, the local area will be red and swollen immediately, accompanied by severe pain. You should immediately squeeze out the venom, tie it with a tie near the wound heart, rinse it with tap water, apply cold compress, and go to the hospital immediately after applying antihistamine ointment.
5. How to give first aid to eye trauma?
Your eyes are hurt. Remember, never wash your eyes with tap water. First, people should wash their hands, then cover their eyes with clean gauze and fix them loosely. If the bandage is forced, the wound will be infected if it is pressed and stimulated.
If a foreign object pierces your eyes, never take it yourself. Fix it on your eyes with clean glass, cover it with gauze, fix it with bandage, and see a doctor. Try to walk less and take more cars.
6. What are the first aid principles for head trauma?
When your head hurts, don't worry, just press the following 5 o'clock.
1. Wash the foreign body in the wound with clear water quickly, cover the dressing and squeeze around the wound to close the wound and reduce bleeding.
2. Keep pressing for about 10 minute. When the bleeding slows down, cover the first dressing with another dressing.
3. Fix one hand on the dressing of the wound, put one end of the bandage on the dressing and start winding the head to wrap the wound.
4. In order to prevent the bandage from slipping to the back of the head (if the wound is in the front), the bandage can be wound up and down and stacked on top of each other.
Tie it up after dressing, but not too tight, and go to the hospital at once.
7. How to give first aid to foreign bodies entering the nose, throat and trachea?
The principle of emergency treatment of foreign bodies in respiratory tract when food is eaten by mistake is that when external force acts on the upper abdomen of the patient, the diaphragm between the chest cavity and abdominal cavity is suddenly pushed upward, and the volume of the chest cavity is suddenly reduced, so that the gas in the lung rushes from the bronchus and trachea to the throat. At this time, the violent airflow can flush out the foreign bodies blocked in the trachea, thus achieving the purpose of discharging foreign bodies. The specific rescue methods are as follows: lying on your back, the rescuer kneels on the right side of the child, puts one hand on the abdomen (umbilical cord and intercostal midline) of the child, and continuously squeezes the abdomen for 6- 10 times until the foreign body is discharged. When using this method, the action should be agile and neat, that is, squeeze the upper abdomen quickly. For foreign bodies in the nasal cavity, breathe through the nose to avoid foreign bodies being inhaled into the trachea. First ask the child what is stuffed in his nostrils, then observe the size, shape and position of the foreign body, and look at both sides of the nose to avoid omission. If the foreign body in the nasal cavity is small and not deep, you can blow your nose to take out the foreign body: block the healthy nostril (nostril without foreign body) with your fingers to prevent air leakage; But don't block the nostril on the foreign body side, then let the child inhale deeply through his mouth (don't use his nose to avoid inhaling the foreign body into the trachea), then blow his nose and let the airflow flush the foreign body out of the nasal cavity. If the foreign matter cannot be discharged by the above methods, or the foreign matter is large, it can be carefully taken out with silver or a hook under the irradiation of a flashlight. Smooth spherical foreign bodies should not be caught at will, so as not to push them deep and even fall into the trachea, causing serious consequences. But to go to the hospital for medical treatment in time.
It is dangerous for foreign bodies to enter the respiratory tract. Large foreign bodies can completely block the trachea in a few minutes and make people suffocate. So be careful when eating.
8. How to give first aid to a broken bone?
Fractures often occur on campus and must be dealt with urgently.
First of all, we should save the lives of the wounded and pay attention to their warmth. For the comatose wounded, it is necessary to ensure the unobstructed respiratory tract and avoid moving the wounded too much, so as not to aggravate the condition or increase the pain of the wounded. If the swelling of the injured limb is obvious, the sleeves or trouser legs should be cut open in time.
