Introduction
Yangge dance, also known as twisting rice-planting songs, has a long history, is one of the most representative of China's one of the forms of folk dance, but also a folk plaza in the unique collective art of song and dance, but also due to the twisting of rice-planting dance colorful and popular among farmers to the lively and extraordinary. Rice-planting dance in addition to its own style characteristics, generally by the dance team of more than ten to one hundred people, dressed as historical stories, myths and legends and real-life characters dance while walking, with the rhythm of the drums, good at changing all kinds of formation, coupled with the colorful dance, popular with the majority of the audience.
Features
The rice-planting dance performances are lively, diverse, colorful, red-hot and lively, grand in scale, with a warm and lively atmosphere. Whenever there is a major festival, such as the New Year and so on, both urban and rural areas organize teams to pay tribute to the New Year and greet each other with blessings and entertainment. In addition, different villages and neighbors will twist up rice-planting songs to visit each other, than the song and dance, visible twisting rice-planting songs to the ancient farmers is how important.
Benefits of rice-planting songs
This all contributed to making rice-planting songs the main form of large-scale mass entertainment, celebration and propaganda. Because the rice-planting song contains a large amount of content, colorful, diverse forms and rich in change; coupled with the twisting of rice-planting song dance dynamics, so that the people watching the rice-planting song also blossomed, the mood doubled, and therefore popular with the majority of the audience, is the people's delight in the form of art, which also gives the forest people, the general public has brought a good way of fast and joyful, soothing the physical and mental fatigue rolls.
Origin of the rice-planting song:
The rice-planting song originated from the labor life of transplanting rice-planting and cultivating fields, and it is also related to the ode sung to the god of agriculture in the ancient times to pray for a good harvest and pray for blessing and sacrifice to avoid calamities and in the process of development, it absorbed the techniques and forms of agricultural songs, ling songs (a form of folk songs), folk martial arts, acrobatics and operas continuously, so that it developed into a folk song and dance by singing the rice-planting song in general and by the Qing Dynasty, the "rice-planting song" had become a folk song and dance, which was the most popular art form among the people of the forest area and the people in general. Qing Dynasty, "Yangge" has been widely circulated throughout the country. In order to show the difference, people often put a certain region or form of characteristics in front of the crown. For example, "Drum Rice-planting Song" (Shandong), "Shanbei Rice-planting Song", "Ground Rice-planting Song" (Hebei, Beijing, Liaoning), "Manchu Rice-planting Song", "High-lying Rice-planting Song", "High-lying Rice-planting Song", and so on. The "Flower Drums", "Flower Lanterns", "Tea Picking", and the "Flower Drums" of Guangdong and Hong Kong are popular in the south. "and the "Ying Ge" popular in Guangdong and Hong Kong, although their names are different, they all belong to the type of "Yangge", which is a form derived from "Yangge". The name is different, but they all belong to the type of "Yangge", which is derived from "Yangge".
Ranging Songs
The northern Shaanxi region calls the Lantern Festival "Ranging Songs", and the village rangers, led by an umbrella-carrying umbrella leader, dance to the beat of the gongs and drums, run "big fields" (group dances), perform "small fields" (dances of two or three people), and go to each house to perform, so as to celebrate the New Year and pray for a good year. The umbrella leader of the dance should be good at leading and singing traditional lyrics as well as improvising and singing new lyrics according to local conditions to meet the needs of different occasions. Generally after the first dance, singing, the players repeat the last sentence he sang, the form of simple, lively and lively. During the Lantern Festival, the local government will set up a lantern array called "Nine Quarters of the Yellow River Lantern" (commonly known as "Turning Nine Quarters"), and the masses will enter it with the rice-planting teams to watch various rice-planting performances, which has the meaning of eliminating calamities and driving away evil spirits.
Northeastern Yangge
Liaoning region's folk dances include Yangge, Dragon Lantern, Dry Boat, Butterfly Puffing, Two-Man Wrestling, Flower Stick Playing, Stilt Walking, and other forms of folk dance, which are often performed together, collectively known as "Yangge".
