Population: The Manchus live in different parts of China, most of them in Liaoning, and others in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Shandong and other provinces and regions, as well as in large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Yinchuan and so on. The formation of a large dispersion is characterized by small settlements. Nowadays, the main settlement areas have been established in Xiuyan, Fengcheng, Xinbin, Qinglong, Fengning and other Manchu autonomous counties, as well as a number of Manchu townships, and the number of Manchu people in 2000 was 10.68 million.
Cheongsam
The robe, which is better at keeping warm, is used as daily dress. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Manchus absorbed the Zoroastrian style clothing of the Han Chinese in the Central Plains and improved it into the "Banner Garment", which has its own national characteristics.
Headdress
The headdress on women's heads is wide and long, like a fan but not a fan, like a crown but not a crown - known as the "Banner Head" in Chinese, and "Tara Chi" in Manchu. This headdress is unique to Manchu women all over the world, thus becoming a typical national costume features, very striking. In the past, Manchu women at an early age with the same boys to learn to ride, hair and boys are similar to shave the top of the head around the hair, leaving only part of the hair braided into two yatou pigtails, hanging down on the temples, until 16 years old when adults can store hair. After marriage, they began to òdabang head, rack head, two head and other types of hair buns, which is more typical of two head.
Paper Cutting
The Manchu people like to stick window decals. With a variety of colored paper cut into a variety of birds and animals, flowers, ancient and modern characters, pasted on the window, lifelike, vibrant. There is another paper-cutting art, that is, hanging paper, or hanging money. Over the Spring Festival, families with five-color paper, cut about 40 cm long, about 25 cm wide varying paper blocks, the middle crossbones engraved with cloud characters and paintings, such as abundance, longevity, the word "blessed", the lower end of the cut into a canine fringe head, hanging in the windows and doors of the forehead, indoor beams, etc., colorful, joyful. The earliest hanging paper is a place of ancestor worship decorations, usually singular. Rumor has it that the ancestors of the family clan are from Changbai Mountain, a few ditches to hang a few. Heilongjiang Ning'an, Hailun and other places in the art of paper-cutting in the national art scene enjoys a good reputation.
Manchu embroidery
Manchu folk crafts. Or "nail line", mainly popular in rural areas of the Northeast. With home weaving cloth and cotton thread as raw materials, cut and sewed, black and white as the main tone, between other colors. Decorated with pomegranate, auspicious, gourd pan long, longevity, eight treasures and other auspicious motifs, mostly with heavy black trim, often embroidered on top of pillows, purses, curtains, cushions.
Edit Dance
Overview
The Manchu people can sing and dance well. The dances of their ancestors, the Zhu Browns, were of a fighting style. It is the custom of the female Manchus, "to march and sing on the road when the girl is at the age of maturity. Manchu Dance" Chen Yuxian works
The song is also, is a narrative of family history, women workers, appearance, to extend the intention of the couple". ("Dajin Guo Zhi" Volume 39) Ming Dynasty female real people dance on the spur of the moment, and pipa accompaniment, everyone clapped and sang, especially in the festivals and banquets, hosts and guests of men and women take turns to dance, the rhythm is harmonious, a leader sings, everyone called: "air qi" and the same. Into the Liao, Shen, more absorbed other ethnic forms of song and dance. Manchus living in the Northeast, often held mass singing and dancing activities. Was prevalent in Beijing, spread to the northeast of the "children's book" was created in the children of the eight banners, for the Manchu people loved the form of literature and art. Since the late Qing Dynasty, many Manchu performing artists have emerged. The famous ones are Zhao Xingyuan, Shuanghouping, Jin Wanchang, Xie Ruizhi, Pin Zhengsan, Chang Shutian, Cheng Shutang, Rong Jianshen, Chang Baofu, Lian Kuoru, Hou Baolin, Guan Xuezeng and so on. These opera performers, whose performing arts have reached a very high level, have had a significant impact on later generations.
