Examination items of prenatal and postnatal care
The prenatal and postnatal examination items include: prenatal and postnatal IgM test (TORCHIgM), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), prenatal and postnatal IgG test (torchig), neural tube malformation screening, prenatal screening for Down syndrome, estriol (E3) test, solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), endometrial antibody test (EMAB-IgM) and endometrial antibody test IgG (EMAB-IgM).
Among them, five tests for prenatal and postnatal care, also known as teratogenicity, include Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, B 19 parvovirus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus. These microorganisms can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta, affecting the development of the fetus, and eventually leading to abortion, premature delivery, hypoplasia or deformity. Therefore, the five tests of prenatal and postnatal care are particularly important.
These common and important intrauterine infection factors are called TORCH.
T stands for Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma gondii is widespread in our lives and around us. If you have pets or other poultry at home, they may all be carriers of Toxoplasma gondii. For pregnant women, the defense against Toxoplasma gondii will be much weakened after the resistance is reduced. If pregnant women are infected with Toxoplasma gondii, it will be directly transmitted to the fetus through the placenta, which will affect the growth and development of the fetus.
"O" stands for other infectious factors. Such as human papilloma cell infection and other viral infections.
"R" stands for rubella virus. Rubella virus is also a virus that spreads widely, for example, it can spread in the kidney cells of animals such as rabbits or pigs, and it can also spread in droplets of nasopharyngeal secretions. At the same time, rubella virus is contagious. After the incubation period, it can cause lymph nodes in the back of the head, behind the ears and neck to swell, and then rubella appears on the face and head, which can spread to the whole body. For example, rubella occurs in the early pregnancy, and the fetus often has congenital abnormalities such as cataract, microphthalmia, hard of hearing, heart disease and microcephaly.
"C" stands for cytomegalovirus. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can invade human internal organs and lymphatic system. Pregnant mothers infected with this virus can invade the fetus through the placenta and cause congenital infection, and even cause premature delivery, abortion, stillbirth or postpartum death. Children may have jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic anemia. Surviving children often leave behind permanent mental retardation, neuromuscular dyskinesia, deafness and chorea.
"H" stands for herpes simplex virus. Herpes simplex virus can cause infection of genital skin and mucosa, and pregnant women with genital herpes can easily cause premature delivery, abortion, teratoma or stillbirth in severe cases. Newborns are sensitive to this virus. Mothers with primary herpes may have a 40%-60% chance of being infected. Premature infants who often suffer from herpes for 3-30 days may invade skin mucosa and internal organs. Disseminated type can appear high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, encephalitis and septicemia, with a mortality rate of 65%, and more than 65,438+00% have no sequelae after recovery.
Prenatal and postnatal health care knowledge
Prenatal health care refers to taking artificial measures to make the born children have excellent genetic quality, and at the same time carrying out scientific parenting to improve the quality of the population. The following is 18 knowledge about eugenics:
1, eugenic method
The Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, the Maternal and Infant Health Care Law of the People's Republic of China and the Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China have all established the legal status of eugenics.
2. Eugenics education
Through extensive publicity and education, the whole society has realized that it is an obligation to future generations and society to implement prenatal and postnatal care and improve the quality of the born population. "
3. Which patients are not suitable for marriage?
Diseases that are medically considered unsuitable for marriage or late marriage, including designated infectious diseases during the infectious period; Mental illness related to the onset period; Serious genetic diseases unsuitable for childbearing; Other diseases that are medically considered unsuitable for marriage.
4. It is forbidden to marry close relatives.
Direct blood relatives and collateral blood relatives within three generations are forbidden to get married (the incidence of genetic diseases in the next generation can be increased by 7- 150 times). Prohibition of consanguineous marriage is an effective measure to avoid the combination of the same pathogenic genes and reduce the occurrence of genetic diseases.
5. Premarital check-up
The significance of premarital check-up is to know the person or disease that is not suitable for marriage or childbirth as soon as possible; Early treatment of diseases, physical defects and sexual dysfunction related to infection or onset; Block the occurrence of genetic diseases; Medical guidance after marriage. Although both men and women who are going to get married can decide whether to have a premarital examination, it is wise in the sense of eugenics. )
6, the best reproductive age
The best childbearing age for women is 24-29 years old, and late childbearing should be no later than 35 years old; It is generally believed that men are under 40 years old.
