1, Hanging Garden
Time of establishment:
604-562 BC.
Location:
56 miles south of the Iraqi capital Baghdad.
history
It was built by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon for his favorite queen. The queen is a Mede, and Nebuchadnezzar II built this strange tall building for her, so that she can often visit her hometown. The hanging garden is covered with many exotic flowers and plants and has a complete water supply system. The ancient Greeks who saw it at that time called it a miracle of the world.
One legend is that ...
The new king of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC), married the princess of the Medes. The princess was beautiful and won the king's favor. But as time went on, the princess became very sad. Nebuchadnezzar doesn't know why. The princess said, "my hometown is full of green mountains and green waters, and birds are singing and flowers are fragrant." And here is the endless plain of Babylon, and even a hill can't be found. How I long to see the mountains and winding paths in our hometown again! " So the princess is homesick. So Nebuchadnezzar II ordered craftsmen to build a cascade garden in his palace according to the scenery of Mount Mitis, which was full of exotic flowers and herbs, and opened a quiet mountain path in the garden, with flowing water beside it. The craftsmen also built a tower in the middle of the garden, which stood in the air. The exquisite garden scenery finally won the princess's heart. Because the garden is higher than the palace wall, it feels that the whole imperial garden is hanging in the air, so it is called "hanging garden" and "hanging garden".
2. Alexandria lighthouse
Two of the seven wonders of ancient times recognized by the world are in Egypt, one is the pyramids of Giza, which ranks first among the eight wonders, and the other is the lighthouse of Alexandria, which ranks seventh. It is built purely for people's real life, without any religious color. The candlelight of Alexandria lighthouse shines all over Alexandria at night, protecting the ships at sea. In addition, it was the tallest building in the world at that time. Alexander Lighthouse is located on Faross Island near Alexandria. In 330 BC, Alexander the Great, the powerful Macedonian king, captured Egypt and established a city named after him at the northwest end of the Nile Delta on the southern bank of the Mediterranean. This is a city with very important strategic position. In the next 100 years, it will become the capital of Egypt, one of the most prosperous cities in the world, and the largest and most important international transshipment port in the whole Mediterranean world and the Middle East. The Alexander Lighthouse in Alexandria has a height of120m. Together with the tower foundation, the whole height is about135m. The tower consists of three floors: the first floor is square structure, 60 meters high, with more than 300 rooms of different sizes, which are used for fuel storage, computer room and staff dormitory respectively; The second floor is octagonal structure, with a height of15m; The third floor is a circular structure, surrounded by eight 8-meter-high stone pillars. Above the lighthouse stands an 8-meter-high bronze statue of Helius, the sun god. The whole lighthouse is made of granite and copper, and the fuel of the lamp is olive oil and wood. The entire lighthouse covers an area of about 930 square meters. Smart designers also use the principle of reflection, using mirrors to reflect light to the farther sea. This unparalleled lighthouse, brightly lit every night, conscientiously guides the ships entering the harbor and brings a sense of security to the helmsman. History of Alexandria Lighthouse One night in the autumn of 280 BC, when the moon was dark and the wind was high, an Egyptian royal cruise ship sailed into Alexandria and sank on the rocks. All the relatives and brides on board were buried in the belly of the fish. This tragedy shocked the Egyptian ruling and opposition parties. King Ptolemy II of Egypt ordered the construction of a navigation lighthouse at the entrance of the largest port. After 40 years' efforts, a magnificent lighthouse has been erected at the eastern end of Faross Island. It stands on a rock reef 7 meters away from the island shore, and people call it "Alexander Faroes Lighthouse". When the Alexander Lighthouse was completed, it became the tallest building in the world at that time with a height of 400 feet. His designer is Chattus of Sotheby's, a Greek architect. /kloc-for 0/500 years, the Alexandria lighthouse has been guiding sailors to the harbor in the dark. An Arab traveler recorded in his notes: "The lighthouse was built on three steps. At its top, a mirror reflects sunlight during the day and guides the ship with fire at night. " /kloc-in the 4th century, a rare earthquake happened in Alexandria, and the shaking earth destroyed the architectural miracle of this ancient world with great power. Alexander's loyal guardian, Alexander's crown, just disappeared. Another century has passed. In order to resist foreign aggression and defend Egypt and its coastline, King Mamluk of Egypt ordered the construction of a castle on the original site of the lighthouse and named it after himself. After Egyptian independence, the castle was transformed into naval museum. 1996165438+10 In October, a group of divers discovered the remains of the lighthouse of Alexandria in the depths of the Mediterranean Sea.
