Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born in Moscow on June 6, 1799/May 26 in the Russian calendar. He died in St. Petersburg on January 29, 1837. He was a famous Russian litterateur. , great poet, novelist, and founder of modern Russian literature. The main representative of Russian romantic literature in the 19th century, he was also the founder of realist literature and the founder of modern standard Russian. He was known as the "Father of Russian Literature" and "The Sun of Russian Poetry". He was good at all styles and founded the Russian National literature and literary language have provided examples for Russian literature in various literary fields such as poetry, novels, dramas and even fairy tales. Pushkin was also hailed by Gorky as "the beginning of all beginnings." Born into a noble family. He began to write poetry in his childhood and studied at the Tsarskoe Selo School, which was established by the tsarist government to train aristocratic children. During his studies, he was influenced by the progressive Decembrists and some progressive thinkers at that time. Many poems published later criticized the serfdom system and praised freedom and progress. In addition to poetry, Pushkin's works mainly include the novel "The Captain's Daughter", and he is the founder of historical documentary. "The History of Pugachev", the poetic novel "Evgeny Onegin", the novella "Dubrovsky", "Berkin's Novels", etc. Pushkin was persecuted by the Tsarist government in his creative activities. He was killed in a planned duel in 1837. His creations had a great influence on the development and development of Russian literature and language. He is known as the founder of modern standard Russian, the father of Russian literature, and the sun of Russian poetry.
Pushkin was born on June 6, 1799 in Moscow to a declining aristocratic landowner family. He was inclined to revolution throughout his life and fought unrelentingly against the dark tyranny. His thoughts and poems aroused the dissatisfaction of the rulers of Tsarist Russia. He was exiled twice and refused to give in. Finally, he died in a duel under the conspiracy of the tsarist government. He was only 38 years old. He grew up in a strong literary atmosphere. In his childhood, he was trained by a French tutor and received an aristocratic education. At the age of 8, he was able to write poems in French. His family had a rich collection of books and friends with literary celebrities. His nanny, who was a serf, often told him Russian folk stories and legends, which enabled him to appreciate the rich Russian language from an early age and develop a strong interest in folk creations.
In 1811, Pushkin entered Tsarskoye Selo, a school for aristocratic children, and began his literary career at the age of 12. In 1815, he recited his own "Memories of Tsarskoe Selo" in the middle school examination, showing his outstanding talent in poetry writing. In particular, the beauty and exquisiteness of his verses were widely appreciated. In his early poems, he followed the romantic poets Bachushkov and Zhukovsky, and studied the style of the French poet Andre Chenier in the 17th and 18th centuries. While studying at Tsarskoe Selo Middle School, he also received the influence of French Enlightenment ideas and made friends with some Praetorian Guard officers who later became Decembrists. His ideas of opposing the tsarist dictatorship and pursuing freedom were initially formed.
After graduation, Pushkin went to work in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Petersburg. During this period, he was deeply infected by the Decembrists and their ideas of democracy and freedom, and participated in secret cooperation with the Decembrists. He organized the "Green Lantern Society", a literary group with connections, and wrote many poems that opposed serfdom and praised freedom, such as "Ode to Freedom" (1817); "To Chadayev" (1818); "Village", (1819). In 1820, Pushkin created the long fairy tale narrative poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". The story is based on Russian folklore, describing the knight Ruslan overcoming difficulties and obstacles, defeating the enemy, and finally finding his bride Lyudmila. Pushkin used vivid folk language in his poems, which were different from classical poetry in content and form, and challenged the traditional aristocratic literature.
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These works of Pushkin caused uneasiness in the tsarist government. In 1820, he was sent to southern Russia to serve. This was actually a disguised exile. During this period, he had more frequent contacts with the Decembrists and participated in some secret meetings of the Decembrists. His pursuit of freedom became clearer and stronger.
