I. Primitive Dance
Primitive dance is "a simple reproduction of the movements of the laborer". There is a record in the Book of Shangshu, "Strike the stone and pat the stone. The rate of all beasts dance". The meaning is to clap the stone knife, stone axe and other labor tools as an accompaniment. The crowd of various beasts into a dance. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals" also has a record: "the music of the former Gertian. Three people manipulate the cow's tail. Throw enough to sing eight lines." The dancers held the tail of the cow, stomping their feet while dancing and singing. Dance is actually a virtual reproduction of the original human labor scene. Also see the primitive collective dance on the colored pottery basin.
Wu dance -- "witch" word in the oracle bone is a pictogram. It is a person spread his hands, each holding the tail of a cow and dance. Xia Yu is said to have personally choreographed the dance. In the Shang Dynasty. Cheng Tang was also good at dancing. The court popular "witch wind". Spring and Autumn and Warring States period. The witch style in Chu was very popular. Beautiful female hard to play into the cloud god, water god, mountain god, etc., singing and dancing, the scene is grand and grand.
Dancers
Ten thousand people, female music, advocate of excellence, etc.
Two, six generations of music
The Zhou Dynasty will be processed and sorted out the ancient music and dance, and the creation of new music and dance. Become the "six generations of music": Huangdi era of the "Cloud Gate", Emperor Yao era of the "Dacheng", Emperor Shun era of the "Dashao", Dayu era of the "Daxia", into the Tang era of the "Dali", Zhou Wu era of the "Dawu".
Three Dance Types
The Wan Dance, which has been mentioned many times in a number of canonical books, may be one of the famous dance types that originated in the Xia and Shang Dynasties and flourished in the Spring and Autumn and the Beiju Periods.
Summer (yfi) dance is a special form of the witch dance. It is a dance ceremony held by the ancient ancestors to seek rain from heaven and hope for a good harvest. Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "summer rain. Summer festival music in the Red Emperor to pray for rain."
Nuo dance a kind of expulsion of ghosts. With a mysterious color of the original religious dance. Field and grand. Zhou Dynasty court regularly held "State Nuo". The vassals with even the people also held Nuo dance ceremony.
Wen dance - the performance of fishing and hunting harvest festive dance. Dancers left-handed take Shau (yu0) (a wind instrument), there are hand-held Zhai (with feathers decorated props) and dance. In the six generations of music. Yunmen", "Dog Cheng", "Dashao", "Daxia" all belong to the cultural dance.
Wu Dance--Dance that shows the success of conquering foreigners by force. Dancers holding two r (shield) Chi (axe) and dance. In the music of the Six Dynasties. In the music of the Six Dynasties, the dancers danced in the form of the "Great Fighting Man" and the "Great Martial Man", both of which were martial dances.
Small dances were six kinds of ritual dances formulated by the rulers of the Court Dynasty. It includes the cape (f convex) dance, the feather dance, the imperial dance, the banner (mdo) dance, the dry dance and the human dance.
Ya dance - the meaning of "childish music". Refers to the court music and dance. Used for ceremonial and sacrificial activities. The scene is grand. The atmosphere is serious. The rhythm is slow. Yale regulations. Tianyu with "eight rows of dancers (yi)": dance team *** eight rows, each row of eight people. ***6 1 people.
Mundane dance - also known as "mundane music", refers to folk dance, lively, full of life. History, the Spring and Autumn "Zheng Wei voice", the dancers Zhu lips and teeth, delicate hands and feet. The dance is light and graceful.
"Yanga", "Kangle", "Haunting Dust", "set of feathers", "spinning Huai"
"Haunting Dust" dance can give people a sense of uncertainty, the dancers are simply like melting in the air lingering in the dust; "set of feathers" is characterized by a soft, elegant, such as with the wind gathering of the feathers fluttering soaring swing; and the "spinning Huai" of the dance show up. Flexible dance posture body twists and turns, seems to be able to "people with sleeves". These dances show the dancer's skill, there is a very strong control of the body and the ability to breath, flexibility, elasticity, strength, lightness are well-trained, the level of skill is not the general level of dancers can achieve.
The rising appreciation of the ruling class for the performance of dance inevitably strengthened the professionalism and training of dance skills of the Rakugo Kabuki. The "Ten Thousand Men", "Women's Music" and "Champions", which were specially designed to serve the rulers, also came into being.
From the description of "Poetry-Jane Ruoxi", the requirements for the ten thousand people were quite high and comprehensive, and the money spent on training and dressing them up was great. The ten thousand people who performed the "Ten Thousand Dances" had to be slender and handsome with pretty faces, and the ten thousand people did not eat chaff in order to keep their faces beautiful and red, and did not wear short browns in order to be brightly colored, so they spent a lot of money.
Sleeve
Sleeve Dance
The term "long-sleeve dance" has been used in China to summarize the dance characteristics of the sleeve dance. The sleeve dance of Chinese classical dance is mainly refined from the "water sleeve" of Chinese opera. The appearance of the water sleeve as a costume prop in the dance is not only an enlargement of the extension space of the limbs, but also an extension of the transmission of emotions. Exploring the development of Chinese dance, from the excavated primitive colored pottery pots (Figure 1①), we can see the primitive people in the totem rituals holding towel dance performance scene.
