Test center 1: rights and obligations. (Unit 1, Application)
1. What are rights and obligations:
(1) Meaning of rights and obligations:
(1) Civil rights: Some rights and interests recognized and granted to citizens by the Constitution and laws are protected by the state and guaranteed materially.
(2) Civil obligations: obligations in a broad sense, including both legal obligations and moral obligations.
The so-called legal obligation refers to the responsibilities that citizens must perform according to the Constitution and laws.
The so-called moral obligation means that members of society voluntarily assume moral responsibilities to others and society in accordance with social moral norms.
(2) The meaning of basic rights and obligations: The rights and obligations of citizens stipulated in the Constitution are called the basic rights and obligations of citizens.
2. The relationship between rights and obligations:
The rights and obligations of citizens are the same. We are all subjects of rights and obligations. Therefore, we should not only strengthen the concept of rights and exercise rights according to law, but also strengthen the concept of obligations, fulfill obligations according to law, and consciously fulfill our due obligations with the sense of responsibility of the masters.
3. How to exercise rights correctly:
(1) Citizens should respect the rights of others when exercising their rights;
(2) When exercising their rights, citizens shall not harm the rights and interests of the state, society and the collective;
(3) exercising rights within the scope permitted by law;
(4) exercising rights in a legal way.
4. How to fulfill obligations:
(1) Moral obligation:
The scope of moral obligation is very wide, and everyone has the obligation to fulfill it. Carry forward the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, abide by the basic moral norms of "patriotism and law-abiding, courtesy and honesty, unity and friendliness, diligence and self-improvement, dedication and dedication", and actively fulfill all aspects of moral obligations.
(2) Legal obligations:
We actively do what the law encourages us to do;
We must do it according to the requirements of the law;
We are determined not to do what is forbidden by law.
Second, the core point of view
Rights and obligations are consistent, so we should correctly exercise rights and consciously perform obligations.
Third, typical cases
1. A junior high school ideological and moral teacher organized a class discussion on "establishing a correct view of rights and obligations". Shi Hui said: "The Constitution gives our citizens a wide range of freedoms and rights, so we can exercise them at will."
Please discriminate this view of Shi Hui.
Reference answer:
This view of Shi Hui is one-sided.
(2) In our country, the Constitution gives our citizens extensive and real freedoms and rights, which is correct. China is a socialist country, and citizens enjoy a wide range of rights. The basic rights of citizens stipulated in China's Constitution involve political, economic, cultural and other fields, covering family life, school life and social life.
We can exercise our freedom and rights at will, which is wrong. When citizens exercise their freedoms and rights, they must take legal measures, follow the procedures prescribed by law, and cannot do whatever they want. Otherwise, it will harm the interests of the country or others, and even constitute a crime.
Therefore, when citizens exercise and enjoy their own freedoms and rights, they should respect the rights of others, not exceed the scope permitted by law, and not harm the interests of the state, society and collective, but should exercise them in a legal way.
2. An old man, influenced by the idea of preferring sons to daughters, proposed that his son should support him, and all his property should be inherited by his son, but not by his daughter. Later, my son was in trouble and unable to support the elderly. The old man had to ask his daughter to bear part of the living expenses and medical expenses, but her daughter thought that she did not have the right to inherit property and there was no need to fulfill her maintenance obligations.
Please use the relationship between rights and obligations to talk about your understanding of your daughter's behavior.
Reference answer:
(1) Rights are consistent with obligations. We are all subjects of rights and obligations. Therefore, we should not only strengthen the concept of rights and exercise rights according to law, but also strengthen the concept of obligations, fulfill obligations according to law, and consciously fulfill our due obligations with the sense of responsibility of the masters.
According to the law, daughters and sons have equal rights to inherit their parents' property, and daughters should strengthen and safeguard their rights according to law.
It's wrong for a daughter to think that she doesn't need to do her duty of support. As children, it is their legal obligation to support and help their parents. If they fail to fulfill this obligation, they will be punished by law.
In short, the daughter lacks the concept of legal system, so she should study the law seriously, enhance her awareness of rights and obligations, exercise her rights and actively perform her obligations.