3. The giant statue of Rodport
Construction time: late 4th century BC, or early 2nd century BC. Location of the giant statue of Rhodes Port: Aegean Sea in Rhodes Port, Greece. Rhode Island in BC is an important commercial center, located at the junction of Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea. Port Rhodes was built in 408 BC. Historically, Rhode Island was ruled by many spheres of influence, including Mo Solas (whose tomb is also one of the Eight Wonders) and Alexander the Great. But after the death of Alexander the Great, the whole island was plunged into a long war. Macedonian invader Dmitry led 40,000 troops (more than the population of the whole island) to surround the port. After a hard war, Rhode Island defeated the invaders. To celebrate this victory, they decided to build a statue with bronze weapons abandoned by the enemy. This statue has been built for twelve years, and its height is 1 10 feet, that is, it is similar to the height of the well-known Statue of Liberty in New York. The statue is hollow and reinforced with complex stones and iron columns. But this great statue was destroyed by a strong earthquake only 56 years after it was built. Legend has it that the giant statue of Rod Porter stood on the harbor with his legs crossed, and the boat passed through the middle of his legs (right), but in fact the statue did not pass through the harbor.
4. Statue of Zeus
English: The Temple of Zeus in Olympia Zeus is the god of Greek gods and the main god of Olympia. The statue of Zeus built for sacrifice is the largest indoor statue in the world, and the temple of Zeus where the statue of Zeus is located is the birthplace of the Olympic Games. Philo of Byzantium wrote down the seven wonders of the world. He said, "We are proud of the other six wonders, but we are afraid of the statue of Zeus." It is said that the priest in Olympia appreciated phidias's masterpiece very much and entrusted his descendants with the responsibility of preserving the statue of Zeus and enjoying its glory forever. Zeus is the third generation of God King in the genealogy of ancient Greek gods. He is an almighty god. He can observe and understand everything in the world, whether on the earth or on the mountain. He is the source of god and metaphor, and he decides the fate of god and man. Zeus (Greek: zeta ε, or δ? α? ), God, the highest god in ancient Greek mythology, was called Jupiter (Latin: Jupiter) and Cronus (κ ρ? νο? ) and Rhea (ρ rho? α) The youngest son was born. Kronos gained supreme power by overthrowing his father Uranus. Knowing that he would be overthrown by his own children like his father, he swallowed his own children. His wife Rhea couldn't bear to be swallowed by Zeus, so she took a stone and pretended that Zeus had swallowed it for him. When Zeus grew up, he rebelled against his father with his brothers and sisters and launched a fierce struggle. After ten years of war, he defeated his father with the help of his grandmother Gaia, the goddess of the earth. Zeus and his brothers Poseidon and Hades were in charge of heaven, the sea and the underworld. Since then, Zeus has become the ruler in charge of the universe. Jupiter's Latin name comes from him. Zeus gave birth to many descendants, including many goddesses and women, including Apollo and Artemis, Dionysus and Herak. Zeus tried his best to get close to the goddess and the woman, and he was always sneaking around, so he always made Hera angry. In order not to let Hera know the location of his affair, he always obstructs Hera in various ways. Zeus also had some male lovers, such as Ganymede. Venue: The Temple of Zeus is the religious center of ancient Greece. The temple is located in the southeast of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece, in the middle of a vast flat land on the Rizos River, and is in charge of Zeus, the god of ancient Greek gods. Now this place is full of hills in Huang Chengcheng, but in ancient Greece, it was surrounded by green valleys and cool streams, and the scenery was elegant. Not far away is a dense forest, full of green, with beautiful flowers and trees on both sides of the forest path. It was also the religious center at that time. In ancient Greece, it was located outside the walls of Athens. In Hadrian's time, in order to expand the size of Athens and expand the city walls, temples were incorporated into the city.
5. Temple of Artemis
Construction time: 550 BC. Construction site: Ephesus, the Greek city-state, which is now the west coast of Turkey.