Step 2: Stop bleeding and bandage the wound. It should be noted that regardless of the size of the wound, it is not appropriate to wash or apply drugs with unsterilized water. The bleeding of most wounds can be stopped after pressure dressing, or try to dress the wound with a cleaner cloth. If there is a large blood vessel bleeding, a tourniquet can be tied at the proximal end of the wound when the pressure dressing is out of control, but the time of starting the tourniquet should be recorded in time. If the fracture end pokes out the wound and is polluted, it should not be reset immediately, so that the rabbit can bring the dirt into the deep part of the wound.
Step 3: properly fix the injured limb. Its scope should be beyond the upper and lower joints, and the fixing materials should be based on local materials. Branches, sticks, boards and guns are all suitable for plywood. In the absence of external fixation materials, temporary self-fixation can also be carried out, such as tying the injured upper limb to the upper torso or tying the injured lower limb to a healthy thigh for fixation. Send it to the hospital immediately.
9, emergency treatment of convulsions
If you have convulsions when swimming, you should go ashore immediately, straighten your feet and sit down, hold your big toe repeatedly with your hands and pull it back to massage the calf muscles. If you can't go ashore, breathe in and let your back float in the water to do the above actions. This is just a small cramp, and what is more dangerous is a spasm. At this time, first wrap a gauze handkerchief on chopsticks or a small spoon and put it between the upper and lower teeth of the patient to prevent biting the tongue. If your teeth are clenched, don't pry them open. Chopsticks can be inserted between the teeth on both sides. At the same time, it is necessary to keep the respiratory tract unblocked, untie the neckline of the patient, relax the belt, let the patient lie flat and tilt his head to one side to prevent vomiting from inhaling into the respiratory tract and causing suffocation. Acupuncture at Renzhong point or pressing Renzhong point again with your fingers can sometimes play a spasmodic role.
In addition, when patients twitch due to high fever, they should be allowed to sleep in a cool place, unbutton their clothes, and put towels soaked in cold water on their foreheads, armpits and groin blood vessels to accelerate body heat dissipation and promote body temperature drop.
10, how to give first aid after taking medicine by mistake?
When someone in your family takes medicine by mistake, you should find out the time, medicine and general dose as soon as possible. If you take common drugs by mistake (such as vitamins with little toxic side effects, cough syrup, etc. ), you can drink more cold water to dilute the drug and discharge it in time; If the drug taken is too large and toxic, you should immediately stimulate the root of your tongue with your fingers or hard chicken feathers to induce vomiting, and then drink a lot of tea and soapy water to vomit and gastric lavage repeatedly. After vomiting and gastric lavage, you drink several cups of milk, 3-5 pieces of raw egg white, nourish the stomach and detoxify; If you take corrosive drugs such as iodine by mistake, you should immediately drink starch-containing liquids such as rice soup and noodle soup; If Lai Su drinks egg white, milk and flour paste to protect gastric mucosa; If it is a strong acid, you should take lime water, soapy water and raw egg white immediately to protect the gastric mucosa; If it is a strong alkali, take vinegar, orange rice, rubber water, etc. Right away, and then go to the hospital right away. After taking toxic drugs and taking first aid measures, you can decoct100g mung bean and 20g licorice for 30 minutes to get soup to remove the residual poison. In addition, when you go to the hospital for emergency treatment, you should bring the wrong medicine or medicine bottle so that doctors can prescribe the right medicine and take detoxification measures from time to time.
1 1, how to rescue stroke patients urgently?
1. Keep the patient quiet. If he is in the bathroom, toilet and other places, he should be quietly moved to a place that is easy to dispose of.
2. Raise the patient's upper body a little, lie down, loosen his clothes and keep the room quiet and warm.
3. Patients with cerebral hemorrhage often vomit. In order to facilitate vomiting and avoid entering the trachea by mistake, the patient's head can be sideways.
4, urinary incontinence patients, urine should be treated on the spot, do not move the upper body.
5. Patients' oral cavity is often dry, so 1% sodium bicarbonate or warm water can be used to wet the oral cavity and lips, and the mucus in the oral cavity can be wiped off with a wet cotton swab.
