1, country nature: P4
China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.
2. Human meaning: P4
At the present stage of our country, all the people, including workers, peasants, intellectuals and other socialist laborers, are patriots who support socialism and the reunification of the motherland. All state power belongs to the people.
3. The meaning of civil rights:-P5
In our country, people, as masters of the country, enjoy the power to manage the country entrusted by the Constitution. As national citizens, they enjoy civil rights recognized by the Constitution and laws. The so-called civil rights refer to certain rights and interests recognized and granted to citizens by the Constitution and laws, which are protected by the state and guaranteed materially. Because the civil rights stipulated in the constitution are the most important and basic rights of citizens, they are called the basic rights of citizens.
4. Differences and connections between people and citizens:-P6
People is a political concept different from the enemy, which has different contents in different countries and different periods of the same country. Citizen is a legal concept, which refers to a person with a certain nationality who enjoys rights and assumes obligations according to the country's constitution and laws. Citizens include the people, a part of the people's citizens.
5. Civil rights protection mechanism in China: P6-7
The rights we enjoy need to be protected by family, school, society and others, otherwise our rights will be invalid. Among them, the most important and effective is legal protection. China has established a rights protection mechanism with the Constitution as the core and legislative and judicial protection as the main content, and finally the rights of citizens are guaranteed. (Reflecting the authenticity of civil rights in China)
Constitution is the confirmation and guarantee of citizens' basic rights and the most important legal guarantee.
6. Legislative and judicial guarantees: -P7
Legislative protection is to confirm citizens' rights in the form of law and use national coercive force to guarantee them. Judicial guarantee refers to punishing all kinds of infringement by law and protecting citizens' rights.
7. The basic rights enjoyed by China citizens have a wide range of characteristics:-P9.
(1) Right to equality; ② Political rights and freedoms; ③ Freedom of religious belief; Personal freedom; (5) the right to criticize, make suggestions, appeal, accuse and expose state organs and their staff, and the right to receive compensation; 6. Social and economic rights; (7) Educational, scientific and cultural rights and freedoms; (8) Women's rights, marriage, family, children and the elderly are protected by the state; The lawful rights and interests of overseas Chinese, returned overseas Chinese and their relatives are protected by law.
8. How to exercise civil rights correctly: (combined with specific case analysis)-P10-1
(1) Citizens should respect the rights of others when exercising;
(two) citizens in the exercise of rights, shall not harm the interests of the state, society and collective;
(3) exercising rights within the scope permitted by law;
(4) exercising rights in a legal way.
9. How to exercise the right to freedom of speech: (Any right and freedom are relative, conditional and restricted by law. )P 1 1
First, citizens should not use freedom of speech to insult or slander others; Second, citizens are not allowed to use freedom of speech to instigate or incite others to commit acts that endanger national security, undermine national unity and disrupt social order. Whoever publicly publishes remarks that endanger the interests of others and the public will be responsible for the consequences of his own remarks.
Lesson 2 Our Obligations (Legal Obligations and Moral Obligations)
1. Why do citizens have to fulfill their obligations while enjoying their rights? -P 14- 15。
In our country, the rights and obligations of citizens are the same. Each of us is not only the subject of enjoying rights, but also the subject of fulfilling obligations. Therefore, people should not only strengthen the concept of rights and exercise and safeguard their rights according to law, but also strengthen the concept of obligations and fulfill their obligations according to law.
2. The content of citizens' basic obligations stipulated in China's Constitution:-P 16.
Safeguard national unity and national unity and keep state secrets; Take good care of public property, observe labor discipline, public order and social morality; Safeguard the security, honor and interests of the motherland; Military service according to law and participation in militia organizations; Pay taxes according to law; Wait, these regulations are the specific requirements of patriotism put forward by our laws for citizens.
3. Meaning of legal obligation and moral obligation: P 14, P 16.
Compulsory obligation is an obligation that citizens must fulfill according to the Constitution and laws. The so-called moral obligation means that members of society consciously and voluntarily assume moral responsibilities to others and society according to social moral norms.