Unit 2, Book 2, Grade 8
First, the test center analysis
Test center 1: the right to life and health (understanding the third lesson of Level 8)
1. The right to life and health occupies the primary position among citizens' personality rights. According to the laws of China, citizens' right to life and health cannot be violated by others.
2. The law defends our right to life and health:
(1) Minors are a vulnerable group and the future of the nation. China's laws prohibit the abuse and abandonment of minors, and prohibit infant drowning and abandonment; It is forbidden for employers to illegally recruit minors under the age of 16, and it is forbidden to arrange underage children to engage in underground, toxic and labor-intensive labor;
(2) Protecting citizens' right to life and health is an important task of national laws. China's Constitution, Criminal Law, General Principles of Civil Law and Public Security Administration Punishment Law all protect citizens' lives and health.
(3) Actively exercise the right to life and health.
① Reasons for actively exercising the right to life and health: This is not only the right of citizens, but also our care and responsibility for ourselves; People are social and have social responsibilities from birth.
② How to exercise the right to life and health: cherish life, maintain health and exercise actively; Have the right to timely medical treatment when sick; When one's life and health are illegally violated by others, one has the right to defend oneself according to law and request legal protection.
(4) Caring for the life and health of others.
Everyone has a moral obligation and a legal obligation not to intentionally or negligently infringe upon others' right to life and health. Do as you would be done by. To hurt others is to hurt yourself, and to respect others is to protect yourself.
② Care for all beings, care for the life and health of others, stay away from violence, and be a law-abiding and helpful person.
Test site 2: the right to personal dignity (understanding lessons 4 and 5)
1. The meaning of the right to personal dignity: Everyone has the minimum social status as a "person" and the minimum right to be respected by others and society. This is the right to personal dignity, which is manifested in two aspects: self-esteem and respect for others.
2. The embodiment of the right of personal dignity: the right of personal dignity is the core right of personality right, which is embodied in the right of reputation, portrait, name and privacy. At the same time, it also shows that the right to life, health and freedom cannot be hurt and insulted.
3. The law protects citizens' right of reputation
(1) Infringement of reputation: insult and slander.
(2) Consequences: The infringer is lightly condemned by public opinion, and the infringer bears legal responsibility.
4. The law protects citizens' right to portrait.
(1) Infringement of portrait rights: unauthorized use of other people's portraits as the cover of advertisements or magazines, or printed on calendars; Malicious damage, defacing, uglifying the portrait of a citizen, or using the portrait for personal attacks.
(2) Maintenance method: When the right of portrait is infringed, we should take up legal weapons, investigate the responsibility of the infringer, and file a lawsuit when necessary to get justice.
5. The law protects citizens' right to name.
(1) Infringement of name right: embezzlement and fraudulent use.
(2) Maintenance method: The infringed can protect his name right through litigation. It is the legal quality that modern people should have to respect others' name rights and safeguard their own name rights according to law.
6. Respect the privacy of others and safeguard the right to privacy according to law.
(1) Respecting privacy is a moral expectation. Ethical requirements for respecting privacy include:
① Respect the privacy of others and establish privacy awareness;
Respect for others' privacy requires strengthening the sense of responsibility and credibility;
People should respect each other's privacy.
(2) safeguard the right to privacy according to law. Methods for maintaining the right to privacy include:
(1) When privacy has not been violated, it is necessary to strengthen the awareness of the legal system and at the same time strengthen the awareness of self-protection and lock privacy. However, protecting privacy does not mean self-isolation and isolation.
(2) When privacy is infringed, we should bravely take up legal weapons and ask the infringer to stop the infringement and apologize by consulting with the infringer and requesting judicial protection. If you have caused great mental pain, you have the right to ask for mental compensation.
(3) Significance of respecting and maintaining privacy: Being able to consciously respect and maintain privacy is a symbol of modern civilization and a manifestation of social progress.
Second, the core point of view
1. When our legal rights are violated, we should take up legal weapons to protect our rights according to law.
We should actively exercise the right to life and health.
3. The law protects citizens' right to personal dignity. Protect citizens' rights of portrait, name, reputation and privacy according to law.