Artemis
In ancient Greek mythology, the goddess of hunting, the moon god and one of the main gods of Olympus was also regarded as the protector of wild animals. Themis, the daughter of Zeus and Leto, the goddess of the night, was born in Astri Island (Telo Island). According to legend, Leto gave birth to Apollo with the help of Al themis on the ninth day after his birth. Therefore, Al themis is regarded as the god of birth and delivery. In Lin Mang and Shan Ye, she took a bow and a dog, regarded hunting as a game with divines, and sometimes traveled in a car towed by two stags. Al themis is brave and fierce. Sometimes she is very cruel. She abides by all kinds of rules and regulations since ancient times and asks people to strictly abide by them. Anyone who breaks the rules is often shot with a bow and arrow. King Onius of Kaludon was furious because he didn't offer her fresh fruit as usual, and drove fierce wild hunting to Kaludon. She instigated the hunter's leader, Moller argyle, to be at odds with his people, which led to the tragic death of the great hero Moller argyle. Agamemnon, the leader of the Greek Coalition forces who expedition to Troy, shot her sacred deer and showed off his shooting skills better than the goddess of hunting. Themis was furious, and the sea breeze stopped, making it impossible for Greek allied ships to sail. She insisted on offering Iphigenia, Agamemnon's daughter, as a sacrifice to compensate the sacred deer, and told her through the prophet. Agamemnon was forced to obey. She traded deer for others on the altar, fooled everyone, and took Iphigenia to Taoriz, where she became a female sacrifice in her temple and asked for a special tribute. According to legend, Hercules killed the Jinjiao deer in Karagna and was forced to plead his innocence before Artemis and Apollo. Themis is regarded as the master of all animals in Crete, and is incarnated by brito Mattis, the goddess of water lily who hunts fiercely. Her oldest image is not only a huntress, but even a bear. Themis was once regarded as the patron saint of plants, and later evolved into the goddess of fertility and the patron saint of fertility. Its holy places are mostly near springs and ponds, symbolizing fertility and the god of plants. She is as free as Kibo, the mother of the gods in Asia Minor. In the temple of Ephesus, she was regarded as the god of breasts. She took over Apollo for her mother as soon as she was born. She also has the ability to make people die suddenly, or give birth to a woman through the fertility god Eletia. The early legend about Al themis was related to the Moon God, who was closely related to Selene. Later myths described her as the Moon God who fell in love with the beautiful girl Endymion. Themis was not the moon god at first. It is said that she wanted the position of the moon as much as Zeus, and Zeus acquiesced. From then on, she was confused with luna. The ancient Greeks distinguished the three moon gods in the sky in different forms. Usually, Phoebe represents the new moon, Selene represents the full moon, and Al themis represents the new moon. After the mid-term myth, Hecate is also one of the moon gods, and she represents the ghost moon.
temple
Temple buildings are based on marble and covered with wooden roofs. The designers of the whole building are Chersiphron and his son. Its biggest feature is that there are two rows of columns at least 106, each row is about 40 to 60 feet high. The base of this temple is about 200 feet wide and 400 feet long.
history
Late at night in July 2 1, 356 BC, this magnificent temple was in ruins in a fire, and the temple built after its original site in 262 AD was caught in a fire again. The ruins of this temple are located on the Ionian coast of present-day Turkey. Now, there is nothing in front of people but ruins.
6. Mausoleum of Mo Solas
The Mausoleum of Mo Solas is located in Halicarnassus in southwest Turkey. The building at the bottom is rectangular, with an area of 40m2 (120× 30m (100) and a height of 45m (140), in which the pier wall is 20m high, the column is 12m high, and the pyramid is 7m high, with a carriage statue at the top. In addition to its architecture, this mausoleum is also famous for its sculptures. The sculpture of the Mausoleum of Mo Solaris was made by four famous sculptors, who were responsible for one side of the Mausoleum. The Mausoleum of Mo Solas was occupied by Halicarnassus at the beginning of15th century. In order to build a huge castle, the new ruler used some stones from the Mausoleum of Mo Solas as building materials in 1494. Today, many sculptures still survive and are kept in museums in London, England. Since19th century, Mosora Suo Mausoleum has been under archaeological excavation. These excavations provide a lot of information about Mosora Suo Mausoleum, which makes us know more about the shape and appearance of Mosora Suo Mausoleum. Solas's Mausoleum of Mo Solas is located in Halicarnassus (present-day Turkey) in the southwest of Asia Minor, the grand square in the city center. The man buried in the mausoleum is Mosoulus, the governor of Caria, the territory of Persian Empire in the middle of 4th century BC. As for King Solas, people only know him because he is full of energy and loves war. He once conquered Rhodes and became the master of this country in a short time.