Pre-Liberation Yangge
Pre-Liberation rural rice-planting songs were twisted and sung, also known as singing rice-planting songs; rural rice-planting songs traveled around the village, also known as "running rice-planting songs"; urban rice-planting songs were twisted but not sung, also known as "twisting rice-planting songs".
Coriander stalk in the rice-planting song
Coriander stalk Note: rice-planting song, from the countryman Nuo to the local theater in the middle of the form, it is connected to exorcise exorcism (Nuo God, in fact, is the witch), the other end is connected to the opera performers. This chapter is intended to specifically introduce the name of the rice-planting song source, form characteristics, rice-planting song and the countryman Nuo, opera, puppet theater relationship and other issues. Popular in various parts of the Yangge, are related to the ancient countryman Nuo - along the door by epidemic activities. This trajectory, still popular in the northern rice-planting songs is still not difficult to find.
Shanxi's "God will rice-planting"
Shanxi Yulin Paulingburg Township and Mili County, Guo Xinzhuang old rice-planting, called "God will rice-planting", "every year before the Spring Festival activities, rice-planting team in the God will lead the President Every year before the Spring Festival activities, the rice-anthem team, led by the president of the God's Association to honor the gods and visit the temple, and the next day began to go from house to house according to the door of the courtyard into the house to pay homage to the New Year, the masses known as the 'along the door', in order to eliminate disasters and avoid difficulties, good luck and peace." Obviously, "along the door" is along the door by epidemic activities, only Nuo removed the ghost face shell.
Umbrella head rice-planting song
In western Jin and northern Shaanxi, a popular "umbrella head rice-planting song", rice-planting team has a pivotal singer, the left hand shaking ringing ring, the right hand holding a flower umbrella, commonly known as the umbrella head. Is a team of rice-planting team leader, its main responsibility is to command the whole situation, the program, leading the rice-planting team row street, go yard, pull out the field, and on behalf of the rice-planting team improvised singing rice-planting song to thank you for the tribute. Folklore, umbrellas and ringing rings are demonic magic weapon, visible rice-planting songs and ancient exorcism of the connection.
Rituals
Some remote mountainous areas where the rice-planting song must be sacrificed to the plague, and then run the yard to avoid the plague. At the end of the rice-planting songs (usually after sunset), a ceremony is held to send off the plague, in which the community makes a boat in advance, mostly made of sorghum stalks and covered with white paper. The elaborate places are made of wood. Boat lamps and a paper man, symbolizing the plague god. Or just write a tablet "Plague God's spirit of the old man". Escorted by the rice-planting team to the river, after people bow to the incense. Umbrella head singing a farewell rice-planting song, immediately put the paper boat into the water to float away. This is very similar to the ancient exorcism ceremony.
Rice-planting and rice-planting and rice-planting relationship
"Rice-planting" its name, it is easy to associate it with the relationship between rice-planting. However, in the three northern regions (Northeast, Northwest, and North China), where there are no paddy fields, no rice planting, and no rice-planting, rice-planting is more popular than in the south. This shows that the rice-planting songs in the north have nothing to do with rice-planting.
South and north "rice-planting song" name is different. In the south, "Yangge" is performed during the rice-planting, with "song" as the main theme, while in the north, it is a kind of amusement performance in costume during the agricultural leisure time or New Year's. The popularity of Yangge is also very high, as it is the first time in the world to be performed in the country.
Popular in the three northern regions, in the Lantern Festival costume performance of the rice-planting song, and planting rice seedlings sung in the south is not a variety of art. Their use of the same name is merely a result of comparison due to phonetic similarity. The rice-planting songs discussed later in this article generally refer to the northern rice-planting songs, unless otherwise noted.
History of Yangge:
According to the Dictionary of Chinese Opera Dramas, the high percentage of opera dramas developed and evolved from Yangge in the national repertoire is quite astonishing. It can be said that the rice-planting song is the source of all operas.
According to the record of "Liu Bian Jiliao", the performance time of Yangge is in the night of Lantern Festival, there is a dress-up "umbrella lamp seller" as a guide, followed by three or four "children" dressed as women, and three or four pretending to be "senators". "In their hands, they all hold "two logs" that are "feet long". Yangge performances have minority elements, at the latest in the Yuan Dynasty has been formed.
