The Roman Colosseum, also translated as the Great Roman Gladiator's Arena, Colosseum, Roman Amphitheatre, Colosseum, and originally known as the Amphitheatrum Flavium, was built between 72 and 82 A.D. and is a symbol of ancient Roman civilization. The site is located in the center of Rome, the capital of Italy, and it is south of the Piazza Venezia, near the ancient Roman market. From the outside, it is squarely circular; when viewed from the top, it is oval. It covers an area of about 20,000 square meters, with a maximum diameter of 188 meters, a small diameter of 156 meters, a circumference of 527 meters, and an enclosing wall that is 57 meters high, this huge building can accommodate nearly 90,000 people. Overview
Ancient Roman Colosseum in ItalyThe Colosseum (Colosseum)
The Roman Colosseum was built in 72 A.D. by the Emperor of Rome to celebrate the victory of the conquest of Jerusalem, with 80,000 Jewish and Arab captives who were forced into slavery. Geographic coordinates 41°53'25.38 "N 12°29'32.47 "E
The enclosure*** is divided into four levels, the first three of which are adorned with columns, in the order of Doric columns, Ionic columns, Corinthian columns, which are the same three columns that were seen last week in ancient Athens. The Colosseum is known for its grandeur and unique shape.
Only remnants of the Colosseum, the largest circular gladiatorial arena in ancient Rome, were built between 72 and 82 A.D. by 40,000 prisoners of war over an eight-year period. The Colosseum was built for barbaric slave owners and hooligans to watch gladiatorial combat.
From the point of view of function, scale, technology and artistic style, the Colosseum is one of the masterpieces of ancient Roman architecture. The speed of its construction is also a miracle.
The Colosseum plan type oblong, equivalent to two ancient Roman theater audience relative unity. The long axis of the Colosseum 188m, the short axis of 156m, the center of the "performance area" long axis of 86m, short axis of 54m. about 60 rows of seats in the audience, row by row, divided into five areas. The front area was the seat of honor, the last two areas were the seats of the lower class people, and the middle was the seat of the knights and other citizens with higher status. The honorary seats were more than 5m higher than the "performance area", and there was a height difference of more than 6m between the lower audience seats and the knights' seats, which made the security measures for the upper class of the society very tight. The uppermost level of the auditorium is backed up against the fa?ade wall. The total rise slope of the audience seats is close to 62℅, the viewing conditions are very good.
The Colosseum in Rome was built by three emperors of the Flavian dynasty, and its construction was part of a series of campaigns initiated by the families of this new dynasty to improve their own standing among the public. Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), the founder of this dynasty, was not of noble birth; Vespasian then sat on the throne in the year following Nero's suicide, after Rome had endured the failed reigns of three more short-lived emperors. By that time Nero was not forgotten; the vast lands and other luxuries he had devoured had roused popular indignation. Therefore, when Vespasian decided to fill up the artificial lake that belonged to Nero's luxurious golden palace． When it was turned into a place of public ****ing entertainment, hardly anyone raised an objection.
The Roman Colosseum (188 meters long; 156 meters wide; 57 meters high), built in stone, is made of travertine (100,000 cubic meters, quarried from the quarries near Tivoli and transported to Rome by a special road), and it is the largest ring arena in Rome now. Some 300 tons of iron are believed to have been used to make the grappling hooks that held the stones together.
From the outside, this Roman Colosseum consists of a series of 3-tiered ring arcades, with the highest 4th tier being the roof pavilion. The stone columns in these 3 tiers of arcades were designed separately according to classical standards (from ground level, Dorian, Ionic and Corinthian). Below the eaves of the 4th floor there are 240 hollow projections, which were used to place wooden sticks to support the "Velarium", the sunshade canvas of the amphitheater, which the sailors of the Royal Fleet were in charge of holding up to protect the spectators from the heat, the rain and the cold, so that the Colosseum became The Colosseum became a 1st-century transparent garden-roofed arena.
