The population is 2971460.
Ethnic Profile
The Buyi in China mainly live in the Buyi Miao Autonomous Prefectures of Qiannan and Qianxi'nan, as well as the cities of Anshun and Guiyang, and are also found in the Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefectures of Qiandongnan, Tongren, Zunyi, Bijie, Liupanshui and Luoping in Yunnan, and in Ningnan and Huili in Sichuan. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Buyei is 2971460. the Buyei language, belonging to the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Zhuang-Dong language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family, has a close relationship with the Zhuang language. The northern dialect of the Zhuang language is basically the same as that of the Buyi in the counties of Wangmu, Ceheng, Dushan, Anlong and Xingyi. Buyei people in the Chinese people's **** and before the founding of the country did not have a script, has been using the Chinese language, after the founding of the country created a script program based on the Latin alphabet.
The ancestors of the Buyi are generally considered to have developed from one of the "Baiyue". The Buyei call themselves "Buyei", "Buayi", "Buzhong" and "Burao", "Buman", which may be the ancient names of "Bureaucrat", "Barbarian" and "Zhongjia", This may be the origin of the ancient titles "Bong", "Barbarian", "Zhongjia", "Barbarian Bong", "Slang Bong", and "Yi Bong". From the examination of ethnic language, ancient name, self-proclaimed name and geographic distribution, the Buyi and Zhuang have the same origin. In the Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, the Buyi and Zhuang were called "Slang Bong", "Barbarian Bong" or "Yi Bong", and after the Five Dynasties, the Buyi were called "Zhongjia", and the Zhuang in the Song Dynasty were called "Zhongjia". After the Five Dynasties, the Buyi were called "Zhongjia", and the Zhuang were called "Boy" in the Song Dynasty. The words "Zhong" and "Boy" are still homophonous. Later on, due to the long-term separation, differences in economic and cultural life and customs arose, and two ethnic groups, the Buyi and the Zhuang, were gradually formed. Some people think that the Buyi are developed from one of the "Baipu"; others think that the "Yelang" country from the late Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty has a relationship with today's Buyi because the center of Yelang's jurisdiction is in the basin of the Panjiang River (anciently known as Dugu Shui) and the Panjiang River area has always been the gathering place of the Buyi people. has traditionally been a Buyei settlement area.
Buyi area unearthed in the two Han Dynasty cultural relics, such as bronze plows, hoes and iron hoes, spades, shovels and other suitable for rice cultivation of agricultural tools and models of rice paddies, and the "Records of the Grand Historian" recorded the people of Yelang, "buns, ploughing, and there is a eupolytic gathering of the situation of each other, indicating that the Buyei people is an ancient agricultural people planting rice. Han Dynasty on the ancient night Lang of the development and the establishment of the feudal county system, through Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties, the power of the big name is getting stronger and stronger, class differentiation is deepening, the feudal lord economy gradually formed. In Tang Dynasty, the Central Plains Dynasty set up some tie-up counties in Buyei area, with local minority chiefs as assassins and hereditary land. In the Five Dynasties, the "Eight Fan" Tujia were set up. Song dynasty continued to implement "tie-up policy", and granted local chiefs with the titles of assassin, secretary, secretary, general and so on, which were assigned to the control of Sichuan road, Hunan road and Guangnan west road respectively. Yuan dynasty Luodian Xuanfu Division (Anshun area belongs to its land), Shunyuan Road Military and Civilian Pacification Division (Guiyang area), Duyun Military and Civilian Government (part of Qiannan Prefecture belongs to its land), Yu Yabe Wanhoushu (Xingyi area) and Sicheng Prefecture Military and Civilian Government (part of Qiannan Prefecture belongs to its land), and so on.