Four, dancers
Spring and Autumn. Jin Tong has Yu Shi, Chu has Yu Yu Yu. Qin Wei Yu Chan (zhan), etc., are court dancers.
Xi Shi, a famous court dancer of the Spring and Autumn period, is worth mentioning separately, specializing in performing the "Zuzu Clog Dance". The dance is performed with wooden clogs on the feet and a small bell tied to the skirt, which clangs loudly during the dance.
Qin and Han Dynasty to North and South Dynasty Dance
I. Dance Types
Taolu Dance - a group dance using a one-sided drum with a handle as a prop, which is also known as "Taolu (bing) Fan Dance" in later times.
Duo Dance--dance with props. The Duo is shaped like a bell, with a wooden handle and a tongue inside, which "tinkles" when it is shaken.
Bai Lun Dance - prevalent in the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties. Because the dancers wearing a long-sleeved dance dress made of white spandex as thin as gauze. So the name. The dance is characterized by the dance sleeve, and the movement is light and smooth.
Pan drum dance - Han Dynasty folk dance, later used for banquets. Arrangement of plates or drums on the ground. Generally seven (or three or five). The dancers wear long-sleeved clothes and dance on the plates (drums).
The head dance--also known as the "bowl head", is a narrative dance. Performance of a man's father was injured by a tiger and went up the mountain to find the body of the pain of the situation.
Bayu Dance--Southwest Han Dynasty minority dance. When Liu Bang was the king of Han Dynasty. In order to contribute to the hegemony, sent troops to attack Guanzhong, sent Yin (c6ng) for the vanguard, honey good dance. Liu Bang loved the dance, ordered the musicians to learn. Because of the Yin people live in Ba County, Yu waterfront (now in Sichuan), so the name "Bayu Dance".
The Gongmo Dance is a dance of the Wei and Jin dynasties. Taken from the story of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang's "Hongmen Banquet", at the Hongmen Banquet, Xiang Zhuang drew his sword and danced to kill Liu Bang, Xiang Bo also left the table and waved his sword and danced to cover Liu Bang with his sleeve, saying, "Gongmo!" Later, people used the dance towel to simulate Xiang Bo's sleeve dance, which became the "Gong Mo Dance".
Treading Ballad Niang--also known as "Treading Shaking Niang", "Talking Rong Niang", produced in Northern Qi Dynasty, with the dance form of the story: a man abused his wife, his wife complained about her suffering in a song. The crowd sings: "Tap the ballad. He came! Tap Rhyme Niang bitter, and come!" Because one side sings. And then they step on the other side. Therefore, it is called "Tap Rhyme".
Lanling King Dance - fork name "big face", "generation of face", the Northern Qi Lanling King of robust and beautiful. Had worn a mask rate of five hundred cavalry rushed the enemy. Great victory. The army composed "King Lanling human array song". And according to the music into a song and dance theater.
Lion Dance--Lion is the ancient people as a symbol of power and auspiciousness. The lion dance was introduced by the Yuezhi and Anshi during the Han Dynasty when the western region was opened to the world. The lion dance appeared at the latest in the Cao Wei period, and was widely spread during the North and South Dynasties.
Works
The Fire Phoenix Dance - a court dance during the time of King Gao Yang of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in which the dancers hold a fan in their hands like a bird's wing, imitating the rise and fall of a bird in flight.
The Jade Tree Backyard Flower - a musical dance performed during the reign of the Empress Dowager Chen in the Southern Dynasty. Chen Houzhu often banquets with concubines in the palace, selected thousands of courtesans singing and dancing for music, "Jade Tree Backyard Flowers" is one of them. But Queen Chen was a dead king. Therefore, the later will be known as this song "the voice of the dead".
"Companion" - the end of the Northern Qi songs, "Northern History" criticized it as "obscene and clumsy. The world popularity". It may come from the folk street, involving the content of love. It was regarded as "the sound of a dead nation" like "Jade Tree and Backyard Flowers".
Treading the Golden Lotus - was produced around the time of the Qi Dynasty in the South. Xiao Baolu, the Emperor of Qi, was a despotic ruler who loved to sing and dance, so he built a temple for Pan Guifei, chiseling gold into lotus flowers and pasting them on the ground, and Pan Guifei danced on them, creating lotus flowers in her steps, which later evolved into a great Tang dynasty song.
Famous dancers
Mrs. Qi, the favorite concubine of Liu Bang, Gaozu of Han Dynasty, was good at Chu dance. After Liu Bang's death, she was killed by Empress Lu, wife of Liu Bang.
Li Yannian (李延年)--Set up as a musical coordinator for Emperor Wu, Li Yannian (李延年) was a good dancer and a favorite of Emperor Wu. Later, because of the death of his sister, Mrs. Li (Emperor Wu's favorite concubine), his brother, Li Guangli, surrendered to the Huns. His brother Li Guangli surrendered to the Xiong Nu, and Li Yannian's family was exterminated.