Republic of China Hebei "Cangxian Zhi" provides the value of information should attract sufficient attention. For one thing, it suspects that the rice-planting song "named meaning" is "southern people planting rice seedlings and song", and suggests that the "rice-planting song" another name -- "Yangge". and suggests another name for "rice-planting song" - "yang song". Secondly, it specifically describes the formal characteristics of North China's rice-planting songs, which are similar to those of Northeast China's rice-planting songs, with the costumes and props of the various characters being the most noteworthy. For example, the "Lezi" held by the "Duke" can be linked to the form and function of the "bamboo pole" in the Song opera, and to the "Luzi" (commentary). "It is an important material for solving the related problems in the history of opera. As for the "long robes and short coats, soap boots and feather tassels", also when the attire of ethnic minorities.
North China Yangge
On the North China Yangge, Li Bingwei and others wrote in the "Guide to the Civil Society in Beiping" about the "Yangge Society" in Beijing: "All the roles of the troupe were dressed up in color for the opera, and they stepped on stilts and went beyond the crowd. The roles were divided into ten sections: the Monk with the Head, the Foolish Eunuch, the Old Master, the Little Erge, the Faggot, the Fisherman, the Fisherman's Own, the Ointment Seller, the Fisherman's Wife, the Jun Gong, and the Ugly Drum. The above ten parts are composed of twelve singles because of the pairing of gongs and drums. The roles are funny and entertaining, and the ensemble is inspired to contribute to the art of the vocation." . Apparently, Beijing's Yangge is more similar to Liaoning. The so-called "Silly Gongzi" is the "Sha Gongzi" in the Northeast Yangge, or the "Gongzi" in the Cangxian Zhi; the "Selling Ointment" which is not found in Cangxian, is not found in both the Northeast and Beijing. "
Northwest China, the Northwest China, the Northwest China, the Northwest China, the Northwest China, the Northwest China.
Range Songs in the Northwest
Range Song performances in the Northwest, there is the so-called "white beard, flower face, red tasseled hat, white short coat worn backwards, hand-held umbrella lamp leader", equivalent to the Northeast Yangge "reverse leather coat" in the forefront, North China, the "long coat" in Yangge, the "long coat" in Yangge, the "long coat" in Yangge, the "long coat" in Yangge, the "long coat" in Yangge, the "long coat" in Yangge, and the "long coat" in Yangge. The so-called "Prodigal Son" is equivalent to the leader of "wearing a leather coat in reverse" in Northeast China's rice-planting songs, and the leader of "long robe and short coat, soap boots and feather tassel, holding a red umbrella" in North China's rice-planting songs. The so-called "prodigal son" and "prostitute" are roughly equivalent to the "gentleman" and "beautiful woman" in the North China rice-plant songs. They sang and danced, made fun of each other, and performed small plays with simple plots to attract the attention of the audience.
Characteristics of Yangge
Let's summarize the characteristics of Yangge in this way: it is a kind of masquerade performance with theatrical elements usually performed in the northern countryside before and after the Lantern Festival of the Lantern Festival; it is generally in the form of a dance team, which walks and sings and dances; most of the teams have to go from door to door to perform, preserving the traces of the development of the art of selling and begging along the door from the door to the quarantine; the names of the roles in the teams and their numbers vary, but there are always officials, wushangs, wushangs and wushangs, and there is always an official, a martial artist, and a woman. The names and number of roles in the dance team varied, but there were always officials, martial arts students, old men, monks, women, etc. (roughly equivalent to the opera's Sheng, Dan, Jing, and Chou), and the young men and women were always laughing with each other, and the young men were called "Sha Duke" or "Silly Duke"; generally, there were children wearing makeup and women dressed as men; Dance team has a leader, the rear of the temple, the leader is often wearing a leather jacket, holding an umbrella lamp, is a northern minority dress, sometimes called him "selling plaster"; sometimes the officials (military) is also a minority attire. Some dancers hold two short wooden sticks; drums and gongs are sounded during the performance, and the drums are more important.