Pushkin wrote famous works such as "The Dagger" (1821), "The Prisoner" (1822), and "To the Sea" (1824). He also wrote a set of "Southern Poems", including "Captives of the Caucasus" (1822), "The Robbers" "Brothers" (1822), "The Fountain of Tears in Bahcesarayi" (1824), and "Gzigan" (1824) are four romantic narrative poems. He also wrote many beautiful lyric poems: "The Sun Sinks" (1820), "Prisoners" and "Dagger" (1821), etc., which express the poet's strong longing for freedom. From this period onwards, Pushkin fully demonstrated his unique style.
In 1824--1825, Pushkin was returned by the tsarist authorities to the village of Mikhailovsk, his parents' territory in Pskov Province, where he spent two years in confinement. He composed nearly a hundred poems. He collected folk songs and stories, and studied Russian history. His thoughts became more mature, and his realist tendency in creation became more and more obvious. In 1825, he completed the creation of "Boris Godunov", the first realist tragedy in the history of Russian literature.
In 1826, Tsar Nicholas I came to the throne. In order to win over people's hearts, he recalled Pushkin to Moscow, but he was still under the secret surveillance of the tsarist police. Pushkin did not change his attitude towards the Decembrists. He once had illusions about the new tsar and hoped that Nicholas I could pardon the Decembrists who were exiled in Siberia. However, the illusion was quickly shattered and he wrote political lyrics. "To the Prisoners of Siberia" expresses his unswerving loyalty to the ideals of the Decembrist Party.
In the autumn of 1830, Pushkin spent three months in his father's territory. This was a fruitful period of his life's creation, and it is known as the "Autumn of Bolkino" in the history of literature. He completed the poetic novel "Eugene Onegin" which he started writing in 1823, creating the first image of "superfluous man" in Russian literature, which became his most important work. He also wrote "Belkin's Novels" and four verse novels "The Stingy Knight", "Mozart and Salieri", "The Plague Banquet", "The Stone Guest", and nearly 30 lyric poems. "The Station Master" in "Belkin's Novels" is a model of Russian short stories, starting the tradition of shaping "little people", and his realist creation is superb.
In 1831, Pushkin moved to Petersburg and still served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He continued to create many works, mainly including the narrative poem "The Bronze Horseman" (1833), the fairy tale poem "The Story of the Fisherman and the Goldfish" (1833), the short story "The Queen of Spades" (1834), etc. He also wrote two novels about peasant issues, "Dubrovsky" (1832-1833) and "The Captain's Daughter" (1836).
In 1836, Pushkin founded the literary magazine "Modern Man". The publication was later edited by Belinsky, Nekrasov, Chernyshevsky, Dubrovryubov, etc., and ran until the 1860s. It not only cultivated a large number of outstanding writers, but also became Russian progressives. mouthpiece.
Pushkin’s creations and activities caused a headache for the Tsarist government. They used conspiracy methods to instigate French military police captain Dantes to blaspheme Pushkin’s wife Natalia Nikolayevna Goncharo The result was the duel between Pushkin and Dantes in 1837. Pushkin was seriously injured in the duel and died on February 8, 1837. He was only 37 years old. His early death made Russian progressive literati once lamented: "The sun of Russian poetry has set."
The lofty ideological nature and perfect artistry of Pushkin's works gave him great influence worldwide. His works have been translated into all major languages ??around the world. Pushkin expressed his love for freedom and life in his works, his firm belief that light will defeat darkness and reason will defeat prejudice, his lofty sense of mission to "light up people's hearts with words" and The great ambition has deeply moved generations of people. A masterpiece of genius that inspired the creative passion and inspiration of so many Russian musicians. Operas based on Pushkin's poems "Evgeny Onegin", "Boris Godunov", "The Queen of Spades", "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "Gypsy", etc., etc. One is not a great musical work; Pushkin's lyric poems were set to music and became popular art songs; some works were also adapted into ballets and became immortal classics on the stage.
In memory of Pushkin, the Tsarskoye Selo where he was born was renamed Pushkin (the place where Catherine the Great died in 1796). Now it has become a famous tourist attraction, and the famous village of Bolkino is also nearby.