The Colosseum could hold about 80,000 spectators. ***There were three tiers of seating; the lower, middle and upper tiers, with a standing room only stand on the top tier, which was reserved for the lowest members of society: women, slaves and the poor. But even in the other tiers, seating was organized according to social and professional status: special boxes were reserved for royalty and for the virgins who watched over the sacred fire. The patriarchs in their white, red-bordered robes sat in the "choir" on the same floor, followed by the warriors and the commoners. There were also special seats for different professions, such as soldiers, writers, scholars and teachers, as well as foreign monks. Spectators entered the Colosseum through 80 arched entrances on the first level, and a further 160 exits spread across all levels of seating on each level, known as spits, through which spectators could pour in and out of the Colosseum, and through which chaotic and out-of-control crowds were thus able to be quickly evacuated (it was said that the place could be cleared out in just ten minutes).
Gladiatorial combat was the main program of the Colosseum, the peak of the day's entertainment. There were also gladiatorial schools that specialized in training gladiators. The Colosseum was to fund four schools that could house 2,000 gladiators, which in reality were nothing more than a combination of training camps and prisons, as the vast majority of the gladiators were slaves and captives from all parts of the Roman Empire, who had no freedom and no power, and lived at the bottom of the social ladder.
The most brutal fights were undoubtedly also the most exciting for the Roman aristocracy. The fighters carried halberds or short swords. Most gladiators were slaves and prisoners. Others came voluntarily to fight for money, and they were specially trained. There were many kinds of fights: the most famous was the duel, in which one side was a gladiator with a trident and a net, and the other side was a Roman warrior with a sword and a shield; the gladiator with the net had to wrap his opponent in the net and kill him with his trident; the other gladiator had to wear a helmet, hold a short sword and a shield, and desperately try to catch up with the opponent who wanted to defeat him. Finally, the losing side had to plead for mercy from those in the stands, the spectators who decided his fate; if they waved this handkerchief, he would be spared; if these people had their palms down, it would mean his death.
The arena partially collapsed due to an earthquake many centuries ago, but the cellars where slaves and beasts were kept can still be seen today.
In addition to being used for fighting, the Colosseum was also used as a place for public beheadings, or for awarding food.
Background
The Colosseum was built by order of the Emperor Vespasian to please triumphant soldiers and to honor the great Roman Empire. Built during the reign of his son Tumisian, it is one of the landmarks of the ancient Roman Empire. The Colosseum was built on the site of another Roman Emperor, Nero's "Domus Aurea" (Golden Palace), which was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD. The Colosseum was a place in ancient Rome where human-animal shows were held, in which participating gladiators fought with a wild animal until one of them was killed, as well as human-animal fights. According to Roman historian Dio Cassius, when the Colosseum was built, the Romans held a 100-day celebration and slaughtered 9,000 animals.
The Colosseum's architectural form originated in the ancient Greek theater, which was built on a hill, in a semicircle, with the auditorium rising up the hillside. But in the Roman period, such as Epidauro Theater (Epidauros Theater, about 330 BC, designer: Pilikletos Polykleitos the Younger). The amphitheatrum was created by erecting the auditorium in a vaulted structure and buttressing the two semicircular theaters together, and no longer needed to be built on a hill. The Roman Colosseum is the Roman Empire within the largest oval gladiatorial arena, it is 187 meters long axis, the short axis of 155 meters, a circumference of 527 meters, the center for the performance area, the long axis of 86 meters, the short axis of 54 meters, the ground paved with flooring, outside the surrounded by layers of stands. There are about 60 rows of stands, divided into five zones, the bottom front row is the VIP (such as patriarchs, governors, priests, etc.) zone, the second layer for the use of the nobility, the third zone is for the use of the rich, the fourth zone is used by the ordinary citizens, and the last zone is for the use of the bottom of the women, all of which are standing seats. There were also canopies suspended from suspension cables over the audience, which were used for shade; and they were inclined toward the center for ventilation. These canopies were operated like sails by sailors standing on the uppermost colonnade.
Architectural features
The Colosseum's grandstands were built on three tiers of concrete barrel-vaults, 80 arches per tier, forming three rings of corridors (i.e., corridors supported by architraves) at different heights, with the uppermost tier being a 50-meter-high solid wall. The grandstand steps back level by level to form a stepped slope. The 80 arches on each level form 80 openings, and the top two levels have 80 window openings. Spectators entered the arena according to the number of their seats, first finding which bottom arch they should enter through, then following the staircase to find their area, and finally finding their seat. The entire Colosseum can accommodate up to 90,000 people, but because of the entrance design is thoughtful and will not be congested and chaotic, this entrance design even today's large stadiums are still used.