Measured by this feature, there are similar performances in the Yangtze River basin and even in southern China, though most of them are not called Yangge, but Yangge Lanterns, Flower Drum Lanterns, or Playing Flower Drums, Flower Lanterns, and Picking Tea.
Hubei's rice-planting lights
Hubei Fangxian Lantern Lanterns staged at the Lantern Festival, Yunnan Yaoan lantern theater ten hundred for the group, Republic of Hunan "Jiahe County Map": "rice-planting songs, a so-called 'lanterns,' decorative children men and women relative to the singing and jumping, drums and trumpets with the body to put together, the class of the Hengzhou Horse Lights Carry on. The wind to the fifteenth day stop, called 'playing the Lantern Festival'."
Hu Pu'an, "Chinese National Customs" recorded Jiangsu Yizheng's "flower-drum lanterns", is a typical rice-planting songs. The popular yingge of Puning and Chaoan in Guangdong Province, also known as yingge, yangge and yingge, not only retained some of the performance characteristics of the northern yangge, but also retained the name of the yangge.
So, not only do we have reasons to deny that the northern rice-planting songs "came from the south", but we can even say that the southern Yingge, lanterns, caicha, flower drums, etc., were introduced from the north, or at least formed under the influence of the northern rice-planting songs.
Yangge is also known as Yangge
In Shaanxi, Hebei and other places, Yangge is also called "Yangge". Some people think that because the Yangge started in Fengyang, it is also called "Yangge". Some people think that "Yang Ge" originated in the ancient human sun worship, is the original name of the rice-planting song. The fact is that it is not a true story, and it's not a true story.
When we look to the areas inhabited by ethnic minorities outside of the Seychelles, we know that the rice-planting songs are also known as "Yang Ge", "Yang Ge", "Yang Gao", "Yang Gao", and "Yang Gao", and then to the south to "Ying Ge", "Ying Ge", "Ying Ge", and other homophonic names.
"Women's Song"
Huang Joon's "Red Mountain Broken Leaves" says: "Red Mountain Light Market has Yangge, Yangge's 'Yangge' or 'Yangge', which is the woman's song. ', said the woman's song. According to the ancient book, the word "姎" is the name of the ditch Shuai, seems to have not been coordinated." The saying that the rice-planting song is "the song of the woman" is very noteworthy.
Republic of China Liu Wenhai "westbound journal": "Xinjiang Tangmin women, indeed delicate and charming, meet the soul. ...... There is a good person, had made the word yangge. Central Brother, that is, the women of the people of the said." Also remembered Xinjiang ballad: "Turpan grapes Hami melon, Kuche central brother son (wrapped back to say that women's title) a flower."
Qing Qi Yunshi, "Western Frontier Essentials," Volume IV of the Xinjiang dialect: "Calling the woman as mandarin." Accordingly, it can be said with certainty: 姎 brother, central brother, sheep high, mandarin brother are a turn of the voice, the Department of Wei language to the female title. Moreover, this female refers mainly to young girls, or at least young women. It is inconceivable that anyone over middle age would be called "a flower".
So the original meaning of Yangge is "the song of the young girl". The most convincing evidence of this is the fact that young men and women are laughing with each other in all the rice-planting songs in different places, and that the "playing of boys and girls singing and dancing in relation to each other" is one of the essential features of rice-planting songs.
Whether it's Yangge, or lanterns, or tea-picking, the young girl is the main character; the young girl is mostly dressed as a boy.
We have emphasized that the rice-planting songs have the components of the northern minorities, and now we can further say: the rice-planting songs are the ancient townspeople Nuo that is, along the door of the epidemic and the combination of Western forms of entertainment products.
"Xinjiang Travels" records
Xie Xiaozhong "Xinjiang Travels" record "group call 姎 brother snuggle Lang", both boys and girls to sing and dance to flirt with the simple plot of the theater, and the Han's rice-planting song is very similar. The main "roles" are played by young girls. The name "Yangge" of the Han Chinese may be derived from this.
"姎哥" used to be the name of the role, the Northeast has "Yangge role" said. In addition, the Qing Yongzheng, Qianlong strictly prohibit "rice-planting feet, the fall of the people's mother-in-law" singing decree, today Jidong rice-planting in the collective dance, "by a folk song artists (or rice-planting angle concurrently) sang rice-planting tune".