[Edit this paragraph] Pushkin and "If Life Deceived You"
"If Life Deceived You" was written during the days when Pushkin was exiled by the Tsar. At that time, the Russian Revolution was in full swing, but the poet was forced to isolate himself from the world. In such a situation, the poet still did not lose hope and fighting spirit. He loved life, pursued his ideals persistently, and believed that light will come and justice will prevail. The poem illustrates such a positive and optimistic attitude towards life: when life deceives you, don't be sad or impatient; be patient when you are in trouble, everything will pass, and the future will be happy and beautiful. It is impossible to live without pain and sadness, joy will not always be covered by sadness, and happy days will eventually come. In the second stanza, the poet expresses the positive attitude towards life that always looks towards the future, and tells people that when they look back on the past after overcoming the hardships, everything in the past will become better. This is a summary of the poet's life experience and the true meaning of life.
This poem has no image at all. The eight short sentences are all in a tone of admonishment. Normally, this is something that should be avoided in poetry creation, but this poem has achieved great success by reasoning. success. The reason is that the poet writes in an equal and eloquent tone, with an intimate and gentle tone, sincere and frank, as if the poet is talking to you; the poems are fresh and smooth, warm and deep, and have rich human touch and philosophical meaning, from which people can feel the poet Sincere and broad feelings and strong and optimistic thoughts and emotions.
After this poem came out, many people wrote it down in their notebooks and became a motto to inspire them to move forward.
If life has deceived you
If life has deceived you,
Don’t be sad, don’t be impatient;
Need help in melancholy days Calm down,
Believe, happy days will come.
My heart is always longing for the future,
But now I am always melancholy;
Everything is fleeting, everything will pass,
< p> And what has passed will become a kind nostalgia.This poem was written in the form of a gift poem in the memorial book of Yevbraksia Nikolayevna Voliv, the daughter of his neighbor Ohipova.
"Fake celebrity name: Pushkin
Year of birth: 1799-1837
Celebrity title: Poet
Celebrity country: Russia (Russia )
[Edit this paragraph] Introduction to Pushkin
Russian poet. Born into a noble family, he was influenced by literature since childhood. Entering Tsarskoe Selo School in 1811, the Decembrists who were close to the future were influenced by the bourgeois enlightenment ideas. In 1816, he joined the literary group "Arzamas Society". After graduating from Tsarskoe Selo School in 1817, he worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In 1819, he became a member of the revolutionary peripheral organization "Green Lantern Society". During this period, he successively wrote famous poems "Ode to Freedom", "To Chadayev" and "Village" that praised freedom and opposed tyranny. These poems were widely read among progressive youth, so he was exiled to southern Russia by the tsarist authorities.
During his exile, he wrote poems such as "Dagger", "Caucasus Prisoners", "Brothers of Robbers" and "Fountain of Tears in Bahce Saray". He was imprisoned in the village of Mikhailovsk in 1824. He wrote the long poem "Gypsy", which showed the progressive aristocratic young people in the 1920s seeking a social way out, the historical drama "Boris Godunov" which explored the fate of the people and the role of history, and the poem The novel "Count Nulin".
After the failure of the Decembrist uprising, the new Tsar Nicholas I pardoned Pushkin and recalled him to Moscow. The poet once had illusions about the new tsar, hoping that he would become an enlightened king like Peter the Great. At the same time, he could not forget the old friendship with the Decembrists, and wrote "To the Prisoner of Siberia" and "Arion".
In 1830, he created four small tragedies and "Belkin's Novels" in the village of Belkino. Among them, "The Station Master" was the first work in Russian literature to reflect the fate of "little people".
Finally completed the poetic novel "Eugene Onegin" (1823~1830), which was praised by Belinsky as "the encyclopedia of Russian life". In February 1831, he married Goncharova, the most beautiful woman in Moscow. In May, he moved to Petersburg and still served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He wrote the long narrative poem "The Bronze Horseman" with Peter the Great as the theme, the novella "The Queen of Spades", the fairy tale poem "The Story of the Fisherman and the Goldfish", the novella "Dubrovsky" and other works that reflect the great work of Bugaccio. The uprising novel "The Captain's Daughter". Founded the magazine "Modern Man" in 1836. In February 1837, he was killed by the French exile Dantes in a duel.
