One, the origin of the family name
1. Ni is from the Spring and Autumn period of the placebo state, placebo state and divided from the time of the state of Zhueming, and Zhueming was the Zhou Wu Wang sealed to the ancient Zhuanxu emperor's descendants, it is projected that the later generations of the people surnamed Ni, naturally, is also the most glorious descendants of the Yellow Emperor. Now, in Teng County and Yixian County of Shandong Province, there are places called Place City, according to the evidence, these two places are the seat of Place State in the Spring and Autumn Period, of course, it is also the original birthplace of the later generations of people surnamed Ni. When did the name of the place change to place to avoid hatred, and then add the word "人" to become the name of Ni? Due to the lack of detailed documentation, it is still impossible to determine. However, according to the history of the Ni name, it seems that the Ni family name should have been obtained at the latest 2000 years ago in the Han Dynasty, because there was a person named Ni Kuan at that time. Later, during the Southern Dynasties, there was a governor of Jiangyin named Niqi, so it can be deduced that the change of the surname of the Place Clan to Ni was roughly during the Han Dynasty.
2. The origin of the Ni family
The Ni family came from the Cao family name, the state of Zhuanguo and the state of Ruolu, and was descended from Emperor Zhuanxu.
According to legend, Emperor Zhuan Xu had a grandson named Wu Hui, who was a fire master at the time of Emperor ?u. Wu Hui's son, Lu Feng, married a daughter of the Gifang clan and had six sons. Among them, the fifth son was named An, with the surname of Cao. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty, Cao An's descendant, Cao Zhuo, was appointed in the state of Zhu Ming (near present-day Qufu in Shandong Province). During the Warring States period, the state was destroyed by King Xuan of Chu, and his descendants went to the euphony and adopted the name Zhu as their family name. Cao Cao was the founder of the Zhu family name. This branch of the Zhu family lived in Xiangxian County, Pei, Jiangsu Zhu.
Around the 27th century BC, the Huaxia people in the Central Plains of China began to establish the earliest state power, a kind of sheikhdom, and produced one of the earliest monarchs in Chinese history. This monarch was called the "Yellow Emperor".
Huangdi's family name was Gongsun, and his father was the ruler of the state of Ursus in the area of Xinzheng, Henan Province, named Shaodian. His father was the ruler of the Yuxiong Kingdom in the area of Xinzheng, Henan Province.
Legend has it that, after her marriage to Shao Dian, she was walking in a field in the countryside one night, looking up at the sky and admiring the stars. Suddenly the sky issued a 10,000-foot light, such as lightning, like a silver snake, circling around the seven stars of the Big Dipper. Finally, the light fell from the sky and landed on the body of the attached treasure. Attachment Bao only felt a sudden movement in her abdomen, and later became pregnant. With the general female pregnancy is different, attached to the treasure is 24 months pregnant, only in a place called Xuanyuan (in Henan Xinzheng northwest, said in Shandong Qufu) gave birth to a holy baby, he is the entire Chinese nation *** with the ancestor - Huangdi.
Huangdi initially took his father's surname Gongsun, and inherited the title of the Xiong Clan, and because he was born in Xuanyuan, he was named "Xuanyuan". Later, Huangdi became a tribal leader, and his tribe mainly operated in the Ji River basin, so he took the surname Ji.
The rise of Huangdi's Ji tribe coincided with the decline of the Yandi tribe, which ruled the Central Plains and was related to Huangdi by blood. The Yellow Emperor took advantage of this great opportunity to unite with other tribes in the Central Plains, "Zhen De Xiu Bing", organized a powerful army, and then launched - a fierce attack on the Yandi tribe. After an unprecedented bloody battle, the Yellow Emperor defeated the western Yandi tribe and "killed the Yandi and took over their land". Immediately thereafter, the Yellow Emperor and led the annihilation of the East Chi tribe, and after a series of north-south war, for the first time united most of the primitive clans, tribes and ethnic groups on the ground of China, the establishment of the Central Chinese nation's earliest primitive state power - Sheikhdom.