Third, typical cases
1. Wu Mou, a drunk driver, walks in an "S" shape. When he passed a crossroads, the front of the car knocked down a pedestrian and tried to escape. An enthusiastic citizen chased several streets by car, stopped the escaped accident car and handed over the driver to the traffic police department.
Please use what you have learned to talk about your own understanding of this matter.
(1) It is illegal for Wu Mou to drink and drive, hit a pedestrian, and try to escape punishment, and his legal awareness is relatively weak, which infringes on others' right to life and health. Wu Mou's behavior will be punished by law.
It is correct to be enthusiastic about citizens, fulfill the responsibility of fighting against illegal acts, safeguard legal dignity and help stop illegal acts.
We should strengthen the concept of the legal system, actively fight against illegal and criminal acts, and be law-abiding citizens.
One day, my good friend Xiaoming asked me for help, saying that his deskmate Xiaogang called him his nickname and often made fun of him. Sometimes when he is away, I will secretly look through his diary. In order to protect his rights, Xiao Ming is going to call me for help and teach Xiao Gang a lesson, saying that he should be beaten.
Please comment on the words and deeds of the above characters.
(1) "Xiao Gang shouted nicknames and made fun of others; Peeking at other people's diaries is a sign of disrespect for others, and it is also an illegal act that infringes on their reputation and privacy.
(2) Xiaoming wants to teach Xiaogang a lesson and beat him up. He has a sense of safeguarding rights, but he failed to safeguard his legitimate rights and interests according to law, which may have violated Xiaoming's right to life and health, not only failed to effectively safeguard rights, but also violated the legitimate rights of others.
When our legitimate rights and interests are infringed, we should learn to safeguard our rights according to law.
Unit 3, Grade 8 (Part 2)
First, the test center analysis:
Test center 1:
Rights and Obligations of Education (Understanding, Lesson 6)
Education is not only a citizen's right, but also a citizen's obligation.
1. Right to education:
(1) Compulsory education is characterized by compulsion, public welfare and unity.
(2) Reason: Education is the basic right given to us by law and the foundation of our growth and development.
(3) Ways to protect rights: When our right to education is infringed, we can take non-litigation or litigation to protect rights.
2, fulfill the obligation of education:
(1) Reason: It is not easy to popularize compulsory education in China, and it is not easy for parents to provide education for their children, so we should cherish it; For their own development, for the prosperity of the country and social progress.
(2) Contents: First, earnestly fulfill the obligation to enter school on time; Second, earnestly fulfill the obligation to accept compulsory education for a specified number of years and not drop out of school; Third, earnestly fulfill the obligation of observing discipline and law, respect teachers, and strive to complete the prescribed learning tasks.
(3) Requirements: ① Actively carry out autonomous learning, cooperative learning and inquiry learning, pay attention to developing good study habits and improve learning ability; ② Diligent study, update knowledge, improve ability and learn to learn; ③ Set up lofty aspirations, cherish the opportunity of studying at school, consciously fulfill the obligation of receiving education, and make contributions to the prosperity of the motherland.
Test location 2:
Legal Property Ownership (Understanding, Lesson 7)
Main contents:
1, legal property ownership
(1) Meaning: Property ownership means that all people have the right to possess, use, benefit and dispose of their property according to law. It is a civil right directly related to economic interests.
(2) Citizens' legitimate property ownership is protected by law.
We have the right to inherit property.
The way to realize the right of inheritance: legal inheritance and testamentary inheritance.
3. Protect the right to intellectual achievements according to law.
The state protects minors' rights to intellectual achievements and honor. If the right to fruit is illegally infringed, parents or other guardians may request the relevant authorities to protect it and demand that the infringer bear legal responsibility.
Test center 3:
Consumer Rights and Interests (Application, Lesson 8)
1. Rights and obligations of consumers:
(1) Consumer rights and interests: According to the Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests, consumers have the right to safety, the right to know, the right to choose independently, the right to fair trade, the right to claim compensation according to law, the right to association, the right to education, the right to respect personal dignity and national customs, and the right to supervision.
(2) Consumer obligations: fulfilling the obligations as consumers and maintaining market order; Be modest in shopping attitude and polite in speaking; The choice of goods should be considered well so as not to delay the shopping of other customers; Thank the sales staff for their service; Safeguard the legitimate interests of producers and operators.