The Longxing Dance
and the Nine Folds and Eighteen Styles are the traditional dances of this nation. The characteristics of the dance are mostly evolved from the movements of hunting and fighting. For example, in the Longxing dance, some physically strong people are chosen to wear leopard skins and sing Manchu songs accompanied by xiao drums. Half of the dancers dressed as tigers, leopards and other beasts, half of the people riding a fake horse shooting, known as the "Longqing Dance", when the celebration of the feast, the host, guest men and women take turns dancing, lifting a sleeve in the forehead, after a sleeve for the back, circling in and out of a person sings, everyone called "empty Qi" and together. Nine folds eighteen styles, complex posture, there are fishing posture, threading the needle, weaving the net of the capital potential, celebratory capital potential, a single galloping horse, hunting posture; double galloping horse, the posture of the expedition; the size of the dragon, the dragon playing in the water posture, the python out of the hole, the dragon wriggling posture. Eighteen styles, that is, eighteen dance movements. Manchu Yangge
Yangge Dance
Also known as "Tartar Yangge". It is performed on the night of the New Year's Eve. The dancers vary from ten to dozens of people. The performers each hold two logs of feet long and dance against each other while striking. The dancers are often led by three or four people dressed as women, three or four people dressed as senators and umbrella lamp holders, and a person who sells plasters. Accompanied by gongs and drums, the dance is accompanied by a song, and the song is accompanied by a dance. It is a make-up song and dance performance. There is a difference between on foot and on stilts. If two teams of rice-planting dancers meet on the road, they will honor each other with a shoulder salute.
Mang style dance
Manchu dance performed at the banquet in the palace of the Qing dynasty in China. Mang style is divided into male mang style and female mang style. Dance Mang style must sing and, a lead singer, all the people to "empty Qi" sound and strengthen the rhythm, so some people also called Mang style empty Qi dance. The dance is rough and powerful, the action range is large, mostly knight step, which is related to the Manchu ancestors martial arts.
Waist Bell Dance
Manchu folk dance. Performed by several men with bronze bells on their waists. When the performance is playing the ringing board, twisting the waist bells, so that the sound of the board, the bells and harmony. Originated from the early Manchu riding life.
Qinglong Dance
Qinglong Dance is a kind of spectacle dance carried out in the harvest year and celebrating the grand ceremony, which is the most characteristic dance of Manchu in the court dance of Qing Dynasty, and it has left deep traces of folk dance. Qinglong Dance Xiqi Dance and Yanglie Dance, originated from Mangshi Dance. The name was given in the Qianlong period. Used in the palace on New Year's Day, All Souls' Day, New Year's Eve and the emperor's wedding held on the grand feast, more than by the princes and ministers and the Secretary of the dancers **** with the performance. Dance scale is quite large, including instrumental accompaniment up to a hundred people.
Da Wu Kui dance
Also known as the "Wu Kui dance", is a Manchu folk dance to celebrate. From the early Manchu hunting life, more than in the harvest, hunting return performance. The dance is performed by five people wearing masks of tiger, leopard, bear, deer and roe deer to make animal-like running and jumping movements, which is joyful and interesting.
Single Drum Waist Bells
Single Drum Waist Bells is the verbal name of the artists, also known as "playing a single drum" or "playing waist bells". Is a kind of waist wrapped around many small bells, holding a "single drum" (or "grab the drum") and dance ritual dance. Manchus believe in shamanism and honor the "Eagle God", "Python God", "Crow God" and so on. On New Year's Day, the day of ancestor worship, the first "Buddha head mother" to invite the gods, and then by the "Chama" began to dance, they wore hats, the body of the waist bells, holding a grabbing drums while dancing and singing God's song. They first dance in the house and then outside the courtyard. The content of the ancestor worship is to pay tribute to the merits of the ancestors, the second is to bless the world peace, the third is to wish the wind and rain, and the fourth is to pray for the elimination of diseases and disasters.
Edit this section of the Manchu musical instruments
Octagonal drum Octagonal drum shaped octagonal, masked python skin, each of the seven sides of the copper ring, the other side of the bottom of the tie a long spike, can be played, rubbing, shaking, as a singing accompaniment.
Edit this section of the Manchu opera
Overview
Manchu opera theater. Also known as "octagonal drum theater". Developed from the Manchu opera octagonal drum. Manchu ancestors in the riding fishing and hunting leisure around the campfire, while talking and singing and dancing, and snap the homemade octagonal drums and entertainment, and gradually formed a combination of talking, singing and dancing art form. After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, the octagonal drum and foreign qin, pipa, four strings, gongs and drums, etc., with the absorption of the Gong tune, miscellaneous plays and folk songs, songs, the formation of the brand opera. It sings historical and folk stories.
