There is no congenital formation, because there are no capillaries in the epidermis, and the nutrition of the epidermis mainly comes from the supply of spinous layer. When the spinous layer is damaged and the ability to supply nutrition is insufficient, the capillaries of the dermis expand independently to provide nutrition (compensatory mechanism), resulting in red blood silk. The more serious the epidermal injury, the longer the injury time, and the heavier the capillary proliferation and migration. When the skin restores its original physiological function, the spinous layer can provide nutrition independently, and the red blood silk naturally fades.
2. There is a spinous layer
Formation: It consists of 4-8 layers of columnar cells with antennae, which are the nutrient layer and immune layer of skin epidermis.
It has primary immunity and contains a lot of nutrient solution and lymph.
Importance: 1. The number of spinous cells determines skin thickness and immune function.
? nourish
Damage symptoms:
1. Thin skin (decreased immunity)
2. Sensitive and easy to swell (mast cells release histamine)
3. Intradermal papules (phagocytes wrap metabolites)
Impaired performance:
Spine cells are damaged by 30%, and the red blood is punctate, which is easy to be red and hot.
Spine cells were damaged by 50%, red blood was linear, and the face was dull and slightly red and swollen.
Vertebral cells are damaged by 70%, and red blood becomes reticular, which reduces the stimulation and immunity to the outside world and is prone to itching, intradermal papules and redness.
Vertebral cells are damaged by 90%, and the red blood is connected together, which is easy to swell, yellow and fester.
Chapter II Pigmented skin
metabolism
After fully absorbing nutrients and oxygen, the basal mother cell divides into daughter cells, and the daughter cells move upward layer by layer, changing their shapes and properties until the stratum corneum dies and falls off. This is the process of metabolism.
The faster the metabolism, the better the skin.
Two Necessary Conditions for Rapid Metabolism
1, the basic mother cells eat enough nutrition.
2. Basic mother cells drink enough water.
Metabolic cycle = actual age+10 days
The cause of spots
When the moisture content of granular layer is lower than 40%, the anti-ultraviolet ability decreases. After ultraviolet irradiation of epidermal cells,
Will the epidermis release substances that stimulate arginase activity? Collagen is very active in pigment cells,
Melanin particles that produce melanin particles come out of melanocytes and begin to devour epidermal cells.
Metabolism slows down or stops, melanin excretion stagnates, and accumulates in the epidermis to form plaques.
Granular layer
It is composed of 2 ~ 4 layers of spindle-shaped or rhombic cells, and its nucleus is pale and half dead. Cells contain many particles composed of hyalin and keratin, so they are called granular layer, which has the functions of absorbing, refracting, reflecting, filtering and dispersing ultraviolet rays.
(1) barrier layer: The purpose is to prevent water loss and bacterial infection.
(2) Crystalline keratin: crystalline particles that can refract ultraviolet rays.
Features: When the water content is above 50%-60%, it can refract 93-97% of ultraviolet rays, and when the water content is below 40%, the refraction ability is completely lost. At this time, ultraviolet rays penetrate and activate immune cells and melanocytes, triggering an immune response and producing melanin.
Performance is impaired:? When the function of absorbing, refracting and filtering ultraviolet rays in granular layer decreases, ultraviolet rays directly activate melanocytes and produce a large number of melanocytes. With the metabolism of cells, 30% of the skin is dull, 50% of the face is dull, 70% of the face is dull, and 90% of the skin is pigmented.
Ultraviolet rays:
UVA: 320-420nm wavelength, long-wave ultraviolet rays, acting on the reticular layer of the skin, destroying the three major fibers, leading to genuine wrinkles.
UVB: The wavelength is 275-320nm, which acts on the basal layer and prickly layer, making the skin tan and causing redness and peeling.
grass roots
It consists of a single layer of cylindrical cells.
It mainly contains two kinds of cells: basal cells and melanocytes.
① Basal cell: The only cell attached to the basement membrane in epidermis that can divide and replicate, which can directly absorb nutrients in microvessels and supplement nutrients needed for cell division. When the epidermis is damaged, cells will grow and repair without leaving scars.
② Melanocytes: scattered among basal cells, containing tyrosinase, which can secrete melanin under external influence. The amount of melanin determines race and skin color.
Melanin has an important function: it blocks ultraviolet rays and protects deep tissues of the skin from harm.
Impaired performance:
When the basal cells are damaged by 30%, the skin will have large pores, dry external oil, a small number of blackheads and acne.
When basal cells are damaged by 50%, skin metabolism will slow down, emulsification function will be abnormal, and a large number of blackheads will be produced.
When the basal cells are destroyed by 70%, the metabolism of the skin will slow down or stop, and the skin will turn black, hairy and acne in the sun.
When the basal cells are damaged by 90%, the skin will sag, and the depth, length and width of skin wrinkles will gradually increase.
What is transdermal toxicity?
"Transdermal toxicity" literally means toxins that enter the human body through the skin and are absorbed through the skin. For example, daily necessities such as shampoo, conditioner, detergent and cosmetics all contain a lot of synthetic ingredients.