2, the significance of consumer protection:
Protecting the legitimate rights and interests of consumers is conducive to promoting the development of production, ensuring the smooth progress of social reproduction, maintaining normal social order and enabling people to live a better life.
3. How to protect the rights and interests of consumers?
(1) Before commodity trading: enhance your judgment and choice ability. Actively study and master the knowledge about consumption; Understand the knowledge of consumer rights protection.
(2) In the process of commodity trading: have a good sense of rights and self-protection. We should make full use of our own consumer knowledge and legal knowledge, maintain due vigilance, and try not to give many operators an opportunity.
(3) After commodity trading, we should bravely take up legal weapons and safeguard our legitimate rights and interests. Consumers should solve problems fairly and reasonably through legitimate channels and negotiate with operators to solve them; Request mediation from consumers' associations; Complain to the relevant administrative department; According to the arbitration agreement reached with the operator, submit it to an arbitration institution for arbitration; Bring a lawsuit to the people's court.
Second, the core point of view:
1, we should cherish the right to education and consciously fulfill our obligation to receive education. Education is not only a citizen's right, but also a citizen's obligation.
2. We should correctly exercise and consciously safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and consciously fulfill our obligations as consumers. Have a good sense of rights and self-protection.
Third, typical examples:
1, (this title is 10) Master Wang 15-year-old son Xiaoyu is in Grade Three in a middle school in our city. A week ago, the school suddenly informed Master Wang to come to the school for an interview. It turns out that Xiaoyu always doesn't study hard, often goes to the game hall and has poor grades; The school was afraid that his participation in the senior high school entrance examination would affect the average score of the school, so it advised him to give up taking the senior high school entrance examination automatically and promised to issue a diploma. The school took out a pre-written "statement of voluntary non-participation in the senior high school entrance examination" and asked them to sign it. Helpless, Master Wang and Xiaoyu both signed the "Declaration".
As a friend of Kohane, how are you going to help him?
Reference answer:
(1) In view of Xiaoyu's careless study and poor grades, tell him that as a student, he should consciously fulfill his obligation to receive education and be responsible for himself, so as to be conducive to his healthy growth.
(2) In view of Xiao Yu's wrong behavior of often going to the game hall, tell him to learn to resist bad temptations, strengthen self-protection consciousness and legal concept, and avoid its harm to himself.
(3) In view of Xiao Yu's wrong behavior in signing the Declaration, tell him to strengthen his awareness of self-protection and legal concept, safeguard his right to education according to law, and take legal measures to safeguard his rights.
(4) Negotiate with his school, teachers and parents, actively strive for school protection and family protection, change the wrong practices of schools and parents, and safeguard his right to education according to law.
2. Customer Miss Li bought a bottle of shampoo in a small supermarket, and her hair fell out after using it for a week. Miss Li went to the supermarket to discuss, and the supermarket owner said, I just sell, and I don't care about anything else. Go to the manufacturer, and a citizen next to him said that it only costs a dozen dollars. Forget it!
(1) Use what you have learned to evaluate the words and deeds of the above characters.
(2) If you are a friend of Miss Li, please give her advice on how to safeguard her rights and interests.
Reference answer:
(1) It is correct for Miss Li to go to the supermarket to discuss the argument. When her legitimate rights and interests are infringed, she should use legal means to safeguard her legitimate rights and interests according to law.
What the supermarket owner did was wrong. Its practice violates the Law on the Protection of Consumers' Rights and Interests, infringes on the legitimate rights and interests of Miss Li, and should bear corresponding legal responsibilities. He should perform his due duties and safeguard the interests of consumers.
(3) The incorrect concept of citizenship shows that they have a weak awareness of rights protection and cannot safeguard their legitimate rights and interests according to law. On the contrary, it will condone illegal activities and make consumers' rights and interests not well protected. When consumers' rights and interests are damaged, they should actively defend their rights with legal weapons.
(2) (1) Request the mediation of the consumer association; (two) to appeal to the relevant administrative departments; (3) Submit to an arbitration institution for arbitration; (4) bring a lawsuit to the people's court.