appear
7. Egyptian pyramids
Construction time: about 2700-2500 BC. Construction site: The Egyptian Pyramid near Cairo, Egypt, is the tomb of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh. The largest is pyramid of khufu, with a height of137.2m and a base length of 230m. * * * It used 2.3 million stones, with an average of 2.5 tons each, covering an area of 52,000 square meters. It takes about 1 km to walk around there. The Egyptian pyramids are the imperial tombs in the pyramid shape of the slave society in ancient Egypt. One of eight wonders of the world. They are numerous and widely distributed. Memphis, the ancient city on the west bank of the Nile in the southwest of Cairo, is the most densely populated area. Among the pyramids that have been discovered in Egypt, the largest and most famous is the third generation pyramid located in the Giza Plateau in the southwest of Cairo. They are the Great Pyramid (also known as pyramid of khufu), the Khafre Pyramid and the Menkoala Pyramid. They form a pyramid group, surrounded by many small golden pagodas, which are the pinnacle of Egyptian pyramid architecture. The Great Pyramid is the largest existing pyramid in Egypt and is known as "one of the seven ancient wonders of the world". It was built during the reign of the second Pharaoh Khufu of the fourth dynasty in Egypt (about 2670 BC). The original height was 146.59 m, but now it is 136.5 m due to the peeling of the top. The four inclined planes of the tower face the southeast and northwest directions respectively. The tower foundation is square, each side is about 230 meters long and covers an area of 52,900 square meters. The tower consists of 2.3 million boulders with different sizes, ranging from 1.5 tons to 160 tons, with an average weight of about 2.5 tons. According to research, it took 654.38 million people and 20 years to build the Great Pyramid. The second largest pyramid is the tomb of Ha Fula, the fourth Pharaoh of the fourth dynasty in ancient Egypt (about 2575-2465 BC), so it is called the Hafra Pyramid, with a tower height of 143.5 meters. The world-famous Sphinx is next to the pyramid of Hafra. It is said that this face is an imitation of Ha Fula. For a long time, due to the excessive humidity and poor ventilation in the pyramid, cracks appeared in the walls of the tomb. 1992, the Havla Pyramid experienced another earthquake with a magnitude of 5.4, which was partially damaged. After more than two years of comprehensive transformation, it was reopened in July 20001year. The base of the Menkoala Pyramid is108.5m long and the tower is 66.5m high. 1839, an English explorer opened the pyramid for the first time and found a granite sarcophagus and Pharaoh's mummy in the tomb. However, the ship carrying these cultural relics encountered an accident on the way back to England, and the sarcophagus and mummy sank into the Atlantic Ocean. There is a sentence in the inscription of the pyramid: "The sky extends its own light to you, so that you can climb into the sky, just like pulling your eyes." Later, the worship of the obelisk by ancient Egyptians also had such significance, because the obelisk also represented the light of the sun.
8. Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum
The Terracotta Warriors Museum is the largest ancient military museum in China. It shows the prosperity and strength of ancient Chang 'an. 196 1 year, the people of China and the State Council designated the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor as a national key cultural relics protection unit. The first comprehensive archaeological investigation of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum began in 1920. 1962, archaeologists drew the first plane layout of the cemetery. After testing, the cemetery covers an area of 56.25 square kilometers, equivalent to nearly 78 Forbidden City, which caused a sensation in the archaeological community. 1987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List. 1September, 978, former French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac said with emotion: "There are seven wonders in the world, and the discovery of terracotta warriors and horses in Qin Dynasty can be said to be the eighth. You haven't really been to Egypt without seeing the pyramids; If you don't look at the Qin Terracotta Warriors, you haven't really been to China. " As a result, the statement of "the eighth wonder of the world" spread like wildfire.