4. The relationship between legal obligation and moral obligation:-P 17 correlation.
Legal obligation and moral obligation are closely related. Moral obligations such as caring for public property, observing public order and respecting social morality have been recognized by the state as legal norms and become legal obligations. There are also differences between the two. Legal obligation is stipulated by national laws, and moral obligation is formed spontaneously in social life; Legal obligations are guaranteed to be fulfilled through the compulsory efforts of the state, and moral obligations are fulfilled through the public opinion, habits and voluntary participation of social members.
5. What are the basic moral standards of China citizens? Patriotism and law-abiding, courtesy and honesty, unity and friendship, diligence and self-improvement, dedication and dedication? (How do middle school students implement the requirements of citizens' basic moral norms)
6. How to faithfully perform obligations: (Be able to specifically judge what is encouraged by law, what is required by law and what is prohibited by law. )(P 18-2 1)
(1) Actively do things encouraged by law; (It is not illegal not to do it)
Any behavior prohibited by law will be condemned by socialist morality.
We must do it according to the requirements of the law. (not illegal)
(3) Resolutely not to do anything prohibited by law is another important performance of faithfully fulfilling civic obligations. (doing something illegal)
7. What is an illegal act? (P2 1, first paragraph)
Anyone who commits an act prohibited by law has violated the law and will be punished by law.
Lesson 3 the right to life and health is with me
1. Personality right is the basic right of citizens. The right to life and health occupies the primary position in personality right. (25 pages)
2. What is personality right and its characteristics: (material personality and spiritual personality) (25 pages)
Personality right is the right to be a man and the basic right of citizens. Including the right to life, health and other material personality rights and spiritual personality rights such as freedom, name, portrait, reputation and privacy.
3. What does the right to personal freedom include? (page 25) (meaning, meaning)
Acts such as illegal body search violate citizens' personal freedom. Personal freedom is the most basic personality right (case analysis)
4. Relevant provisions of China's laws to protect the right to life and health:
(1) China law stipulates that citizens' right to life and health shall not be violated by others;
The law gives us extensive freedom of action, and no organization or individual may infringe upon the personal freedom of citizens.
(3) Abuse and abandonment of minors, infant drowning and abandonment are prohibited by law; It is forbidden for employers to illegally recruit minors under the age of 16, and it is forbidden to arrange underage workers (over 16 but under 18) to engage in underground, harmful, toxic and labor-intensive labor. What are the special protections for minors in China's laws? (Page 26, paragraph 2)
(4) China's Constitution, Criminal Law, General Principles of Civil Law, Public Security Management Regulations and other laws and regulations all protect citizens' right to life and health.
5. According to the given materials, judge whether this behavior violates the right to life and health, and write the relevant legal basis to know how to protect rights.
6. What are the ways for citizens to exercise their right to health? (28 pages)
7. Suicide or self-mutilation is against social morality and law. (P29)
8. Care about the life and health of others. (P3 1)
Eighth grade, the second volume of political knowledge points, people's education edition, 4-6 lessons, the fourth lesson, safeguarding our personal dignity.
1, the status, meaning and content of the right to personal dignity. (page 35)
(1) We all have personality and dignity. Everyone, young and old, smart or stupid, rich or poor, senior officials or civilians, free people or prisoners, likes to do something. People? The minimum social status and the minimum right to be respected by others and society is the right to personal dignity. This right is manifested in two aspects: self-esteem and respect for others.
(2) The right of personal dignity is the core right of personality right, which is embodied in the right of reputation, privacy, portrait and name. Other personality rights, such as the right to life and health and the right to freedom, safeguard and guarantee human dignity from different aspects.
2, what is the right of reputation, the performance of the right of reputation. Relevant laws and regulations for safeguarding the right of reputation in China.
(1) The so-called reputation right refers to the right of China people to exclude others from infringing on their objective social evaluation.
The right of reputation is mainly manifested in the right to control reputation interests and the right to maintain reputation. The meaning and expression of reputation right: P38
(2) What benefits does a good word of mouth have for us? P36
(3) Chinese laws stipulate that citizens' right of reputation is inviolable, and no organization or individual may insult or slander others.