Hidden beneath the floor of the Colosseum's performance area were many holes and pipes, where props and animals could be stored, as well as gladiators, who would be lifted to the ground at the start of the show. The Colosseum could even utilize aqueducts to divert water. In 248 AD at the Colosseum water was thus brought into the performance area to form a lake for a naval battle scene to celebrate the 1000th year of Rome.
Maintenance
The Colosseum was partially destroyed by a fire caused by a lightning strike in 217 A.D., but was quickly restored in 238 A.D., and continued to hold man-on-beast or man-on-man fights, which were banned until 523 A.D. The Colosseum was also banned in 442 A.D. and 508 A.D. Two powerful earthquakes in 442 and 508 A.D. caused serious damage to the structure of the Colosseum itself, which was unprotected during the Middle Ages, so the damage was further exacerbated, and it was later simply used as a fortress. the Holy See went so far as to demolish some of the stonework of the Colosseum in order to build a church and privy council in the 15th century, and only declared the Colosseum a monument of martyrdom by the Holy See in 1749 on the basis of the martyrdom of Christians who had died there in earlier years. In 1749 the Holy See declared it a holy site and protected it on the grounds that Christians had been martyred there in earlier years. Pope John Paul II held annual ceremonies here to honor the martyrs, but there is no historical evidence that any Christians were ever martyred here.
General style
The spectacular Colosseum in the center of Rome was built by ancient Rome to please its victorious generals and soldiers and to celebrate the great Roman Empire. The architectural design of the Colosseum does not lag behind modern views of aesthetics and, in fact, today, some 2,000 years later, every modern major stadium is more or less branded with some version of the design of the ancient Roman Colosseum. Today, through the medium of movies and history books, we have a deeper sense of the brutal fights and battles between man and beast that took place here, all for the sake of giving the spectators some raw and savage pleasure.
The Colosseum is an exemplary masterpiece and miracle in the history of architecture, famous for its size, majesty and grandeur. Now only half of the skeleton, but its majestic spirit, majestic momentum still exists. The Colosseum is oval in plan, covering an area of about 20,000 square meters, the outer wall is 57 meters high, equivalent to the height of a modern 19-story building. The building is a 4-storey structure, the exterior of the whole by the marble package, the following 3 layers were 80 arches, the columns are very distinctive, in accordance with the Doric, Ionian and Corinthian standard order, the fourth floor is decorated with small windows and pilasters. In the middle of the arena is the gladiatorial arena, 86 meters long and 63 meters wide, still oval in shape and as big as a soccer field. Underneath was a cellar where the beasts and gladiators were kept. The grandstands around the arena were divided into 3 zones. The bottom of the first district is the emperor and the seat of the nobility, the second layer of the Roman high class citizens seat, the third layer of the general civilian seat, and then up is the big balcony, the general audience can only stand here to watch the show. Field stands *** can accommodate more than 50,000 people, the ground floor has 80 entrances and exits, can ensure that in 15 minutes to 30 minutes to the field of 50,000 spectators all evacuated from the field. The architect of the Colosseum is still unknown. It has been suggested that it may have been Rabilio, the architect who later built the Domusiano Palace, but there is no way to find out.