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born in Moscow. From 1805 to 1810, Pushkin spent every summer in the village of Zakharov, where his maternal grandmother Maria Alexeevna (née Hannibal) lived. Zakharov Village is located on the outskirts of Moscow, not far from Zveny Gorod is not far. The impression of childhood life can be seen in the long poems "The Monk" (1813) and "Bova" (1814) that Pushkin wrote in his early years, as well as in the "Letter to Eugene" (1815) and "Dreamland" that he wrote at Tsarskoe Selo Middle School. (1816) and other poems are reflected.
Pushkin spent 6 years at Tsarskoye Selo School (established in October 1811, Gate 19). The young poet experienced the Patriotic War of 1812 here.
In early 1815, Pushkin appeared in front of the famous poet G. P. In front of Derchavin, he recited his patriotic poem "Memories of Tsarskoye Selo" (published in the "Russian Museum" magazine that year). At Tsarskoe Selo Middle School, Pushkin also joined the literary society "Arzamas". The society opposes being conservative and retrogressive in literary creation. Pushkin's early poems convey a sentiment that life is fleeting and one might as well enjoy the moment.
In 1816, Pushkin's poetic style underwent major changes. His creations began to take mourning poems and elegy as the main genre. In June 1817, Pushkin graduated from Tsarskoe Selo Middle School and served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the rank of 12th-grade civil servant. He became a regular at the theater, often attended the parties of "Arzamas", and in 1819 joined the dramatic and literary group "Green Lantern Society". The society was led by the "Happiness League" (the secret organization of the Decembrists). Pushkin did not participate in the activities of the Decembrist secret organizations, but he formed deep friendships with many active members of these organizations. He wrote a series of short political poems as well as "To Chadayev" (1818), "Ode to Freedom" (1817), "H. Я． Plyuskovoi" (1818), "Countryside" (1819) and other poems. During these years, he continued to write "Ruslan and Lyudmila". Pushkin had begun composing this long narrative poem as early as Tsarskoye Selo Middle School. This move was also in response to the call of the "Arzamas" society to create a heroic epic of the nation. The work was completed in May 1820. Once published, it immediately aroused strong responses.
In the spring of 1820, he was received by Petersburg Governor M. A． Summoned by Count Miloradovich, who demanded an explanation of a widely circulated political satire. Pushkin faced exile to Siberia. With the efforts of his good friends Karamzin, Chadayev, and Glinka, he was exiled to Yekaterinoslav in the name of job transfer. At the end of May 1820, he went from there to the Caucasus and Crimea for recuperation. In September, he came to his new workplace, Kishinev, where he worked under the governor of Bessarabia Province, И. H． Worked under Intsov. From November 1820 to January 1821, the poet traveled to Kamenka (one of the activity centers of the Decembrists), Kiev and other places. At the end of 1821, he traveled to Moldavia and was later transferred to Ode. Sa work. All these experiences broadened the poet's horizons and enriched his inner world.
If the long narrative poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" is the culmination of Pushkin's academic career under the best Russian poets, then his first "Southern narrative poem" "Prisoners of the Caucasus" is Pushing him to the pinnacle of Russian literature, he deservedly became the number one poet. His other "Southern narrative poem" "The Fountain of Tears of Bah?esaray" came out later. The work looks incomplete and incoherent, as if it contains unfinished words. Therefore, the work has a unique charm and arouses strong emotional resonance in the readers.
At the same time, the poet also tried to get involved in ancient Russian themes, creating the narrative poem "The Robber Brothers" (composed in 1822 and published separately in 1827), the satirical poem "Gavliriad", and planned to create "Mstislav" ” and “Vadim” (the latter was also planned to be a screenplay). As time went by, Pushkin gradually realized that there are objective laws in the world, and no matter how brave your ideas are or how noble your intentions, you cannot shake them. At first, Pushkin felt desperate about this. It was under this emotional distress that he began to write the poetic novel "Evgeny Onegin" in Kishinev in May 1823. At the end of the first chapter of the novel, it is mentioned that the protagonist will travel to a foreign country, which is similar to Byron's poem "Don Juan".