And, the Republic of Li Junya "Huangzhong Lantern Festival social fire", recorded the southeastern part of Qinghai around the Lantern Festival social fire performance. Huge masquerade dance team, there are stilts sister, pull flower sister, flower clapper, old Yanggao (also written as "old goat brother"), pseudo God of fire, newspaper, flower drums, pull medicine sister, flower monk, mute, bladder aunt and other roles. This is basically the same as the general Yangge performance, and the leader of the "Yanggao" (Yanggao), i.e., the "Yanggao" of Kuche, "Jiegao", which is also the Han Chinese word for "Yangge foot", is also written as "Old Yangge foot". The "Yangge Foot" or "Yangge Corner" of the Han Chinese is also known as the "Yangge Foot" or "Yangge Corner". Later, the whole dance team was called by the name of the leader.
Five Roles of Shandong Drum Rice-planting Songs
The drum rice-planting songs in Shandong have five roles: umbrella, drum, stick, flower and ugly. The "umbrella" is divided into "ugly umbrella" and "flower umbrella", "ugly umbrella" is also known as the "head umbrella". The "ugly umbrella", also known as the "head umbrella", dressed as a male old man, is the conductor of the entire rice-planting team. The "drum" is dressed as a martial artist, and is the main actor of the rice-planting team, with a large number of people, complex movements, and beating the drum while dancing, which makes the dance very powerful. The name "Drum Rice-planting Song" is derived from this. The "sticks" are male youths who dance with wooden sticks with colorful stripes on both ends. The "flowers" are female youths whose costumes are modeled after those of the flower girls in the opera. The number of "clowns" can be large or small, dressed as "silly boys", "ugly women", "magistrates", "Playboy", etc., improvise and make fun.
Roles of Jiaozhou Yangge
The roles of Jiaozhou Yangge are "Drum, Cuihua, Stick, Fanhua, Little Man", each of which is a pair of roles, and there are five pairs of ten roles. All the roles are called up by their props and make-up and performance characteristics. Since "Drum", "Stick", and "Flower" are all character names, then "Brother" can be a character name.
"姎哥偎郎"
起于西域的 "姎哥偎郎", in the spread to the east met with exorcism factor of the Han Chinese Lantern Festival, so in the east and west of the combination, specifically, in Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. Specifically, in Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, northern Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, produced to "姎哥" as the main role of the make-up form of performance. When this kind of folk song and dance spread to the southeast, due to 姎 brother, goat brother, Yanggao, etc. is not easy to understand, so they borrowed the southern rice planting rice-planting song - the name of the rice-planting song.
The emergence of Yangge
The Yangge was probably created in the Song Dynasty, and may have been called "Aiqi Drum" (Yazhou Drum) at first. The Western song and dance, with the main role of the "姎哥" (姎哥) as the main character, combined with the Han Lantern Festival and became the Yangge in the Song Dynasty, in the area of Gansu and Shaanxi in the combined western and central regions.
Difference between Yangge and Chaozhou Yingge
Yingge is not without rap, but it is divided into two parts: the drum dance (Wu Yazhu) and the "costume" performance (Wen Yazhu). The first part retains the name "yingge" for the drums, while the dramatic performance is called "houpang". The "Drum Rice-planting Song" of Shandong mentioned above is in fact no different from the Chaozhou Yingge. There is also the Shanxi Fenxiaodi Yangge, which also belongs to the same category.
"Songjiang Formation"
There is a form of entertainment called "Songjiang Formation" in Fujian and Taiwan, which is also known as yingge, but it is simply not even "yingge", However, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou call the parade of decorated boys and girls "Yingge", which still bears the imprint of the Yangge and Aoi drums. Because one of the basic features of the Yangge is that children wear make-up and men dress up as women.
The record of "The Old Story of Wulin"
Here, it is said that a woman is dressed up with a puppet, which reminds us of the children's make-up and male disguise in the rice-planting dance team. This form of rice-planting songs is related to the puppet theater. After the article of "Lantern Festival" in Volume 2 of "Old Story of Wulin", it contains "Dance team, big and small full shed puppets", and its names are: GMP, fine Dan, clip stick, male and female bamboo horse, male and female pestle and mortar song, Hedongzi, blind judge, dry rowing boat, holding gongs and pretending to be ghosts, village field music, drum plate, playing monks, Cargo Man and so on. This is hardly different from the grand rice-planting dance team.