When work on the Colosseum was completed in 80 A.D., it was celebrated for 100 days. Ancient Rome Colosseum is located in the Italian capital of Rome city center, southeast of Piazza Venezia, is the symbol of the ancient Roman Empire and the city of Rome, is the Roman monuments in the most outstanding, the most famous representative of today's world one of the eight great attractions. The Colosseum is also known as the Colosseum, and some people call it an open-air amphitheater. Called it the Colosseum, because it was once the ancient Roman gladiators and beasts fighting, killing to win the emperor, princes, nobles a smile place. Called the Colosseum, because the field can be athletic, competition, song and dance and military parade. The full name of the Colosseum is "Colosseo". "Colosseo" is an Italian word meaning "tall" and "huge". When this was the imperial garden of Nero, the tyrant of the Roman Empire, the Colosseum was built in the middle of a small lake, and because there was a 120-foot-high gilded bronze statue of Nero by the lake, the Romans called it a huge golden statue, and the Colosseum was named "Colosseo". The gardens, lawns and small lake have long since disappeared, but we can still find and detect some historical relics from the surrounding lush grass, rows of green trees and low-lying terrain. From the point of view of the construction time, the Colosseum has a long history, it is Europe is also the world's oldest and most magnificent colosseum, arena. The Colosseum was built during the Flavio dynasty of ancient Rome. It was inaugurated in 72 A.D. by Emperor Vespasian, who forced 80,000 Jewish captives to build it to celebrate his victory in the conquest of Jerusalem, and was unveiled by his son Titoli. Inaugurated in 80 AD, the project took 8 years. It was refurbished in the 3rd and 5th centuries AD. During the Renaissance, there was a great deal of construction in Rome and many of the stones from the Colosseum were dug up to build palaces and churches. Since then it has been restored many times so that this ancient and majestic building has survived to this day. From the beginning of the Colosseum to the present day, there have been nearly 2,000 years of history. The Colosseum is an exemplary masterpiece and miracle in the history of architecture, famous for its size, majesty and grandeur. Now only half of the skeleton, but its majestic spirit, majestic momentum still exists. The Colosseum is oval in plan, covering an area of about 20,000 square meters, the outer wall is 57 meters high, equivalent to the height of a modern 19-story building. The building is a 4-storey structure, the exterior of the whole by the marble package, the following 3 layers were 80 arches, the columns are very distinctive, in accordance with the Doric, Ionian and Corinthian standard order, the fourth floor is decorated with small windows and pilasters. In the middle of the arena is the gladiatorial arena, 86 meters long and 63 meters wide, still oval in shape and as big as a soccer field. Underneath was a cellar where the beasts and gladiators were kept. The grandstands around the arena were divided into 3 zones. The bottom of the first district is the emperor and the seat of the nobility, the second layer of the Roman high class citizens seat, the third layer of the general civilian seat, and then up is the big balcony, the general audience can only stand here to watch the show. Field stands *** can accommodate more than 50,000 people, the ground floor has 80 entrances and exits, can ensure that in 15 minutes to 30 minutes to the field of 50,000 spectators all evacuated from the field. The architect of the Colosseum is still unknown. It has been suggested that it may have been Rabilio, the architect who later built the Domesiano Palace, but this has not been verified. When the Colosseum was completed in 80 A.D., it was celebrated for 100 days. Ancient Roman rulers organized, driving 5,000 beasts and 3,000 slaves, prisoners of war, criminals on the field "show", fighting, this man and beast, man and man's bloody fight actually lasted 100 days, until the 5,000 beasts and 3,000 lives killed each other, the same death. No wonder some people say, as long as you casually grab a handful of dirt on the gladiatorial stage, put in the hands of a pinch, you can see printed on the palm of the stains of blood. Back then, ancient Rome's famous slave revolt leader Spartacus is a gladiator, he initially led 78 gladiators revolt, soon developed to more than 100,000 people, in all parts of Rome insisted on fighting for 2 years. This slave revolt gave a heavy blow to the Roman slavery, and Marx once praised Spartacus as "the most brilliant figure in the whole of ancient history". Located in the west side of the Colosseum of Constantine triumphal arch, is the largest, most famous, but also the best preserved one of the ancient Roman triumphal arch, France, the triumphal arch of Paris is to it as a blueprint to be designed, constructed. This triumphal arch is in 315 AD, in order to celebrate Constantine the Great in the north of the city Milvio Bridge defeated the tyrant Maxentius and established. The triumphal arch is three-arched, with a height of 21 meters and a width of more than 25 meters, with a high and large central