The tragic fate of women. Aunt Liu from the street pub told Guan Hanqing about the unfortunate experience and tragic life experience of Zhu Xiaolan, a female prisoner. Zhu Xiaolan's tragedy aroused Guan Hanqing's infinite sympathy for this weak woman and great indignation at the official government's disregard for human life (citing online information-citing Jiang Fang's blog). "。 Guan Hanqing lived between 1240- 13 10, while Ibsen was an outstanding Norwegian playwright and poet who was born in Fu Yi. He left Universal Library with 25 colorful plays and rich poems, letters and literary essays. ), but he lives between 1828 ~ 1906. His masterpiece A Doll's House can be as famous as Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan. In the intellectual structure of old China, not many people knew about life. Apart from the ancient Greek tragedy, they only know Dou Eyuan. Yi Shusheng wrote on the title page of his works that "writing is to sit down and judge yourself" is as profound as his script, and it is the epitome of an era. Living in the19th century, he is known as the "father of modern drama". This Nordic cultural giant, with socialized philosophical thoughts and rich outlook on life, reflected that specific era in Norway. "Nora" written by Yi ("Nora's Leaving") is the product of the influence of Marxism or socialist feminist movement, or at least reflects that women in that era demanded economic liberation, striving for education and legislative rights, and striving for equality with men. There is no doubt that Ibsen's works have the shadow of the feminist movement. If Yan Fu's liberalism based solely on British liberalism maintained the basic reliability of his theory, Hu Shi explained liberalism with the doctrine of easy servant. Because of the New Culture Movement, Hu Shi published a theoretical article about the literary revolution, and created a special issue of "easy to jump into life" in New Youth, advocating women's liberation and providing a sharp ideological weapon for that ideological liberation movement. I'm afraid the same was true of some socialists in China in the 1920s and 40s. Jia Yisheng once said: "Artists forge life with life and soul with soul. When he finished a work, he left a part of life in the original work and became a perceptual life. "Yes, the instinct in human bones determines the tendency to yield to the group. A writer's pen must go against the wishes of most people, not to echo others' opinions, but to highlight the individual's nature of fighting for freedom. Therefore, Yi deserves a "big question mark". Pagent is a classic of the famous Norwegian playwright I Fu Sheng.
Norwegian composer Edward Hager Up Grieg (1843- 1907) used Norwegian folk music, and based on Yi Shusheng's poetic drama of the same name, he created the poetic drama "The First Suite of Per Gunter" and "The Second Suite of Per Gunter" with distinctive national colors. As Ibsen said to a German reader who couldn't understand his plays, "If you want to fully understand me, you must first understand Norway." His works in his later years are a portrayal of his life. Ibsen, how awesome! .
Henrik Honeyson
Skies, a small town south of Oslo, the capital of Norway, is a city that has preserved Nordic medieval architecture. In the city, the cathedral with towering towers and magnificent momentum is even more amazing. One day, when a beautiful child with curly hair passed by the church, he suddenly clamored to accompany his maid to take him to the tower to see the scenery. The children clapped their hands and cheered excitedly when they saw their house, cars and horses in the square and pedestrians the size of toys from high altitude. At this moment, his feeling of seeing the world from high altitude seems to have affected the child's life. Decades later, this boy named Ibsen became a famous playwright. He wrote several dramas with compact plots, which vividly reflected the social reality problems with the characters' experiences, analyzed the hypocrisy and evil in the world, and broke through the tradition of taking historical legends and stories as the theme for many years, which not only shocked Norway, but also influenced Europe and America. These plays profoundly exposed the false, the evil and the ugly, as he said in Poems on the Plateau: "I saw the crowd from a height and saw their true colors ..."
/kloc-in the summer of 0/874, in Copenhagen, Denmark, Ibsen, who had written many plays and became famous at one fell swoop, chatted with his friend Laura, who told him that she had to forge a signature to borrow money because she could not raise money to pay her husband's medical expenses at the moment. She never imagined that her husband refused to forgive her helpless behavior after learning about it. Her family broke up. This man is too narrow-minded, which Ibsen thought at that time, but he remembered the novel "Professional Daughters" written by the Norwegian woman writer Colette the other day, which showed her passion for women's freedom and liberation. ...