In July 1823, Pushkin was transferred to Odessa. It was during this period that Pushkin began to see himself as a professional litterateur. His works enjoy a high reputation among readers. But Pushkin's difficult situation in Odessa eventually led him to ignore his true status as an exile and submit his resignation. As a result, in July 1824, he was dismissed from public office and escorted to the village of Mikhailovsk, his father's territory in Pskov province, and placed under the guardianship of his parents.
Despite the hardships, the first autumn spent in the village of Mikhailovsk was fruitful for the poet. He completed the "Conversation between the Bookseller and the Poet" which he had begun as early as Odessa. Pushkin expressed his professional beliefs in this poem. He composed "To the Sea" to ponder in a lyrical way the fate of individuals in the era of Napoleon and Byron, and the significant impact of historical responsibility on individual destiny. He also completed the long narrative poem "Gypsy" and continued to write "Yevgeny Onegin". In the autumn of 1824, he resumed writing his autobiographical memoirs (which he had stopped writing when he first arrived in Kishinev), and began to conceive of the historical drama "Boris Godunov" (completed on November 7, 1825, and published as a separate volume in 1831 ) and the humorous narrative poem "Count Nulin".
From the end of 1825 to the beginning of 1826, Pushkin completed the fifth and sixth chapters of "Eugene Onegin". This ends the first part of the novel. During his last days in the village of Mikhailovsk, he composed the poem "The Prophet".
On the night of September 3, 1826, the governor of Pskov Province B. A. Adelkas's messenger rushed to the village of Mikhailovsk and issued an order: Pushkin must go to Moscow accompanied by a confidential messenger, and the new Tsar Nicholas I must summon him. Pushkin arrived in Moscow on September 8 and was immediately received by the Tsar. Thereafter, he was protected by the highest authorities and his works were exempted from ordinary journalistic censorship. It was also during these years that Pushkin became interested in Peter the Great, who advocated reform. Pushkin had already begun writing about his great-grandfather Hannibal, and Peter the Great became the protagonist of this work and the subsequent long narrative poem "Poltava".
Pushkin began to travel back and forth between Moscow and Petersburg, sometimes returning to the village of Mikhailovsk. He once visited the Russian-Turkish battlefield (the Russian-Turkish War broke out in 1828), and often visited the Chinese Embassy. In 1829, he went to the Caucasus alone. During this period, the poet's creation underwent a new transformation. On the one hand, he rationally analyzes reality from a social and historical perspective; on the other hand, he also finds that reasonable explanations for the world around him often cannot be made and is aware of the complexity of reality. This makes his work reveal an uneasy foreboding, full of fantasy and painful and sometimes morbid memories of the past, as well as a strong interest in death.
In 1827, the authorities began to investigate the poem "Andrei Schinye". The poem was written by Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovsk in 1825. The poem mentions reflections on the events of December 14, 1825. In 1828, the authorities came across his satirical narrative poem "Gavliriad" written in Kishinev. After Pushkin's explanation, the highest authorities ordered the investigation of the two poems to be stopped, but the poet began to be secretly monitored by the military police.
Pushkin realized that he had to change his life. In 1830, he proposed to the 18-year-old Moscow beauty Natalia Nikolayevna Goncharova for the second time, and received her consent. In the autumn of that year, he went to the village of Bolkino, his father's territory in Nizhny Novgorod, to go through the procedures to take over the nearby village of Kistenevo, which was a wedding gift from his father.
As a result, it was delayed there for three months due to the cholera epidemic and transportation blockade. These three months were called "Bolkino Autumn" by later generations. They were the climax of Pushkin's creation. He created a series of works, including "Belkin's Novels", "Little Tragedies" series, "Evgen" The last two chapters of "Onegin", "The Cabin at Kolomna", "The History of the Village of Goriusino", "The Story of the Priest and His Long-Servant Barda", in addition to more than 30 short poems and outlines of some review articles.
The works Pushkin created in Bolkino varied in style and rhythm, as if on purpose. However, these works are mainly divided into two styles: one is ups and downs, and the other is peaceful and simple, the two are in sharp contrast. These are the two poles of Pushkin's creation.