6. Contact the hospital.
12. How to give first aid to heatstroke?
(1) Causes of heatstroke: In hot summer, the temperature is relatively high. If you are exposed to the sun for a long time or work in a high-temperature workshop, the thermal radiation of the sun or various heat sources in the workshop will make your body hot. If a large amount of residual heat in the body cannot dissipate and accumulate in the body for a long time, the body temperature regulation center will be hindered, which will cause heatstroke.
(2) Symptoms of heatstroke: Patients with heatstroke first feel headache, dizziness, dizziness, palpitation, chest tightness and weakness of limbs; Then shortness of breath, sweating, pallor, nausea and vomiting, and even unconsciousness, fainted to the ground; Some cause muscle and limb spasms due to excessive sweating.
(3) First aid for heatstroke: If you find someone suffering from heatstroke, you should immediately move the patient away from the high temperature environment to a cool and ventilated place, let the patient rest on his back, unbutton his belt and buttons, and apply a towel soaked in cold water to his forehead to help cool down. If the patient is unconscious, you can use fingernails or acupoints, such as Renzhong and Hegu. After the patient wakes up, give him some salty cold water, strong herbal tea or refreshing drinks. You can also take oral cooling drugs, such as Ren Dan, Shidishui, Huoxiang Zhengqi Water, etc. Patients with mild heatstroke can recover quickly after first aid and rest, but patients with severe heatstroke should be sent to hospital for emergency treatment.
(4) To prevent heatstroke, it is important to take effective heatstroke prevention and cooling measures.
1. Reduce and isolate the heat source: remove the hot processed items from the workshop for cooling. Use asbestos board to block the heat source emitted by the oven door.
2. The workshop should have ventilation equipment, and make full use of the doors, windows and covers of the workshop for natural ventilation.
3. Do a good job of personal heatstroke prevention and cooling. Steel workers should wear heat-insulating clothes and drink more salty and cold water and cool drinks.
People who work in the open air in summer should wear straw hats to prevent strong light from shining directly on their heads. And arrange labor and rest time reasonably, such as getting off work early and getting off work late, extending rest time at noon and reducing exposure time.
13, the first aid method when drowning?
Drowning is because a large amount of water is inhaled into the respiratory tract and enters the lungs, causing suffocation, breath holding and even suffocation. If the rescue is not timely, you may die of lack of oxygen. Therefore, first aid at drowning scene is very important. If you find a drowning person, you should actively rescue him. Rescuers who can swim should quickly get into the water, grab the drowning person's head or armpit from behind and take a supine position to rescue him from the water. People who can't swim can throw long bamboo poles, ropes, wooden sticks and other things at the drowning person, so that they can catch them and drag them ashore for on-site rescue. Remove the silt and foreign matter in the nose and mouth first to avoid blocking the airway, and unbutton the button and belt of the drowning person. Then, control water. The rescuer kneels on the ground with his left leg and his right leg, and puts the drowning person on his stomach with his chest and head drooping to press his back. When a child drowns, you can control the water with your feet. But the water control time should not be too long, so as not to delay the rescue time. If the drowning person stops breathing and heartbeat, immediately carry out mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration and chest compressions, and carry out 4-5 heart compressions for each breath until breathing and heartbeat recover. After the drowning person wakes up, take off his wet clothes, but keep warm. Drink strong tea or ginger syrup and send to hospital for further rescue if necessary.
14, how to give first aid after electric shock?
1, immediately cut off the power supply, or use a non-conductive object; Such as dry sticks, bamboo poles or dry cloth, etc., so that the wounded can get rid of the power supply as soon as possible. Emergency personnel should not directly contact the person who gets an electric shock, so as not to get an electric shock themselves and affect the rescue work.
2. When the wounded are disconnected from the power supply, immediately check the general situation of the wounded, especially the breathing and heartbeat. When breathing and heartbeat stop, immediately rescue them on the spot.
(l) Mild symptoms: those who are conscious, breathing and heartbeat. The injured should lie flat on the spot and observe closely. Don't stand or walk for the time being to prevent secondary shock or heart failure.