7, the best pregnancy season
The best pregnancy season is August and September every year, so that the early pregnancy can avoid the winter and spring seasons with frequent viral infectious diseases, and the delivery in the late spring and early summer with mild climate is conducive to prenatal and postnatal care and maternal and child health care.
8, the best time to conceive
In the sense of eugenics, it is difficult for newlyweds to recover to a good state or even be exhausted in a short time during the process of organizing marriage. Alcohol and tobacco in wedding celebrations are the killers of sperm; Health problems that can't be ignored during the honeymoon are all unfavorable factors for pregnancy, so it is best to take contraceptive measures during the wedding. Oral contraceptives should be stopped for 6 months, pathological abortion for 6 months, and induced abortion for 3 months.
9. Sex and eugenics
Don't ignore the relationship between sex life and eugenics. First of all, sexual hygiene, menstrual sexual life is easy to cause genitourinary tract infection; Sexual life in early or late pregnancy can cause abortion, premature delivery or intrauterine infection; Once a pregnant woman is infected, it will be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta or birth canal during delivery. If you are going to have sex during pregnancy, it is best to choose to have sex when both men and women are in good health and mental state, so as to make sex life harmonious as far as possible. These sexual life factors are all related to eugenics.
10, pregnant women should not be exposed to x-rays.
X-rays have teratogenic effects on embryos in early pregnancy, so X-rays should be avoided as far as possible in the third month of pregnancy, and absolutely forbidden in the second month of pregnancy; Even if pregnant women want to have a routine chest X-ray examination, they should do it after 7 months of pregnancy.
1 1. Pregnant women should not use drugs casually.
Pregnant women should be actively treated in time, but under the guidance of specialists, safe drugs should be strictly selected, especially drugs that have been medically proved to have teratogenic effects on the fetus should be avoided.
12, pregnant women avoid pollution.
Pregnant women should try not to touch harmful and toxic substances (such as mercury, lead, carbon monoxide, pesticides, paints, etc.). ).
13. Pregnant women should not smoke.
Smoking in pregnant women can increase the incidence of miscarriage, premature delivery and pregnancy-induced hypertension by 3-4 times, so pregnant women should not smoke or avoid second-hand smoke "(husbands who smoke are more responsible for not creating a second-hand smoke environment around their pregnant wives).
14. Pregnant women should not drink alcohol.
Pregnant women who drink alcohol or husbands who drink alcohol during pregnancy are prone to teratogenicity, such as fetal alcohol syndrome. "
15, pregnant women should beware of infection.
Virus infection (such as rubella, herpes, measles, influenza, cytomegalovirus, etc.). ) Toxoplasma infection can lead to fetal malformation, especially in the first trimester. Pregnant women should go to public places as little as possible and pay attention to preventing colds.
16, prenatal diagnosis
Pregnant women over 35 years old, people who have had birth defects, and people who received X-ray irradiation in the early pregnancy should be diagnosed before delivery, and problems should be found and dealt with in time through eugenic screening.
17, pregnant women should maintain a good mental state.
Keeping pregnant women happy psychologically and spiritually is beneficial to their own health and the health of the next generation.
18, nutrition during pregnancy
If the pregnant woman is malnourished, it will lead to miscarriage, premature delivery, teratoma, stillbirth or affect the brain development of the fetus. So pregnant women should not be partial eclipse or so-called abstinence. Nutrition during pregnancy should be rich, balanced and comprehensive.
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How to use the pregnancy test stick? What knowledge should parents learn in the process of parenting? Pre-pregnancy eugenics health examination
National free pre-pregnancy eugenics health examination basic project
1, eugenic health education.
2, medical history inquiry. Understand the history of pregnancy, family history, disease history, drug use, living habits, diet and nutrition, environmental risk factors, etc.