In the Ming and early Qing dynasties, the Tusi system was more complete, with Tusi and Tujia possessing all the fields and land in their territories, and binding their subjects to their territories for generations (but they could not arbitrarily kill or buy or sell their subjects). Tujing to the people of the implementation of labor rent-based exploitation, and at the same time carry out cruel super-economic exploitation, its name reaches more than ten kinds of more. At the same time, the Ming court also in the Buyei area to implement the "Guards Tuen Mun system", set up Yingtian make, management of "military" and "people Tuen Mun", and later, these areas were first transformed into feudal landlords. economy. From the end of the Ming Dynasty to the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, with the social and economic development of the Buyi people, the people in the territory of the Tusi were increasingly polarized, with a large increase in the population, and the phenomenon of renting and buying and selling of fields and land began to appear. The land secretary and the land official had to recognize the legitimacy of this kind of land sale and tenancy which already existed in the territory, and agreed to and praised the opening up of the land for reclamation (the newly reclaimed land could also be bought and sold), in order to maintain the livelihood of the belonging to the people. With the development of land trading, some landlords and chiefs became poorer and poorer, and resold their private lands and grain fields to the Han Chinese. Buyei area part of the rich land official, handle and a small number of possession of more land belonging to the people, as well as the Han landlords and loan sharks to form a new landlord class, in kind rent also gradually replace the servitude rent. Yongzheng five years (1727), the Qing dynasty adopted a large-scale "land reclassification" policy, objectively established and developed the Buyei region of feudal landlord economy, accelerated the collapse of the lord's economy, and the demise of the landlord system.
Socio-economic
Qin and Han Dynasties, the social productive forces of the Buyi region has been a large development, agricultural production has been quite developed, but backward than the Central Plains. With the feudal power of Qin and Han Dynasty, objectively promoted the development of Buyei social productive forces, and the feudal production relations were gradually established. Later on, tie-up system and the system of the local priests have been ruling the Buyei area. Around the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the social productive forces of the Buyi people had a new development, and the weight and length of the hoe in the agricultural tools were generally increased, and the hoe mouth was also improved from the past sticking steel to the clamping steel. Once upon a time with sticks threshing, this time learned to use tart bucket threshing, efficiency greatly improved. Luodian, Anlong and Pintang also used the water mill. With the improvement of production tools, production technology, the further development of production, and then produced the landlord economy. The development of landlord economy made the land increasingly concentrated in the hands of a small number of landlords, the landlord class on the vast number of peasants more and more aggravated the exploitation. After the Opium War in 1840, imperialist forces began to invade Qiannan, contributing to the gradual disintegration of the feudal natural economy in the Buyei area, which gradually turned into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Since then, under the double oppression of imperialism and feudalism, the Buyi people were plunged into the abyss of suffering. From the Xinhai Revolution to the founding of New China, under the oppression of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism, the situation of the Buyi people was even more miserable, with no political status at all, and a long period of stagnation and backwardness in economy and culture. 1944, the Japanese imperialists invaded the Buyi area in Qiannan, and the people were brutally raped and killed. After 1945, the Kuomintang reactionary government implemented the Baojia system in the Buyei area, and adopted a policy of forced assimilation of the Buyei, not recognizing the Buyei as an ethnic group.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Buyi people, under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Government (PGP), carried out a series of social reforms, which eliminated feudal land ownership and abolished the root causes of ethnic oppression and feudal exploitation. This was followed by the completion of the socialist transformation of the industrial and commercial sectors in towns and cities and of individual handicrafts. In accordance with the Party's ethnic policy, regional ethnic autonomy has been realized in the Buyi area, with the establishment of the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in August 1956, the Qianxinan Buyi Autonomous Prefecture on May 1, 1982, the Zhenning Buyi and Miao Autonomous County in September 1963, the Ziyun Buyi and Miao Autonomous County in February 1966, and the Guanling Buyi and Miao Autonomous County in February 1982, fully reflecting the fact that ethnic minorities are the masters of their own affairs and have the authority to govern. The right of ethnic minorities to be masters of their own affairs has been fully realized. Today, the Buyei area has undergone fundamental changes: before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was almost no industry in the Buyei area, but after the founding of the People's Republic of China, industries such as iron and steel, coal, electric power, machine manufacturing, chemical industry, textile industry, building materials, rubber products, plastic products, leather, sugar, brewing, food processing, cigarettes, paper making, printing and electronics were built, and the total value of the industrial output rose rapidly, and the number of ethnic minority industrial workers grew to tens of thousands. Batik of Buyei ethnic group, which is rich in national characteristics, has also been developed greatly, and Anshun Batik Factory was established after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and its products are famous at home and abroad, and are sold well in Japan, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin American countries. Agricultural production has been increasing year by year, and the construction of water conservancy facilities, hydropower stations and agricultural machinery are developing rapidly. Especially after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the grain output has increased greatly, and the agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery industries have been greatly developed. There are highways connecting counties and townships, Qian-Guizhou, Yunnan-Guizhou, Sichuan-Guizhou and Hunan-Guizhou railroad lines passing through the Buyei area, and Guiyang City has a well-connected air line, which changes the backwardness of the Buyei area with closed transportation. Culture, education and health undertakings have also been rapid development, the basic popularization of elementary school, counties and some districts have a middle school, but also set up secondary schools, technical schools, teacher training schools and teacher training colleges. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, smallpox, cholera, malaria, dysentery and other infectious diseases were prevalent. The people lacked medical care and medicines, and when they encountered infectious diseases, their families were destroyed. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the party and the government from human, material and financial resources to help the Buyi people to develop medical and health care, the initial formation of the Buyi region of the health care network, effectively protect the people's health.