Huangdi naturally became the monarch of this emerging early state power and was honored as the emperor. The various clans and tribes conquered at that time obeyed Huangdi's orders and became his subjects under his rule. In turn, the Yellow Emperor assigned his many sons, cronies and nobles to the four directions to supervise and manage his subjects under the sun. Over time, the relationship between Huangdi and the primitive tribes of the sheikhdoms evolved from a leader-subject relationship to a father-son kinship relationship. The members of the tribes recognized Huangdi as their father, and their descendants and the various family names they derived from also traced back to Huangdi as their ancestor. In this way, Huangdi became not only the family name of Ji, but also the great ancestor of the entire Chinese nation, including the Ni clan.
Huangdi's sheikhdoms ruled over nearly 10,000 small states, in fact many primitive tribes, in the world at that time. He developed many systems, and the era of his rule was a model of civilization that has been celebrated by Chinese politicians through the ages for thousands of years. According to the Huainanzi and other books, the Yellow Emperor's era, the Central China region, the wind and rain, the harvest, the people happy and long life; social stability, the strong do not override the weak, the crowd does not bully the widow, the noble and the lowly equal treatment; the law is simple and uncomplicated, the officials impartial, the king and the ministers of the top and bottom of the same heart; and even appeared in the road is not, the night is not closed, the city is not shut down, the Eup no thieves, the people are humble each other, the races peacefully*** in peace with the peaceful scene.
Legend has it that Huangdi reigned for 100 years, lived to be 111 years old before he died, and was buried in Qiaoshan, whose tomb is the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor in North Qiaoshan, Huangling County, Shaanxi Province today.
Huangdi married 4 wives and had 25 sons. Among them, the main consort tired ancestor gave birth to 2 sons: Chang Yi and Xuan Xiang. The Chang Yi branch, living in Ruoshui - present-day Moqu in Qinghai, Ruoerge in Sichuan and the upper reaches of the Minjiang River - belt.
The authoritative classic on surnames, Yuanhe Surname Compilation, clearly states, "Zhu, after Zhuan Xu."
Di Zhuan Xu, surnamed Ji, name Zhuan Xu, No. Gao Yang, belongs to the Yellow Emperor, Chang Yi one.
Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor's eldest son, Chang Yi, was demoted to the Southwest Ruoshui Basin as a vassal because of his low talent and virtue, which was not enough to inherit the throne. After being transferred to Ruoshui, Chang Yi married Chang Ma, the daughter of the chief of the local indigenous Shushan clan, and started a family, established a business and settled down here. According to the "Da Dai Li - Emperor Lineage" and "The Century of Emperors", Chang Yi's consort, Chang Ma, also known as the female pivot, saw a vision in the sky one night of a "Yao Guang star crossing the moon like a rainbow" and was pregnant, and later gave birth to Zhuan Xu, a distant ancestor of the Zhu family. However, the "Classic of Mountains and Seas - Hai Nei Jing" has a different record of this, that Zhuan Xu is the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, the grandson of Chang Yi, and said that Zhuan Xu's father was Han Liu. The Classic of Mountains and Seas" is a strange book for the ancient southern people to remember the southern things, when the record is more real and believable.