Zhao Feiyan - a court dancer at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, empress of Emperor Chengdi of Han Dynasty. She was a light and thin dancer with excellent dancing skills. She was later deposed and killed herself.
Sui-Tang Five Dynasties Dance
I. Music and Dance Organs
1. The one inside the forbidden city was called "inner workshop", and later "outer workshop" was set up outside the forbidden city. The female musicians in the workshops were called "prostitutes".
2. Pear Garden
Tang Xuanzong set up another music organization. Called "Liyuan", which the musicians called "Liyuan disciples".
Second, the dance
1. Central Plains dance
Jian dance - Tang Dynasty workshop dance is divided into two categories of Jian dance and soft dance. All from the people asked, and later used for banquets. The Jian Dance has a strong and vigorous posture, and its movements are very agile.
Soft Dance--Soft Dance is soft and beautiful. The movement is light.
Team Dance - one of the forms of court dance in the Tang Dynasty. There are "Bodhisattva barbarians team dance", "sigh a hundred years team dance" and so on.
Spring warbler warble (zhudn) a rumor that Tang Emperor Li Zhi morning listening to the warbler cry. The order of the Guzi music_r: Bai Mingda composition. The name "spring warbler". Later, according to the song choreography. It is a soft dance.
The origin of the song can be traced back to the primitive society． Sun Jiazhai, Datong County, Qinghai H{tu pottery pots in color painting. There is a hand in hand and dance pattern. In the festival party. People dance in groups in the countryside, holding hands． To foot to the ground for the festival, singing and dancing. To the Tang Dynasty. Tap song is quite popular. Tang poet Liu Yuxi's "Bamboo Branch Lyrics": "Willow green river level. I hear the sound of singing on the river. The sun rises in the east and rains in the west. The rain falls in the west and the sun rises in the east."
Yang Liu Zhi, a folk song and dance, is a women's dance based on the Han Dynasty song "Folding the Willow," called "Yang Liu Zhi". In Liu Yuxi's "Yang Liu Zhi", there is a line that reads, "Please do not play the songs of the previous dynasty, but listen to the singing of the new Yang Liu Zhi".
The Green Waist--also known as the Six Youngest, the Record to be, and the Le Shi, is a soft dance of the Tang Dynasty, in which a woman dances solo at a slow to fast tempo, with a light and graceful dance posture.
Word dance - dancers in the dance process. The dancer pauses temporarily and poses in the shape of a character.
Sword Dance--Sword Dance also has a long tradition in China, as early as in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, Confucius's student Zi Lu, military attire to see Confucius, had drawn his sword and danced. Students pay homage to their teachers and dance with swords, of course, is just a show of skill, is meant to pay tribute to the teacher. In the music and dance pattern on the mandarin duck box unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suixian County, Hubei during the early Warring States period, the dancers beside the drums had short swords hanging from their waists, indicating that the sword dance may have been a popular dance form at that time. During the Chu-Han dispute, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu were having a banquet at Hongmen, Xiang Zhuang said, "The king is drinking with Pei Gong, and there is no music in the army, so please dance with the sword." Xiang Yu agreed, so Xiang Zhuang drew his sword and danced, gradually approaching Liu Bang, attempting to kill Liu Bang. Xiang Bo, who was present at the banquet, saw that Liu Bang was in danger and danced with his sword to protect Liu Bang from being killed by Xiang Zhuang. This story shows that there was a custom of sword dance as an after-party performance in the feasts at that time. During the Tang Dynasty, sword dances by military generals were also common, such as Li Bai's "General Sima's Song", with the sentence "The general dances with a long sword since he got up"; Cen Sen's "Jiuquan Taishou's Drunkenness", with the sentence "Jiuquan Taishou is able to dance with a sword"; and Du Fu's "Three Elegy for the Former General of Wushu", with the sentence "Dancing with a sword is better than others. Du Fu wrote "Three Elegy for the Former General Wuwei", with the sentence "Dancing with Sword is the best" and so on. It can be seen that many people could dance with swords at that time, and they all had their own unique skills. The most skillful dance of Gongsun Daniang is "General Pei's full potential". Du Fu had watched his dance, and wrote a poem "watching Gongsun Danniang disciples dance sword line", from the description of the poem. It is a kind of square single dance, the viewers like a mountain, this dance skill is very high.
Works
From the point of view of the content of the performance, the sitting part of the Kabuki has six parts: "Yan Le", "Longevity Le", "Heavenly Authorization Le", "Bird Songs Hurray Le", "Dragon Pond Le", "Small Broken Formation Le", of which the "Yan Le" includes "Jingyun Le", "Keishin Le", "Broken Formation Le", "Chengtian Le". There are eight Rikibu kabuki: Anle, Taipingle, Breaking the Front, Keishinle, Dadingle, Shangyuanle, Shengshoule, and Gwangshengle. The programs of Sitting Part Kabuki and Standing Part Kabuki are usually performed during the court feasts and court meetings.