(2) If the breathing stops and the heartbeat exists, unbutton the button on the spot, dredge the airway, and immediately carry out mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration.
(3) Cardiac arrest and breathing: chest compressions should be performed immediately.
(4) If the breathing and heartbeat stop, chest compressions should be performed at the same time as artificial respiration, and contact the hospital in time.
3, when dealing with electric injury, should pay attention to the presence of other damage. If there are injuries and burns, they should be treated at the same time.
4, on-site rescue, don't move the wounded, if it is really necessary to move, rescue interruption time shall not exceed 30 seconds. In the process of moving the wounded or sending them to the hospital, the rescue should continue without interruption, except that the wounded should lie flat on a stretcher with a flat and hard board on his back.
15, emergency treatment of buried injuries
Collapse of coal mines, bomb shelters, vegetable kilns, houses, etc. It may lead to collapse injury, fracture, suffocation and even death. In this case, the injured person should be rescued quickly to get out of danger, but it is not possible to cross the spine of rabbits with spinal fracture by strong hard pulling. After rescuing the wounded, immediately remove the sediment in the mouth and nostrils to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. Respiratory and cardiac arrest, immediately on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, chest compressions. Those with bleeding or fracture should be treated with hemostasis, dressing and fracture fixation before being sent to the hospital for further treatment.
15, what are the treatment principles after frostbite?
1. Immediately protect the frostbitten area with quilts, blankets or cotton-padded clothes after discovering the frostbitten patients to prevent them from catching cold again. Clothes, shoes and socks, etc. , together with the frozen limbs, should not be forcibly removed. The patient should be escorted to a warm room quickly, and the frozen clothes should be taken off or cut off with warm water of about 40℃.
2. It can reduce local waves and injuries, which is beneficial to the recovery of frostbite, and immediately implement local or whole body rapid rewarming, which is the key measure of frostbite first aid. The specific method is to soak the injured limb or bathe the whole body with enough warm water (38-42℃). During soaking, keep the water temperature constant and gently massage the undamaged parts, which is helpful to improve blood circulation. Soak until the limbs turn rosy, the tissues become soft, and the skin temperature reaches about 36℃. For patients who have recovered their body temperature, they should stop soaking immediately to prevent soaking for too long to increase tissue metabolism and hinder recovery.
If there is no warm water at the scene, the frostbitten part can be placed on the warm body of yourself or the rescuer, such as armpit, abdomen or chest, to achieve the purpose of rewarming. It is forbidden to bake in the stove, rub in the snow, soak in cold water or pat the affected part hard. After rewarming, continue to take heat preservation measures, keep warm with blankets, electric blankets and electric mattresses, and pay attention to protecting the frozen parts to prevent trauma.
3. Patients will have severe pain during and after rewarming, and they can take painkillers orally.
4. Severe frostbite requires tetanus antitoxin injection and preventive injection of antibiotics.
Educate patients and their families on antifreeze knowledge to prevent frostbite from happening again.
(1) Cold protection: Wear masks, gloves and earmuffs when going out in severe winter to protect exposed skin. The size and tightness of shoes and socks should be appropriate, neither too tight nor too small.
(2) Moisture-proof: Humidity will promote heat dissipation in the body and it is easy to get frostbite. Therefore, clothes, shoes and socks should be kept dry, and they should be replaced in time after getting wet, which is conducive to keeping warm.
(3) Anti-static: Avoid long-term immobility of limbs in low temperature environment, and exercise properly after standing for a long time to promote blood circulation.
(4) Increase cold resistance: Outdoor workers should pay attention to rest and nutrition in winter to enhance their cold resistance. People who are going to work in cold areas can take cold-resistant exercises, insist on washing their hands and faces, and even take a cold shower with cold water to improve their adaptability to the cold.
(5) Don't drink alcohol to keep out the cold: In winter, some people like to drink alcohol to keep out the cold, but in fact, after drinking alcohol, the blood vessels dilate and the heat of the human body radiates outward, which is not conducive to cold resistance and is easy to cause a cold.