Arrangement method of terracotta warriors and horses in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum
The terracotta warriors and horses pit of Qin Shihuang sits west to east. The three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The first pit of Terracotta Warriors was rectangular, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south and a depth of 5m, with a total area of14260m2. There are sloping doorways on all sides, and there are two terracotta warriors and horses pits on the left and right, which are now called pits No.2 and No.3. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit of Qin Shihuang is the largest underground military museum in the world. Terracotta warriors and horses pits have reasonable layout and strange structure. At the bottom of the pit about 5 meters deep, an east-west bearing wall is set every 3 meters, and the terracotta warriors and horses are arranged in the holes between the walls. Pit No.1 is the largest, with a depth of 5m and an area of14260m2. There are more than 6,000 Ren Tao Ma Tao in the pit, arranged in a neat and orderly circular square. At the eastern end of the pit, there are three rows of warrior figures with crossbows and long-range weapons, which seem to be forward troops, followed by a main force composed of 6,000 armored figures, with long weapons such as spears and halberds, arranged in 38 rows in the 1 1 cave, with 35 chariots of Xu. Guards on the north and south wings. More than 500 warrior figures, 6 chariots and 24 war horses, as well as bronze weapons and ironware such as bronze swords, Wu Gou, spears, arrows, crossbows and bronze halberds were unearthed in pit 1. At the eastern end of the cave, there are 2 10 terracotta warriors and horses with different facial expressions, clothing styles and hairstyles, which are lifelike. They are arranged in three rows, with 70 people in each row. Except for three leaders wearing pin armour, the rest are all dressed in short brown, with their legs tied, without helmets, holding bows and arrows and crossbows. Later, it was the main force composed of 6,000 armored figurines, each armed with spears, daggers, halberds and other long weapons of about 3 meters, separated from 35 chariots by 38 columns 1 1 east-west tunnels. There are a row of warrior figures on the north and south sides and at both ends, which look like guards to prevent the side tail from being attacked. This team is uniform, well-equipped, powerful and magnificent, which is the artistic representation of the mighty army of Qin Shihuang in previous dynasties and has a strong artistic appeal. Pit No.2 is located in the northeast of Pit No.1 and the east of Pit No.3. It is square, 96 meters long from east to west and 84 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of about 6,000 square meters. The buildings in the pit are the same as those in the No.1 pit, but the arrangement is more complicated and the arms are more complete. It is the most spectacular military array in the three pits. Pit 2 has an exhibition hall of 1.7 million square meters, which is the largest and most well-preserved exhibition hall of modern sites in China. Yuan, director of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, explained: "First of all, in order to better protect cultural relics, and secondly, it takes at least five to seven years to clear the entire army array from the ground. The advantage of this is that tourists can not only visit the local features of the second pit, but also see the excavation work of the second pit with their own eyes. " The Terracotta Warriors Pit No.2 is a square foot with an area of 6,000 square meters. It is a large military array composed of cavalry, infantry, crossbowmen and chariots. It can be roughly divided into four relatively independent units: crossbowman phalanx, Xu cavalry phalanx, Chebu and cavalry phalanx, and cavalry phalanx. * * * There are 1300 terracotta figures and horses, more than 80 chariots and a large number of metal weapons. According to preliminary calculation, there are more than 300 pottery figurines 1300, more than 80 chariots and tens of thousands of bronze weapons in pit 2, among which general figurines, pommel horse figurines and bow-shooting figurines are found for the first time. There are four inclined doors at the east and west ends of the second pit, and two inclined doors at the north. The statue pit is located in the west and the main entrance is in the east. The layout in the pit is divided into four units. The first unit is located at the eastern end of the figurine pit, with 60 vertical crossbow figurines in the surrounding corridor, and the array center is composed of 160 crossbow figurines east of Badao Road. The crossbowman adopts the arrangement of stretching array in the array, and takes turns shooting when standing and kneeling to avoid the danger of slow tension. The second unit, located on the right side of the pit, consists of 64 chariots (chariots are made of wood, leaving only relics). 8 times per column, * * * 8 columns. There are four horse-sized terracotta warriors and horses in front of the car. Behind each car, there are three soldiers and figures. In the middle is the charioteer Lamar, and the other two are standing on the left and right sides of the car, armed with long-handled weapons. The third unit, located in the middle, consists of 19 chariot, 264 infantry figurines and 8 knight figurines, and is divided into three columns. In front of each horse stood a small statue of a knight, holding the reins in one hand and the bow in the other. In addition to the three riders, there are 8~36 infantry figurines after each ride. The fourth unit, located on the left side of the army array, consists of 108 knight figures and 180 pottery pommel horse figures arranged in 1 1 row to form a rectangular cavalry array. Among them, 1 and 3 are listed as 6 chariots. In front of each horse, there stands a knight figurine in Hufu, holding the horse in his right hand and holding a bow in his left hand. Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No.3 is concave in plane, covering an area of about 520 square meters. Together with Pit 1 and Pit 2, it seems to be the headquarters of the three armed forces, with 68 pottery figurines and 4 horses 1 vehicle unearthed. The No.3 pit is located at the western end of No.1 pit 25 meters, with an area of about 520 square meters and a concave shape. There is a chariot in front of the door, in which there are 68 warriors. Judging from the layout of the No.3 pit, it seems to be the general headquarters, commanding the left, right and middle armies, but it was not built. There are no terracotta figures in the fourth pit, only backfill soil. Judging from the layout and formation of the two pits, the formation of the two pits is complex and the arms are complete, which is the backbone of the confrontation. In Sun Tzu's art of war, this grouping method is called "large array with small array, large camp with small camp, even falling with hooks, bending around". "Sun Bin's Art of War" said: "People who ride a war can be divided into three parts, one on the right, one on the left, one who is easy to ride many cars, one who rides many risks and one who is wide." Only the organic combination of the three can win every battle. The second pit is the theoretical map of this ancient strategist.