Theater from Yangge ----- Yang Opera
There is a small local opera in western Hunan, called Yang Opera from Yangge, Yang Opera has a South Road, North Road, North Road Yang Opera, also known as the "Liu Zi Opera". No matter south, north road Yang opera, have transplanted the repertoire of puppet theater.
The Tianzhu Yang Opera, popularized in the Tianzhu area of Guizhou Province, is often performed mainly by clowns, who "raise their feet at the start" and "turn around and raise their feet while walking, similar to the short step and the small mincing step. The danjiao and choujiao all have to open the four doors when they appear, accompanied by gongs and drums." In Hunan province, human theater is called "high stage theater" and puppet theater is called "low stage theater". The clown "start to lift the foot", it is the Fujian small Liyuan theater "puppet foot" action, pure imitation of the puppet.
It is worth mentioning, Guizhou, Sichuan and other places of Nuo opera, also known as "Yang opera" or "Yang opera". Usually the "Yang opera" name is explained: entertaining "Yang opera" and entertaining God's "Yin opera" relative to the name, so the name. In fact, regardless of Yang opera, Yin opera, are Nuo opera, in the performance place, time, form, purpose and so on, there is no difference. And, "Yang opera" can be written "Yang theater", with Yin, Yang relative to say is not explainable.
Nuo opera called "Yang opera", and puppet theater called "Yang opera" for the same reason. Hunan Nuo opera "Dapan hole" fourth, there is "cherry" to teach "peach blossom" singing Lotus Haunted scene. This "Cherry brother" is equivalent to the Western rice-planting in the 姎 brother, sheep high.
Yunnan, Sichuan have Zitong theater, "generally by the newlyweds, infertile after marriage, have a daughter without a child or a child sick for a long time of the family invited to perform, intended to ask for a child to return the wish, and pray for God's blessings." Also known as "child theater", "Yang opera", in fact, is a kind of Nuo opera. The relationship between the two is very clear, can be seen "Yang opera" praying for the purpose of reproduction. In the Yuan opera, the emperor often called his consort "child" or "Zi Tong". The story of Wei Zifu, who was not allowed to see Wei Zifu for more than a year, is told in the Han Wu Story, in which Wei Zifu was asked to leave the palace in tears. Emperor Wu, on the other hand, was honored by Wei Zifu because he dreamed of "Zi Tree" at night, and thus got a son and made Zifu his empress. This may be the beginning of the emperor called after the "Zitong", may also be the origin of Zitong opera. The name "Yang Opera" is derived from "Zitong" (童子-姎哥-秧歌-阳歌), which is also known as "Yang Opera".
Yangju opera is popular in Yangneng Township, Luodian County, in Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. "There are more Han Chinese in the Yang Opera classes, but the customs related to that opera are predominantly Buyi. In certain families of the Buyi villagers, small idols (about twenty centimeters high) of the 'Child-Sending Niangiang' and the 'Child' are enshrined, and if a particular family does not have a child for a long time, it is necessary to have the help of a relative or friend to go to the home where the 'Child-Sending Niang' is enshrined. If a family does not have children for a long time, they have to go to the house where the 'child-carrying maiden' is located, with the help of relatives and friends, to 'steal' the idols of the child-carrying maiden and the child. The owner of the stolen idol knew that these people had come to 'steal' the child, but they let them steal it without asking any questions, and inwardly they got a pleasant feeling. After the child was stolen away from the childless home, the owner of the home that is wrapped in red silk, hidden in a place that is not easy to lose, and at the same time to the gods made a wish to get a child, and when the pregnancy gave birth to a child, we must invite the 'Yang Opera' class to sing opera to celebrate" visible "Yang Opera It can be seen that "Yang Opera" has the weight of the content of wishing for a child and its relationship with puppet theater. Because, the "child delivery lady" and "child" are both puppet statues, and are treated as God to pray.