3. Physical examination. Complete the physical examination of both men and women according to the routine operation. Including routine physical examination, such as height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate measurement, thyroid palpation, cardiopulmonary auscultation, liver and spleen palpation, limb spine examination and other operations; Expert examination of male and female reproductive systems.
4. Clinical laboratory examination.
Laboratory examination: **9 items. Including blood routine, urine routine, leucorrhea test (including leucorrhea routine, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis test), blood type (including ABO and Rh), blood sugar, liver function (alanine aminotransferase), hepatitis B serology, renal function (creatinine), thyroid function (thyroid stimulating hormone) and so on.
Virus screening, etc. : ***4 items. Including rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum and other infection detection.
5. Imaging examination 1. Routine gynecological ultrasound examination
6, risk assessment and consulting guidance
7. Follow-up of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome
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How much do you know about pre-pregnancy examination? How to easily conceive six tests of sex hormones?
Six tests of sex hormones are routine basic tests in reproductive department. At present, there is no complete and unified determination value of endocrine sex hormones in obstetrics and gynecology in China, and because of the different sources of various reagents, determination methods and data calculation, even if the same hormone specimen is used, the results obtained by various laboratories are not exactly the same.
1, progesterone (P) is secreted by corpus luteum of ovary, and its main function is to promote the transformation of endometrium from proliferative phase to secretory phase. The blood P concentration is 0-4.8 nmol/L before ovulation, and 7.6-97.6 nmol/L in the later period of ovulation, and the blood P is low in the later period of ovulation, which is seen in luteal insufficiency and ovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
2. Testosterone (T) In women, 50% of testosterone is converted from Zhou Xiong dione, of which about 25% is secreted by adrenal cortex and only 25% comes from ovary. Its main function is to promote the development of clitoris, labia and pubic mound. It has antagonistic effect on estrogen and has certain influence on systemic metabolism. The normal concentration of blood T in women is 0.7-3. 1 nmol/L, and the high blood T value is called high testosterone, which will lead to infertility. When suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome, the blood T value also increases. According to the clinical manifestations, other hormones should be determined when necessary.
3. Estradiol (E2) is secreted by follicles, and its main function is to promote the transformation of endometrium into proliferative phase and the development of female secondary sexual characteristics. The blood E2 concentration is 48-52 1 pmol/L in the early ovulation period, 70- 1835 pmol/L in the ovulation period and 272-793 pmol/L in the late ovulation period. The lowest values were found in ovarian dysfunction, premature ovarian failure and Sheehan syndrome.
4. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by basophils in the anterior pituitary gland, which mainly promotes ovulation. Under the synergistic effect of FSH, corpus luteum is formed and progesterone is secreted. The blood LH concentration was 2- 15 miu/ml in the pre-ovulation period, 30- 100 miu/ml in the ovulation period and 4- 10 miu/ml in the late ovulation period. Generally, the normal value of non-ovulation period is 5-25miu/ml. Less than 5mu/ml suggests gonadotropin deficiency, which is seen in Sheehan's syndrome. If LH rises again at high FSH, ovarian failure is very certain and no other examination is needed. LH/FSH≥3 is one of the diagnostic criteria of polycystic ovary syndrome.
5. Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by prolactin trophoblast, which is one of the eosinophils in the anterior pituitary gland. PRL is a simple protein hormone, whose main function is to promote mammary gland hyperplasia, milk production and milk excretion. In non-lactation period, the normal value of blood PRL is 0.08-0.92 nmol/L, and it is hyperprolactinemia if it is higher than1.0 nmol/L. Excessive prolactin can inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH, ovarian function and ovulation.
6. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by basophils in the anterior pituitary gland. Its main function is to promote the development and maturation of follicles. The blood FSH concentration is 1.5- 10 MIU/ ml in the early ovulation period, 8-20 MIU/ ml in the ovulation period and 2- 10 MIU/ ml in the late ovulation period. The normal value is 5-40 miu/ml. Low FSH value is found in estrogen and progesterone treatment period, Sheehan syndrome and so on. FSH is more common in premature ovarian failure, ovarian insensitivity syndrome and primary amenorrhea.