"Belkin's Novels" is Pushkin's first complete prose work left to us. He had tried prose writing more than once before. As early as 1821, he determined his principles for prose creation: "Accuracy and conciseness are the main advantages of prose style. It requires not only thoughts but thoughts. If there is no theme, no matter how gorgeous the words are, they will be useless." "This collection of novels is also a unique memoir of an ordinary person who does nothing. It tells the story of the protagonist who heard some extraordinary stories in his opinion.
On February 18, 1831, Pushkin married Goncharova in Moscow. In the spring of the same year, he moved to Petersburg with his wife and rented a villa in Tsarskoe Selo. Pushkin wrote "Onegin's Letter" there and completely completed the creation of the poetic novel "Evgeny Onegin". Pushkin called this novel his "faithful companion" for eight years.
In the late 1920s, Pushkin tried to re-understand reality during the creative process, which required him to have a deeper understanding of history, because by tracing back to history, one can find the source of many fundamental problems in contemporary times. In 1831, he was allowed to work in the archives and regained public office as a "historian" and was assigned to edit the "History of Peter the Great". The terrible cholera epidemic at that time and the events in Poland that brought Russia to the brink of war with Europe made the poet worried about the fate of the country. In this case, Pushkin believed that a strong regime was Russia's savior. His poems "In front of the altar...", "To those who slander Russia", "Borodino Anniversary", etc. all reflect this theme. The last two poems are related to B. B. One of Zhukovsky's poems was separately edited into a pamphlet titled "The Capture of Warsaw." Pushkin was criticized for this, with critics calling the move an act of political betrayal. This has caused his reputation in the West to decline, and his reputation in Russia has also been damaged to a certain extent. At the same time, a Russian writer Ф who was associated with the Third Agency (Political Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency). B. Bulgarin accused him of pursuing liberal ideas.
Since the 1830s, prose style has gradually taken over poetry in Pushkin's creation. The "Collected Novels of Belkin" published in 1831 did not achieve great success. Pushkin began to conceive of a large-scale epic work about the Pugacho Uprising, in which the protagonist was an aristocratic young man who defected to the rebels. Later, due to insufficient understanding of the history of that era, Pushkin temporarily shelved this work and wrote the novel "Dubrovsky" (1832-1833). The protagonist of this novel ends up becoming a killer in order to avenge his father who was deprived of his territory. Although the theme of the story is taken from real life, Pushkin adopted the traditional thrilling story writing method during the creation process, making the plot of the novel ups and downs and climaxes one after another. Perhaps anticipating that the novel would encounter trouble when it came to inspection, Pushkin suddenly stopped writing near the end of the work and began to conceive of a work about Pugachev's uprising. In order to restore the historical truth, he even studied the history of the Peter the Great era and collected public reports about Pugachev himself and historical documents about the peasant uprising (Pugachev's own archives were top secret documents at the time. Reference prohibited). In 1833, he made a special trip to the Volga River and Ural regions in order to witness the battlefields of that year and listen to the legends about Pugachev with his own ears. He arrived at Orenburg via Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, and Simbirsk, and from there along the Yaik River (renamed the Ural River after the peasant uprising) to Uralsk.
In the autumn of 1833, he returned to Bolkino.
This "Bolkino Autumn" was half as long as the "Bolkino Autumn" of 1830, but its weight was no less significant. In one and a half months, Pushkin finished writing "The History of Pugachev's Uprising" and "Song of the Lady of Slavia", and created the long narrative poem "Angelo" and "The Bronze Horseman" and the fairy tale poem "The Story of the Fisherman and the Goldfish" " and "The Story of the Dead Princess and the Seven Warriors", the eight-line poem "Autumn", and began to write the novel "The Queen of Spades".
In November 1833, Pushkin returned to Petersburg. At this time, he realized that he had to change his life, and first he had to get rid of the authorities' surveillance of him.