Zhuan Xu, like his ancestor Huang Di, is also a great sage in Chinese history. He was born in Ruoshui, and when he was a teenager, he moved eastward along the Yellow River Basin with his tribe, then joined the Shaohao Dongyi tribe, and settled in the area of Pansun (present-day Qufu County, Shandong Province), and was also known as Pansun's. Zhuan Xu's name was "Zhuan Xu". Zhuan Xu was a talented young man, and at the age of 10, he became the right-hand man of Shaohao, the leader of the Dongyi tribe, and at the age of 20, he succeeded Shaohao and became the leader of the Dongyi tribal chiefdoms, establishing the capital of Pansang. Thereafter, Zhuan Xu led his tribe to migrate westward into the Central Plains. Here, Zhuan Xu first fought with the ****Gong tribes from the northwest and finally drove the ****Gongs to the south. Then, Zhuan Xu annexed a large number of Central China and Xia group 's small states, and finally united the four sides, inherited his ancestor Huangdi's throne, did the Central China and Xia sheikhs' monarch, moved the capital of the Central China and Xia Diqiu (present-day Zhuan Xu City, southwest of Puzhou City, Henan Province). The Emperor's Century", "Emperor's View" and other books record that Zhuan Xu in 2514 BC ascended the throne, ruling for 78 years, died at the age of 98, buried in the East County Puyang Dunqiu city south of Guangyang Li (now Liangzhuang Township, Neihuang County, Henan Province). The Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas) says that he was buried at Perch Mountain (or Wushu or Panyu) in the upper reaches of the Han River. The Spring and Autumn Annals also recorded that Zhuan Xu Gao Yang's had passed the throne for 20 generations and ruled the Central Plains for 350 years.
After Zhuan Xu collapsed, he was honored as one of the five emperors of ancient China, and was also honored as the god of the north among the gods of the five directions, so the canonical texts also called him the North Emperor and the Black Emperor.
From Zhuan Xiang to Yan An--Ni's ancient ancestor, Zhuan Xu, the Northern Emperor, married Zou Tu's and Teng Huang's two wives, and gave birth to a lot of children, which are recorded in the history of Si Jiu Ji, Luo Ming, Poor Cicada, Jiyu, 'Can't, Thin About, Bo Suit, Prayer Beast, etc. Among them, the secondary Emperor Zhuan Xu's son was a father, and the father of his son was a father, and the father of the father's son was a daughter. Zhuan Xu's second concubine, Teng Huang Shi, also known as Lu, gave birth to 2 sons: Jiu Ji and Yu. The name of her two sons, Jing and Yu. Jing was also written in some history books as "Bo Weighing", and the character Bo Suit. The name of her son was Lao Tong (老童), which is also written as "卷章" in some historical books. Lao Tong married Jiao Fu, a woman from the Gen Shui clan, and gave birth to Chong Li and Wu Hui.
The descendants of Zhuan Xu, who called themselves Wu Hui, were not able to succeed Zhuan Xu's throne due to the fact that they were born of a concubine, and gradually migrated south to the south of the country when the brothers Chong Li and Wu Hui migrated.
In ancient China, the names of tribal leaders were also often the names of tribes. Lao Tong's oldest son, Chong Li, was named after his tribe because he served as the chief of the Chong Li tribal regime. As a descendant of one of Zhuan Xu's branches, Chong Li was appointed by Emperor ?i?u, the then ruler of the Central Chinese chiefdoms, to be the Fire Officer - an official position in charge of fire for the chiefdoms' regimes in ancient times. In ancient times, the name of the fire official was Zhu Rong, so people also used the name of the official instead of the name, calling Chong Li as Zhu Rong.
However, Chongli was often ostracized by Emperor ?ü's group. At that time, Emperor ?ài sent Zhu Rong Chong Li to the south to suppress the powerful rebel tribes **** Gong Clan, but later on the pretext of poor pacification, killed Chong Li, and reappointed Chong Li's younger brother, Wu Hui, to take over the post of fire Zheng Zhu Rong. In this way, Wu Hui is also known as Zhu Rong clan.
Wu Hui, who replaced his brother as Zhu Rong, continued to lead his tribe south to fight against the **** Gong Clan. Later, he finally suppressed the rebellion of the ****Gong Clan, but Wu Hui died in the south as well, and was buried at Zhu Rong Peak (present-day Hengshan, Hunan Province) in the south at the sun of Hengshan Mountain. After Zhu Rong's death, he was honored as the Fire God, the auxiliary of Yan Di in the south among the legendary Five Square Emperors. In the history of Ni, Zhu Rong's status was far inferior to that of the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu, Yan An and Cao Man.
After Zhu Rong Wu Hui's death, most of his descendants and clan members returned north to the Central Plains. Later, the Zhu Rong tribe continued to split into many branches, forming the famous "Zhu Rong eight surnames" in history.