Two strings
Manchu plucked instrument. Wooden, the head of the piano decorated with a dragon head, string shaft left and right each one, the speaker is rectangular, the bottom has a hole, the speaker on the overhand, frame painted dragon pattern. The court of the Qing dynasty used to play feast music.
Three strings
Manchu plucked instrument. Sandalwood, square groove, the head of the qin carved large top flower, its tail end carved pattern, the front of the qin pole for the fingerboard, the tail end of the string guards to uncover the animal skin for the. The instrument is held in the left hand, and the right thumb and forefinger wear bone nails to pluck the strings, with techniques such as playing, picking, splitting, sweeping, smashing, and rubbing. The Qing court used to play the feast music, folk used to accompany the drum book, single string, and so on.
Manchu folk songs
Manchu folk songs are rich in content, compared with the Han folk songs, more fishing, hunting, pastoral labor and the eight banners of the soldiers on the march and miss their relatives content songs. Its lyrics are popular and lively, and its melody is simple and concise. This feature is more obvious in the rural Manchu folk songs. The Manchus can't live without singing in their daily life, and the lively and affectionate songs almost involve the whole life rituals of the Manchus, singing out their wishes and voices. Since the birth of listening to the "Yo-Yo car", a little older to learn to sing "small bench", "River River", childhood "catching Garaha song", the youth of the grazing songs, youth love songs, wedding songs, war songs, hunting songs, as well as harvest celebrations, festivals, blessings and congratulations on life, triumph to celebrate the success of the song, sadness and joy are all songs, its colorful and varied musical style, but the tone of the bold, cheerful, even if the expression of the mood of the elegiac The music style is colorful and varied, but the tone is bold and cheerful, even if it expresses elegiac emotions, it does not lose its robust and strong inner quality. Manchu folk songs include lullabies, children's songs, love songs, labor songs, custom songs, mountain songs, ditties, songs of joy, war songs, narrative songs, etc., in a variety of forms, the contents of which include almost every aspect of the life of the nation, and the music of which has its own special features. in the middle of the 18th century, the children of the Eight Banners created a new kind of drumming lyrics to be sung together with the drum plate and the three-stringed instrument called "Chingyin Zidi Shu Lullabies, also known as "lullabies", were sung in the middle of the 18th century. Lullabies, also known as "Yoyo tunes". It is the most widely circulated among the Manchu, and almost every Manchu child grows up in this melodious and smooth tune. The lullabies now in circulation are in Manchu and Chinese, and most of them are in both Manchu and Chinese. Labor songs, Manchu ancestors in the fishing and hunting, often blowing bullhorn or conch for the horn, banging gongs and drums, loud and powerful. After the hunt, they sang, danced and feasted in the field, and the rhythmic labor horn developed into a melodious and smooth labor song, which accommodated a wide range of life scenes. Songs, the Manchu people with warm and unrestrained songs, express their love for their hometown and labor, some of which are labor songs. Among them, the mountain songs praising the rich and magnificent mountains are called "Quashan tune", with free and strong rhythm, high and open tunes, and unrestrained and unrestrained emotions. The tune of "leaning against the mountain", "climbing the mountain" and other tunes are widely absorbed by the octagonal drums, monochord and other musical arts. Manchu custom songs are also very distinctive. Such as welcoming the bride on the road "official blowing", the wedding song sung in the bridal chamber "Lakongqi" as well as funeral ceremonies in the mourning tune and a large number of ritual songs are very touching and beautiful. The Manchu folk songs are mostly pentatonic, with simple structure, smooth melody and sincere feelings. In the vast rural areas of Northeast China, there are rich and colorful folk songs and children's songs reflecting the labor, rituals, games, expeditions and daily life of the Manchu people. Among them, there are fishermen's horn "run the South China Sea", mountain song "open mountain tune", pastoral "slip ringing whip", "happy song", etc.; reflecting the love of the "Yilhamuk", "red velvet line", "smoke purse", "December", etc.; game song "catching Galaha", "clap song"; reflecting the contents of the expedition of the "marching song", "octagonal drums dongdang"; reflecting the life of women, "Danchalami", "sour date jujube jujube tree"; children's song The songs reflecting women's lives include "Dancha Lami" and "Sour Jujube Trees"; and children's songs include "Haystacks with Golden Knives" and "The Wind Comes".