3. How to exercise citizens' right of reputation? (P38 At the end of the first paragraph)
4. What are the acts that infringe on the right of reputation? (P38 ends -39)
5. The meaning and expression of portrait: P40
6. The content of portrait right. What are the ways for citizens to exercise their portrait rights? P4 1
The law recognizes citizens' right to portrait. Citizens enjoy the right to control their portraits according to law, including the right to portrait, the right to use and the right to receive remuneration. Citizens have the right to decide whether to allow others to paint, take photos or video themselves; Have the right to decide whether to use or how to use their own portraits, and have the right to get paid for using their own portraits. When minors use their portraits and get paid, they must be represented or agreed by guardians.
7. What behaviors are violations of citizens' portrait rights? P4 1
Acts that infringe on citizens' portrait rights, such as not using other people's portraits as the cover of advertisements or magazines or printed on calendars without authorization, constitute infringement. In addition, it is also an act of infringing on the right of portrait to damage, defile or vilify the portrait of a citizen, or to use the portrait of a citizen for personal attacks.
8. How to protect your portrait right? P42
9. What is the meaning of the name? P43
10. What is the right to a name, and what are the acts that infringe it? P43-44。
The right to name is the right of citizens to decide, use and change their own names according to law, and to exclude the infringement of others.
Embezzlement and fraudulent use of other people's names are two concrete manifestations of infringing citizens' right to name.
Lesson 5 Privacy is protected
1. The meaning and content of privacy: (page 46)
In life, there are always some personal secrets that you don't want to be known and violated; There are always many purely personal affairs, which have nothing to do with public interests and group interests. These are private matters. Specifically, it includes: private information, such as home address, physical defects, marriage and love, family relationship, property status, etc. ; Personal affairs, such as daily life, social interaction, etc. ; Private areas, such as houses, personal luggage, school bags, etc.
2. The necessity of protecting privacy: (or: Why should citizens' privacy be protected? ) (pages 47-48)
In today's world, the more developed information technology and media are, the greater the possibility that personal privacy will be leaked, and the more people urgently need their own peace and security. This is because everyone has privacy. If personal privacy is illegally disclosed, it is tantamount to living in a glass house, and you can only live in fear under the eyes of the public.
3. The meaning of privacy: (page 48)
The right to privacy refers to the right that citizens enjoy in private life and the confidentiality of private information according to law.
4. Significance of legal protection of privacy: (Page 48 at the end of the second paragraph)
Protecting citizens' right to privacy through law can promote social harmony and maintain social stability.
5. Contents of the right to privacy: (Page 48-50)
(1) The essence of privacy is the freedom and tranquility of private life, which protects normal life from interference and inner world from interference. A citizen's house belongs to his personal life. Without its permission, no one may invade or illegally monitor or monitor, and no law enforcement officer may illegally search in disregard of legal procedures.
(2) Citizens have the right to keep personal information confidential. If you don't disclose your physical condition, family relationship, savings password, etc. Handle it according to law and prohibit others from illegally collecting, disseminating and using your personal information.
(3) Citizens have the right to keep the contents of personal communication confidential, and it is forbidden for others to view, spy on or disclose their letters, telephones, faxes and emails without authorization. Citizens have the right to use their personal information to engage in activities beneficial to society, such as writing their own special life experiences as autobiographies and publishing their own letters.
6, the consequences of infringement of privacy:
Invasion of others' privacy is not only a violation of social morality, but also an illegal act. Infringement of others' right to privacy should be investigated by law.
7. How to respect the privacy of others: P5 1-52
(1) To respect the privacy of others, we must establish a sense of privacy. Make it clear that everyone is an independent individual, divorced from our traditional culture? Is the father a child and the husband a wife? This old concept of promoting personality attachment; Do not interfere in other people's private space, do not gossip, do not expose people's shortcomings, and do not disturb people's peace; I am not keen on asking about other people's private affairs and spreading other people's secrets because of curiosity. We should correct some bad habits of not respecting others' privacy.
(2) To respect the privacy of others, we need to strengthen our sense of responsibility and credibility. Personal privacy has two most loyal guardians ―― responsibility and reputation. Responsibility ensures the safety of personal privacy, and reputation reflects loyalty to others. Relatives, friends and classmates often share some personal secrets, which is based on mutual trust. At this point, we should bear the responsibility and credibility of this privacy, which can not only protect our own privacy, but also protect and respect the privacy of others.