Zhu Rong Wu Hui gave birth to a son, Lu Feng. Lu terminal also has an important position in the history of the Ni family, the inscription of the "young bell," that is, "the grandson of Lu terminal, Zhu Gong (full power) for the syncope and the bell," and thus the state of Zhu, the Zhu family, the Ni family, all claimed to be the descendants of the Lu terminal.
Lu finally married a peculiar lady named Simply Women (also known as Ze), who came from a southwestern tribe called the Gifang clan. This peculiar woman was pregnant with a child, pregnant for 3 years (some say 11 years) long has not been born, so did the world's first artificial Caesarean section, actually took out six sons. 3 from the left side of the body, 3 from the right side of the body. Lu's six sons were: Fan, Hui Lian, (Zhu Qian), Lai Yan, Yan An and Ji Lian. Six brothers after picking up all sealed borders to establish a state to open the family name, which Fan Feng Kunwu, descendants to form the surname Ji; Huilian Feng Senhu, descendants to form the surname Dong; raft Feng Dapeng, descendants to form the surname Peng; Laiyin Feng Kuai, descendants to form the altar surname; Yan'an Feng Cao, descendants to form the surname Cao; Jilian Feng Chu, descendants to form the surname Mi. Historically, these six surnames, together with the Bao surname from the Peng surname and the Pang surname from the Cao surname, are known as the "Zhu Rong eight surnames".
The Ni Clan originated from the Cao Clan, one of the "Zhu Rong Eight Clans". Therefore, today's Ni Clan can be called a branch of the Cao Zhu Clan; the Ni Clan and the Zhu and Cao Clans of today's China belong to the same family in terms of bloodline.
The originator of the Cao surname, Yan An, was also known as An, also known as An Pui. According to the Ziyang Zhu Jian'an Genealogy - Surnames, as a descendant of Zhu Rong Wu Hui, Yan An served in the Yu Shun Dynasty of the Central Chinese nation, and was an auxiliary minister of Emperor Shun. Later, Yen An was granted the surname Cao by Emperor Shun for his service to Emperor Shun and established the state of Cao.
Since Emperor Shun reigned from about 2255 BC (bingxu) to 2206 BC (kiyou), the surname Cao was formed around the late 23rd century BC. The character Cao is related to jujube, and the land of Cao was named after its abundance of jujubes. According to expert research, Yan An's original Cao land was in Cao Yang, east of Lingbao County, Shaanxi Province, which is famous for producing jujubes.
Around the Xia Dynasty, the Cao people were forced to move east to the ancient Cao City in the south of Shanxi County, Henan Province, due to the Xia Dynasty's conquests; and during the Shang Dynasty, they moved even further east to the northwestern part of Dingtao County, Shandong Province, which is the land of Cao State in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The state of Cao, built after Yan An, survived for more than 1,000 years, and was destroyed at the end of the Shang Dynasty after several migrations. After the fall of Cao, the descendants of Yan An, the Cao clan, still took the name of their former state, i.e. the name of Yan An's fiefdom, as their family name, the Cao clan. The Cao clan, Zhu clan, Zhu clan, Zhu clan, Ni clan, Yan clan, Zou clan and other surnames originated from the Cao clan of the Xia and Shang dynasties.
Surname by country
邾-spider的传人，倪氏， 邾的分支。
Most of the Zhu clans today, their ancestors did not start out with the surname Zhu, but with the surname ?.
Back in ancient times, there was a clan living on the Shandong Peninsula. They worshipped spiders for a variety of inexplicable reasons, and believed that all members of the clan were descendants of this sacred spider and were blessed by it. Therefore, they worshiped the spider as the ancestral god of their clan, used it as the clan's totem and emblem, and called the clan "邾"。
The ancient Zhuzhi clan was mainly concentrated in the area of Zou County, Shandong Province. They also called the place where they lived as "邾"(邾). Thus, in the area of Zou County in present-day Shandong Province left the name of the city (26 miles south of present-day Zou County), the name of Shandong hills (also known as Zou Mountain, Mount Zou, in Zou County, 32 miles south) and other places.