Editing etiquette
Manchu entered the Liao and Shen before, with the specialty of riding and shooting. 7-year-old children that is to wooden bow and arrow to practice shooting swan, the woman whip is no less than the men. Manchu dress, men shaved around the hair, braided and hanging in the back of the head, wearing horseshoe-sleeved robes and coats, both sides of the fork, waist belt, easy to ride and shoot. Women in the top of the head bun, wearing earrings, wearing a wide straight cheongsam, foot with high bottom shoes. After the customs, Manchu and Chinese clothing gradually converge. There was a period of time around the women wearing cheongsam was very popular. Manchu housing, the past general courtyard has a shadow wall, standing for the gods with the "Solo pole". Housing generally have two rooms, the door to the south, outside the house has a stove, inside the house in the north, west and south of the 3 sides of the kang. The meat and potatoes
Manchu attach importance to etiquette. In the past, usually see the elders line "playing a thousand" salute, men bend the right knee, the right hand along the knee down; women's hands on the knee squatting. Peer friends and relatives meet, regardless of men and women line hold waist face salute. Manchu west for the top, indoor west bed shall not sit and pile up sundries. The most important taboo is not to hit the dog, kill the dog, do not eat dog meat, do not use dog skin products; taboo wear dog skin cap or dog skin sleeve guests. It is said that the main because of the dog in the Manchu ancestors in the long-term fishing and hunting life played a role in helping, people can not bear to eat its meat, with its skin, so the formation of this custom. More than 300 years since the Qing Dynasty, Manchu, Han long-term cohabitation **** place, Manchu has been in the language, dress, customs and other aspects of the Han no difference; living in Guanwai all over the Manchu people, just in the remote villages of Manchu settlement, there are still part of the Manchu residents to use the Manchu language, to maintain some of the customs of the Manchus. At the same time, from the Han customs (including Chinese vocabulary) can also find out some of the components of Manchu customs. The Manchus are a people who are good at both learning and creating, and have contributed to the development of their motherland's culture.
Edit this section of the Manchu taboos
Life taboos
The Manchus live in the west house has a trailing word kang, because there is a shrine on the west wall, in order to respect the ancestors, in the west kang is not allowed to put the empty plate and empty dustpan, because when the sacrifice of the square plate loaded with meat, the dustpan loaded with yellow rice and fried soybean noodles, the empty put on the god of great disrespect. At the same time, the west bed is not allowed to sit on the family and guests. Manchu taboo dog skin, avoid eating dog meat [5]. This is a very important custom of the Manchu (female genitalia), there are three ways of saying this: one is a righteous dog to save the king of Han said, the second is derived from the customs of the ancestors of the Manchu said, the third is the totem worship said.
Taboos in the sacrifice
Manchu in the courtyard of the southeast tree Solo pole, shall not be defiled, not allowed to tether horses and feed poultry under the God pole. Sacrifice before the fasting, including bathing and dressing, not drunk, not meat meat, do not participate in mourning, not to have the sick home to ask the sick, not obscene fun, in short, all inauspicious dirty things are not allowed to participate. Sacrifice days there are twelve taboos: a taboo intention is not sincere, a taboo meter degree of confusion, a taboo utensils are not clean, a taboo angry mouth, a taboo clothing is not neat, a taboo gossip about foreign affairs, a taboo laugh without degree, a taboo long and young disorderly, a taboo casting dogs and tools, a taboo knife and spoon sound, a taboo within the sacrifice has not been completed, unclean out of the house, a taboo outside the sacrifice has not been completed, unclean into the house. Shenyang Manchu in the festival also sacrificed "sacred horse", the Manchu language, "his horse". "God horse" pulling a car, women are not allowed to sit. "God horse" died, to be buried, not allowed to eat meat. "Divine horse" is also known as "Zuma", enjoy a very high degree of respect.
The historical Manchu eight surnames are Tong Jia, Guar Jia, Ma Jia, Suo Chuo Luo clan, Qi Jia, Fucha, Na La, Nuhu Lu. Modern Manchu surnames crowned with Chinese surnames are: Tong, Guan, Ma, Suo, Qi, Fu, that, Lang.