Some chemicals can be absorbed through the skin and deposited in the body, causing harm to the body. We will collectively refer to these substances.
It is "transdermal toxicity".
Harm of percutaneous toxicity
Chemicals enter the human body through the skin and blood.
This process is called "percutaneous collection".
For women, transdermal poisons can enter the uterus. For men, it is easy to destroy hormones, which will lead to allergies, asthma and other symptoms. It will also destroy the human immune system and easily lead to infertility. most
The big harm is that it will lead to congenital allergy or fetal malformation. The most serious symptoms are often used in our daily life.
The synthetic chemical components contained in cosmetics can induce cancer, and transdermal toxicity can easily induce brain diseases and nervous system diseases.
wait for
The top three percutaneous toxicity.
Champion: formaldehyde-formaldehyde is everywhere in furniture and substandard clothes, not just itself.
Poison, but also let many hidden toxins into the body, once excessive, it may lead to diseases of various organs of the body.
Runner-up: Sodium dodecyl sulfate exists in shampoo. Runner-up: sodium dodecyl sulfate-? It exists in shampoo and other cosmetics, and promotes the percutaneous absorption of various chemicals.
When it invades subcutaneous tissue and persists for a long time, it may induce skin cancer and may also lead to canceration of other organs.
Third place: linear alkylbenzene sulfonate I? It can be found in cleaning products such as laundry detergent, which stimulates toxic chemicals to be absorbed by the human body through the skin, destroys the virtuous circle of the body, and leads to endocrine disorders.
How does transdermal poison enter the body?
The structure of our skin is like a leaf with many pores, which acts as the import and export of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor. There is a layer of tension film in the stomata, which plays a role in blocking the invasion of foreign substances. Almost all the daily necessities we use for a long time contain dissolving agents and surfactants, which will make the stratum corneum of the skin in a state of dissolution, and the tension of the membrane that acts as a barrier will be reduced, thus causing harmful chemicals and substances to enter the body through the skin-this is the process of toxins entering the skin, and the toxins that enter the body in this way are called "transdermal toxicity". When the body temperature is higher, the skin's ability to absorb transdermal toxins will be stronger. Toxins enter different parts of the body with metabolism, and if they cannot be metabolized out of the body in time, they may have adverse effects on various organs of the body. It may have adverse effects on various organs of the body. Japan's latest concept of health care medicine points out: "Be careful of your skin! Absorbing chemicals harmful to health every day is transdermal toxicity! " Indeed, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It is not only a "protective barrier" for internal organs of the body, but also a "channel" for many chemicals to enter the body. Some harmful chemicals can enter the body through the skin, thus causing cell variation and even causing cancer in severe cases.
This is called transdermal toxicity. It is hidden in inferior shampoo, conditioner, skin care cosmetics, shower gel and jeans, and it is "zero distance" from us every day. In the long run, skin aging, hormone disorder, rapid decline of warm nest and other health conditions will be "white."
First, the beauty industry diamond component fullerene
Inhibit the toxicity of chemical poisons, resist radiation, prevent ultraviolet damage, and be heavy.
Metal cell injury protection, anti-cell oxidation and anti-bacterial infection. Shrink pores and inhibit acne: rebuild extracellular matrix and reduce inflammatory factors.
Wrinkle removal: reduce the activity of MMP-9 (collagenase) in skin.
Second, the free radical scavenging mechanism of fullerenes (antioxidant mechanism)
Vitamin C is a famous antioxidant, but it can only scavenge primary and secondary free radicals.
Fullerene can continuously scavenge free radicals, and its antioxidant effect is 172 times that of VC.
Fullerene component has been listed in the catalogue of cosmetic raw materials!
Characteristic component
Paeonia lactiflora root extract and oat bran extract:
Promote thymocytes to play a repair role, inhibit hyaluronidase, promote hyaluronic acid secretion, and upgrade the repair function.
Third, the biological significance of skin autophagy
With the increase of age, physical, chemical and microbial damage and pollution, there are quite a lot of toxic proteins and dead cells in skin cells. Some of these poisoned protein and dead cells are metabolized by the slowly migrating skin surface layer, and some of them are autophagically degraded into nutrients for other skin cells. If these poisoned protein and dead cells are not removed in time, they will accumulate more and more in the skin, which will lead to various skin problems, such as dullness, wrinkles, aging, inflammation, allergies, acne and even skin cancer.
Iv. effective components: autophagy mechanism of cells
20 16. 10.3 Japanese scientist yoshinori ohsumi won the nobel prize for his bright mask? Science and medicine award, the reason for winning is "finding a bright mask of autophagy?" Mechanism. " Yoshinori ohsumi discovered autophagy in yeast cells, and finally discovered the mechanism of autophagy. Autophagy mechanism: Human cells will selectively remove damaged, aged or excess protein and organelles through lysosomal degradation, and release small molecules of nutrients for healthy cells after degradation.