In short, the ancients because of the worship of spiders, there is the name of the Zhu clan, Zhu Shan, Zhu Shui, Zhu Cheng, Zhu Guo, but also the main body of the Zhu family name in later generations, and Cao Feng Zhu, but also inherited the spider totem of the ancient Zhu people, so we can think that most of today's Zhu clan, is the heir to the spider.
邾侠 - the founding great ancestor of the Zhu surname, the distant ancestor of the Ni clan.
"Ziyang Zhu's Jian'an genealogy - the origin of the surname" records that 邾侠 is the 27th generation grandson of Yan'an, the founder of the Cao surname. Yann An gave birth to Jun Lian, Jun Lian gave birth to Cai Bai, Cai Bai gave birth to Ji Zha, Ji Zha gave birth to Zhu Ting, and after Zhu Ting, he passed on to Zhu Man for 21 generations.
In the 11th century BC, Chinese history witnessed the Zhou-Wu Revolution, in which the Zhou regime in the West annihilated the Shang Empire in the Middle Kingdom and established the Zhou Dynasty. After King Wu destroyed the Shang, he practiced a famous policy of granting the nobles of the same surname along with a wide range of vassals of different surnames. At that time, the state of Cao, founded by the descendants of Yan An, had already been destroyed. King Wu conquered the Shang and seized the old land of Cao, which was converted into the fief of his younger brother Ji Shuzhen, i.e., the Western Zhou state of Cao (present-day Dingtao County, Shandong Province). At the same time, King Wu also searched for the remnants of the ancient Cao State, and got Yannan's descendant Cao Man, so he sealed him to Zhuanyuan (present-day Zouxian, Shandong) to follow Zhuanxu, Yannan's incense. Historical records show that the state of Cao created by Zhuanzhuan Man was only a small tribal state with a circumference of only 30 miles. At that time, the state was only a vassal state of the state of Lu, and all of its internal and external affairs and state affairs, in fact, had to listen to the will of the state of Lu, a large neighboring state in the north.
The state of 邾国 was originally the home of the Eastern Barbarians, and there was a spider-worshipping clan living here. After the Shang and Zhou Dingge, ? land for the Zhou Dynasty to capture. After Cao Man sealed the land, he established a clan state here. When Cao Man was conferred the title, he led his Cao clan to move with him, but the local indigenous Zhu clan was still the dominant one. Thereafter, the Cao surname and the indigenous Zhuzhu clan formed a new nation, the Zhuzhu nation, through a long period of integration. They have inherited the spider totem of the people, so they take the name of the country as the name of Zhu, with Zhu as the clan, and at the same time, they have inherited the blood mark of the Cao people - Cao's surname, which became one of the main members of the Chinese nation in later generations of the Cao family name Zhu clan.
The name of the 邾国, through the legend and writing "邾娄", and the Warring States period is commonly known as "邹" or "zu". Experts and scholars, the results of the study, think that the local language of Lou is the local language, the name is the right name, and Zou, Zou is used after the Warring States homophonic characters, and Yan Yan Yan and so on the same country.
邾侠 pioneered the state of Zhu, and later had a large change and development, and derived from a small Zhu and abusive state. He was also honored as the great ancestor of the Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Yan, Zou, Lou and other surnames for his pioneering work.
There are many ways to write the character "邾" in 邾国, but all of them look like spiders, so it is clear that the ancestors of 邾国, a tribe with the surname of Cao, used to use spiders as the totem of the tribe. After the founding of the state, "spider" was used as the name of the state, which was later changed to "邾"(邾), which was pronounced in two ways in ancient times for the sake of convenience. In the book of "Gongyang Zhuan" made by the Qi people, "邾 "字读为 "邾娄"，the book of "Zuo Zhuan" made by the Lu people read as "Zou". Why are there these two readings? This is because the ancients read the word in two kinds of sound and slow sound. If read into the slow voice, is "邾" and "Lou" sound, read "邾娄"；If read into the sharp voice, it becomes "邾 "or "Zou". These two readings in the ancient books were written as "邾国" or "邹国", in fact, refers to the same two countries.