8. Why should people respect each other's privacy? P52 end
9. How to protect citizens' privacy? P54-55
1 Improve laws and regulations; 2. Strengthen ideological and moral construction; Enhance the concept of legal system, self-protection awareness, and lock yourself in privacy.
10. What should I do if my privacy is violated? P54 (Our three-step thinking can also be used).
When the right to privacy is infringed, we should bravely take up legal weapons and ask the infringer to stop the infringement and apologize by consulting with the infringer and requesting judicial protection. If you have caused great mental pain, you have the right to ask for mental compensation.
1 1. Maintaining privacy does not mean self-isolation. P55
Protecting privacy does not mean self-isolation. When you encounter difficulties, puzzles or troubles, you should learn to communicate with trustworthy people in order to get the understanding and help you need for growth.
Lesson 6 Right to Lifetime Income
1, the significance of education: P58
Education is a social activity that aims at promoting human development and social progress and cultivates people by imparting knowledge and experience. Education is a kind of inheritance and catalytic activity of human culture and an intermediary connecting the past and the future.
2, the role of education for individuals: P59
Education plays a vital role in a person's growth. On the one hand, education is everyone's lifelong preparation. It helps people to master the experience of predecessors and share the knowledge wealth accumulated by generations of human beings by transmitting culture to individuals. On the other hand, it stimulates people's potential and can't self-improve and innovate, thus opening up the road of human development and laying the foundation for the future.
3. The significance of education to individuals and countries: (Right? Knowledge changes fate? How to understand it? )P62
Education can lay a foundation for people's future life. To make a short life shine and live a dignified and meaningful life, we must receive education. With the rapid development of contemporary science and technology, the knowledge of human beings has increased rapidly, social changes are changing with each passing day, and social competition is unprecedented. In this case, only by receiving education, awakening potential and developing intelligence can we get rid of ignorance, increase our talents, enrich our lives, enjoy modern civilization and succeed in professional activities and other activities. Education is the key to success or failure in one's life. In this sense, education acquires knowledge, and knowledge changes fate. For a nation and a country, education makes the future.
4. The meaning of the right to education: Page 60
Education is a basic human right. According to the law, China citizens have the right to education. The so-called right to education means that citizens have the right to receive national cultural education and the right to get material help from education.
5. The meaning of compulsory education: (Why should compulsory education be implemented? P6 1 para. 1
The so-called compulsory education is the national education that school-age children and adolescents must accept according to law and is jointly guaranteed by the state, society, schools and families.
6. Characteristics of compulsory education: P6 1 year-end
Compulsory education is different from higher education, adult education and other education, and it has its own distinct characteristics: it is compulsory, and its implementation is guaranteed by the coercive power of the state; It is unified, and all school-age children and adolescents must enter school to receive compulsory education for a specified number of years; With public welfare, in the compulsory education stage, students are exempted from tuition and fees.
7. How to protect your right to education: a paragraph at the end of P63 (we can also use our three-step thinking method)
Education is the basic right given to us by law and the foundation of our growth and development. China laws protect citizens' right to education. When our right to education is deprived or violated by others, we can take non-litigation or litigation to safeguard it.
8. Why should we fulfill our obligation to receive education? P64
9. How to fulfill the obligation to receive education: P64
As a student who is receiving nine-year compulsory education, there are three main obligations to fulfill education: first, earnestly fulfill the obligation to enter school on time; Second, earnestly fulfill the obligation to accept compulsory education for a specified number of years and not drop out of school; Third, earnestly fulfill the obligation of observing discipline and law, respect teachers, and strive to complete the prescribed learning tasks.
10, what should I do to complete the prescribed learning tasks? P65
In the process of learning, we should actively carry out autonomous learning, cooperative learning and inquiry learning, pay attention to cultivating good study habits and improve learning ability.
1 1. Modern society should have the concept of lifelong education. End of P65
12. How to cherish learning opportunities? P66 (last sentence)
Share on the next page >>& gt Eighth grade, Volume II, Political Knowledge Points Summary People's Education Edition