arch and short and small side arches, all framed by Corinthian stone columns, and also decorated with statues and shallow reliefs from previous Roman memorial gates. A circle can be seen on the base of the road near the arch, which is said to have housed a conical fountain called the Meda Sultanate, built in the 1st century AD. In today's old traces remain, but the fountain has long been dry 2. Roman Colosseum (Colosseum), also translated as the Roman Colosseum, the Roman Coliseum, the Roman Colosseum, Colosseum, Colosseum, the original name of the Flavium amphitheatre (Amphitheatrum Flavium), located in today's Rome, Italy, in the center of Rome, is the largest Roman period of the circular colosseum, built between 72 and 82 AD, is now the largest Roman period, the Colosseum, the Colosseum, the Colosseum, the Colosseum, the Colosseum and the Colosseum. between 72 and 82 AD, of which only remnants remain. The Colosseum was ordered by Emperor Vespasian and built during the reign of his son, Tumisian, and is one of the landmarks of the ancient Roman Empire. The Colosseum was built on the site of another Roman Emperor, Nero's Domus Aurea, which was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD. The Colosseum was a place in ancient Rome where human-animal shows were held, in which participating gladiators fought with an animal until one of them was killed, as well as human-to-human fights. According to Roman historian Dio Cassius, when the Colosseum was built the Romans celebrated for 100 days and slaughtered 9,000 animals. This architectural form of the Colosseum originated in the ancient Greek period of the theater, when the theater are built on the side of the mountain, in a semicircle, the audience on the hillside tier rise. But to the ancient Roman period, people began to use the structure of the arch to the audience up, and the two semicircular theater butt together, so the formation of the so-called amphitheatre (amphitheatrum), and no longer need to build against the mountain. The Roman Colosseum is the Roman Empire within the largest oval gladiatorial arena, it is 187 meters long axis, the short axis of 155 meters, a circumference of 527 meters, the center for the performance area, the long axis of 86 meters, the short axis of 54 meters, the ground paved with flooring, surrounded by the outside of the tier of bleachers. There are about 60 rows of stands, divided into five zones, the bottom front row is the VIP (such as patriarchs, governors, priests, etc.) zone, the second layer for the use of the nobility, the third zone is for the use of the rich, the fourth zone is used by the ordinary citizens, and the last zone is for the use of the bottom of the women, all of which are standing seats. There were also canopies suspended by suspension cables over the audience, which were used for shade; and they were inclined toward the center for ventilation. These canopies were steered like sails by sailors standing in the uppermost colonnade. The Colosseum's grandstand was built on three tiers of concrete barrel arches, 80 arches per tier, forming three rings of corridors (i.e., corridors supported by arches) of varying heights, with the uppermost tier being a 50-meter-high solid wall. The grandstand steps back level by level to form a stepped slope. The 80 arches on each level form 80 openings, and the top two levels have 80 window openings. Spectators entered the arena according to the number of their seats, first finding which bottom arch they should enter through, then following the staircase to find their area, and finally finding their seat. The entire Colosseum can accommodate up to 50,000 people, but because of the entrance design is thoughtful and will not be congested and chaotic, this entrance design even today's large stadiums are still used. Hidden underneath the Colosseum's performance area were many holes and pipes, where props and animals, as well as gladiators, could be stored and lifted to the ground at the start of the show. The Colosseum could even use aqueducts to divert water. This was done at the Colosseum in 248 A.D. when water was brought into the performance area to form a lake for a naval battle scene to celebrate the 1000th year of Rome. The Colosseum was partially destroyed by a fire caused by lightning in 217 A.D., but was quickly restored in 238 A.D., and continued to hold man-on-beast or man-on-man fights, which were banned until 523 A.D. Two powerful earthquakes in 442 and 508 A.D. caused serious damage to the structure of the Colosseum itself, which was unprotected during the Middle Ages, so the damage was further exacerbated, and it was later simply used as a fortress. the Holy See went so far as to demolish some of the stonework of the Colosseum in order to build a church and privy council in the 15th century, and only declared the Colosseum a monument of martyrdom by the Holy See in 1749 on the basis of the martyrdom of Christians who had died there in earlier years. In 1749 the Holy See declared it a holy site and protected it on the grounds that Christians had been martyred there in earlier years. During his lifetime, Pope John Paul II held annual ceremonies to commemorate these martyrs, but there is no historical evidence that Christians were ever martyred here.