Four years later, Ibsen, who temporarily lived in Rome, began to write down his thoughts with a pen. It was an article entitled "Notes on Modern Tragedy": "There are two spiritual laws and two consciences in the world. One is for men and the other is for women ... This society is purely patriarchal, and all laws are made by men ... "
He put down his pen and thought of his present family. Almost as in feudal times, women have no independent personality and are still men's dolls. Ibsen thinks. Another year later, he wrote the play A Doll's House.
Two weeks after its publication, A Doll's House premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark.
When the curtain was opened, the audience saw the home of Haier Mao, the manager of Oslo Bank. It's almost Christmas, how warm this home is, and the Christmas tree is back. Haier Mao enthusiastically called his wife Nora "little baby" and "little pigeon". He loves his wife and never goes out to have sex, drink or make trouble. Nora seems happy, too. She has been married for eight years and has become the mother of three children. A few years ago, because Haier Mao was ill and going to recuperate, Nora had no money to pay, so she had to carry Haier Mao's fake father's signature and borrow money from the bank to send her husband to see a doctor. Over the years, she has saved money to pay her debts.
At present, Helmut, who has been promoted to manager, is ready to fire employee krogh Stein. Krogh Stein is an insider of Nora's fake loan. He didn't want to lose his job, so he wrote to Helmut and threatened him. Helmut was furious with Nora after reading the letter. When Krogstad was persuaded and wrote that he would never mention it again, Helmut made out with Nora again. These twists and turns let Nora finally see the hypocritical nature of her husband Haier Mao and understand that she is just Haier Mao's doll and pastime at home. She left the house angrily.
The image of A Doll's House vividly criticizes bourgeois philistinism and hypocrisy, and exposes the oppression of women in a patriarchal society. Its performance caused an uproar. "This drama encourages women to leave alone regardless of their families, husbands and daughters. This is immoral ... ""The ending of this play should be changed to Nora giving up the idea of running away ... "
All these remarks denying the meaning of a doll's house with "morality" put Ibsen under great pressure. However, Ibsen insisted on his own position and continued to write plays such as Ghosts and Public Enemies, using his works to counter the vicious attacks of hypocrites in moral cloaks. In "Public Enemy", Dr. Stockman, who insisted on revealing the truth about toxic water pollution and was declared as "public enemy" by officials and gentlemen who tried their best to cover up the truth and create false prosperity, said loudly on the stage: "Do I want public opinion, these majorities and these monsters to defeat me? Sorry, I can't! " "People who cheat for a living should be eliminated like pests!" These lines are Ibsen's voice.
At the end of the dollhouse, where did Nora go after she left? This is a question mark. At the end of "Public Enemy", Dr. Stockman who insists on the truth becomes a lonely minority. Not only did he lose his job, but also his daughter and his sympathetic friends lost their jobs. What will he do in the future? It is also a question mark. Ibsen's drama, which reveals reality, does not follow the old routine of traditional drama and solves problems in the climax of the plot, but asks questions and stimulates the audience to think. Therefore, he is called "the great question mark".
Ibsen also injected his thoughts on the meaning of life into some plays based on historical stories and folklore. In "Pearl Gold", he wrote about the experience of a young man who was full of fantasy and lazy all day. Pearl Ghent met a demon, later made a fortune by selling slaves, did many bad things, and finally went bankrupt and returned to his hometown. When Pearl Gold premiered, the audience saw that the play was drawing to a close, and Pearl Gold on the stage was peeling an onion. He peeled off one layer after another, peeled off all the skins, and found nothing. Ibsen highlights the philosophy of the whole play through this highly symbolic plot: those who seek life selfishly and arbitrarily have nothing in the end.
Ibsen died in Oslo at the age of 78. His plays "A Doll's House" and "Public Enemy" have become classic works on the stage of drama all over the world. His works had a profound influence on European and American dramas from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, so he was called "the father of modern drama".