On the eve of 1834, Nicholas I appointed Pushkin as a chamberlain. Pushkin was in a dilemma, and the only way out was to resign as soon as possible. But his family expenses are increasing. His last book was more than a year ago, and those publications did not bring him much income. The study of history took up most of his time, and the salary of a historiographer was pitiful. Only the publication of new works could improve his situation, but the publication of new works had to be approved by the tsar. His narrative poem "The Bronze Horseman" had previously been banned from publication.
In order to repay short-term debts, Pushkin finished another prose novel "The Queen of Spades" ahead of schedule in early 1834. The novel was published in the "Reading Library" magazine. This magazine offers the highest remuneration, and pays it quickly. Pushkin began to compose "The Queen of Spades" when he was in the village of Bolkino. He originally planned to compare this work with B. Ф. Odoevsky and H. B. Gogol's Secret Service released a three-person anthology.
In 1834, Pushkin submitted his resignation and asked to be allowed to continue to access the archives because he needed to access relevant information when writing "The History of Peter the Great". The resignation was granted, but the request to continue working in the Archives was denied. He had to ask Zhukovsky to help mediate. The authorities later gave him five years' salary in recognition of his law-abiding service. But these five years of salary could not cover half of Pushkin's debt. With no salary income, Pushkin could only make a living by writing. But in Russia, professional writers are different from ordinary people. His income depends on reader demand. From the end of 1834 to the beginning of 1835, Pushkin published several collections, including "Yevgeny Onegin" (this poetic novel was published separately in chapters from 1825 to 1832), a collection of poems, a collection of novellas, and a collection of narrative poems. . But these books are not easy to sell. Critics unanimously believe that Pushkin's talent has deteriorated, saying that the Pushkin era in Russian literary history has ended. In the autumn of 1834 (in the village of Bolkino) and in the autumn of 1835 (in the village of Mikhailovsk), Pushkin made no achievements in literary creation.
The majority of readers are saddened by Pushkin's exhaustion of talents, but they do not know that Pushkin's best works were not allowed to be published. He has been conceiving a rich "History of Peter the Great" for many years and is writing a novel about the Pugachev uprising. The poet's creative thinking at this time has undergone fundamental changes. The lyric poet Pushkin is becoming a "self-entertaining poet." He constantly tried to create in prose style, but the results could not satisfy him completely, so many works only stayed in the conception, outline and draft stages. Pushkin was constantly exploring new literary forms and looking for a way out that could solve many problems at once. He founded a magazine called "Modern Man", which published H. B． Gogol, A. И. Turgenev, B. A． Zhukovsky, П． A． Wiazemsky. However, the magazine was not well received by readers. At that time, Russian readers were not accustomed to such serious journals that alluded to reality and criticized current ills. The magazine only had 600 subscribers, and its circulation income could not cover neither the printing costs nor the manuscript fees, so it suffered serious losses. In the last two issues of "Modern Man" magazine during Pushkin's lifetime, more than half of the space was published by Pushkin's works, but most of the works were not signed. The fourth issue of "Modern Man" published the novel "The Captain's Daughter".
Also in order to inspire future generations, Pushkin wrote the concluding poem "I built a monument for myself..." (August 1836), whose style returned to the style that originated from Horace. classicism tradition.
In the winter of 1837, the poet had a conflict with George Dantes. The latter was introduced to serve in the Russian Guards by his adoptive father, Dutch Minister Gecklen.
The quarrel culminated in a duel. In the duel on January 27 (Russian calendar), the poet was seriously injured and died two days later. He was buried in Petersburg.
Pushkin occupies a lofty position in the history of Russian literature. He has won the title of "Father of Russian Literature" with his outstanding works.
Russian politician and literary critic Bellins Key said: "Only from Pushkin can there be Russian literature, because the lifeblood of Russian life beats in his poetry."
------------- --------------------------Important personal masterpiece-------------------------- -----------------------------
Verse novel: "Eugene Onegin"
p>Novella: "The Captain's Daughter"
Short story collection: "Belkin's Novels"
Drama: "Boris Godunov"
Fairy tale poems: "The Story of the Fisherman and the Goldfish"
Lyrical poems: "To the Sea", "Ode to Freedom", "To Chadayev"
Long poems: "The Bronze Horseman", "Captives of the Caucasus"