Culture and art
For thousands of years, the Buyi people have created a rich and colorful culture and art in their long-term production and life, which has become a precious heritage in the cultural and artistic treasury of the Chinese nation. The oral literature circulating among the people includes folk songs, stories, myths, fables, proverbs, epigrams and riddles. Folk songs are the most distinctive, including ancient songs, narrative songs, love songs, wine songs and labor songs, etc.; the forms are solo, duet, chorus and repetition; the tunes are divided into two types: "major tunes" and "minor tunes". The "major tune" is used for grand occasions such as weddings and funerals, with a high and generous tone, which is fascinating. The "minor tune" is sung on moonlit nights or when "catching the table" to talk about love, with a soft, gentle and lively tone. Operas are famous for their vivid and beautiful plots, such as local operas and lanterns. Common dances include the Weaving Dance and the Lion Dance, with coordinated, athletic movements. Musical instruments include suona, yueqin, sister xiao, gongs and copper drums. Copper drums are traditional musical instruments that have always been treasured and can only be played during grand festivals, and must be played by ghost masters during funerals and rituals. Arts and crafts are famous for batik, which is pure and simple in color and beautiful in pattern. Weaving products, such as Libo bamboo mats and Pingtang hats, are famous in all directions.
Customs and Habits
The costumes of the Buyi are characterized by their cleanliness and elegance, as well as their solemnity and generosity. Men wear short or long shirts with lapels, and blue or white blue checkered headscarves. Most of the women wear right lapel tops and pants, or set of lace short coat, or tie the flower waist, but also has a large lapel and large collar short jacket, and with batik pleated skirt. In festivals, they also wear all kinds of silver jewelry. Buyei villages are mostly built on the mountains and rivers or on the river valleys and dams. The "dry-fence" buildings that characterize the region are rich in features, with the upper floors housing people and the lower floors enclosing livestock and storing firewood.
Buyi marriage monogamy, close relatives do not marry, but the popular "aunt and uncle cousin marriage". Before the founding of the country, the Buyei region also prevailed in the custom of "catching the table". Unmarried men and women could take advantage of festivals, rushes or the opportunity to go out to work, gathered together to sing songs, the female fancy male? On their own pre-embroidered embroidered ball, thrown to each other, such as male consent, that is to meet to the venue is not far away from the place, singing songs, pouring out love. But in the feudal system, lovers are difficult to form a lifelong partner, before the founding of the country to enter into marriage must be the right family, heavy bride price. Early marriages arranged by parents are called "backstrap pro". Some areas of the Buyei people also practiced the marriage system of "transferring rooms". Popular "not fall husband's home". Or "seat home" custom. Buyei funeral in modern times, the implementation of coffin burial, must ask the sorcerer to open the way, there are cut cattle to do fasting over the dead, called "playing Ga".
Religion and Important Festivals
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was common to believe in ghosts and gods and to worship ancestors. There were also those who believed in Catholicism and Christianity.
In addition to the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, there are also the "April 8" and "June 6" festivals. "April 8" is also known as the "Cow King Festival", which involves steaming glutinous rice for ancestors and cows, and letting the cows lie fallow for a day. "June 6" is a grand festival of the Buyi people, second only to the Spring Festival, and is called "more will" in Buyi. People give it a variety of myths and legends, and some areas are rumored to commemorate the Buyei uprising leader of the festival.