邾国 in the Western Zhou states can only be counted as a small state, from the beginning of the state, it is a vassal state of Lu, the area is only a few dozen miles. Its territory east to the present Feixian city west, west to the present Yutai County northeast of the realm of the north shore of Lake Dushanhu, south to the present Teng County, the village of Anshang, north to the present Zouxian County near the city. At the beginning of the establishment of the state, the power of the state was too weak to compete with other big countries, therefore, it did not leave its deeds in the history books, and there is only a simple lineage for us to refer to. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, starting from Cao Man as the first ruler, its lineage was: Cao Man - Fei - Cheng - Che - Aux. -General Xin": - Zi Fu - Yi Fu Yan. Since Yifu Yan, the history of the state of Zhu-mu can be found sporadically in the history books, and it was already in the Spring and Autumn Period. After several generations of hard work, the state had begun to be powerful, but it was still a vassal of the state of Lu. The successor, Yifu Yan, was a dim king, who reused treacherous officials and made a mess of the state, and his politics were extremely corrupt. Later, he passed the throne to his younger brother, Shuji. Shuji was very wise and unwilling to take over his brother's power, so he only served as the king for a short period of time and passed the throne to Xiafu, the son of Yifu Yan. After Xia Fu became the king of the state, he sealed his elder brother You to Utopia (east of Teng County, present-day Shandong Province), and founded the state of Xiaozhu. The state of Xiaomian was passed on for fourteen generations before it was destroyed by King Xuan of Chu in the middle of the Warring States period. At the same time, Xiafu also sealed Shuju to Wushu (present-day southeast of Tengxian, Shandong Province) and established the Wushu State. In the twenty-first year of Duke Zhaogong of Lu (521 BC), Hei Zhi, the ruler of the state of Wuxu, surrendered to Lu, and the state died. The Xia father divided into You and Shuju state, so that the state of the state has two vassal states around.
邾友与小邾国
In history, besides the state of Zhu Zi, which was founded by Cao Man, there was another state of Zhu Zi, which was separated from Zhu Zi and founded by Zhu You.
At that time, Duke Yifu Yan had two sons, the first son was called Xiafu, and the second son was called You. You, the original name of Zhuyu, the word You, and also the word You father, there are bronze vessels such as Zhuyu father li passed down to the world. According to the documents, back then, Zhuyong Yan was meritorious to the Zhou royal family, so King Xuan of Zhou sealed Zhuyong Yan's youngest son to Na (5 miles east of present-day Tengxian in Shandong Province, and said to be 50 miles south-east of present-day Tengxian), to set up another small vassal state.
Place was only a fief of Zhuanyou at the beginning, but it gradually developed and became independent from Zhuanyou and became a new small state. It was a descendant and vassal of Zhuyou, but at the same time it was also a vassal of Lu. The place name of the feudal state of Zhuyou, at first, did not have a state name, and the descendants of Zhuyou still called themselves Zhuyin (邾人), but the people of the time and the historians of the later days thought that this Zhuyou was not the old Zhuyou, and was derived from the old Zhuyou, and therefore added a small as a difference, called Zhuyou (小邾), also called Zhuyin Lou (小邾娄).
Although the state of Xiaozhu was founded by Zhuanyou, Zhuanyan is the founder of Xiaozhu. According to the records, Zhuyou had two sons, who were later divided into two branches: the first son succeeded to the throne as the king of Xiaomengguo, and the second son, Zhu Shuang, went to the state of Lu to serve as an official of the lower doctor. The descendants of the first son, with the name of his grandfather, called the Yan clan, which is the origin of the Yan clan in China in later generations.
When his grandson, Zhu You, built the state of Xiao Zhu Zi, his grandson, Zhu Lai, was recognized by all the great powers of China because of his many pilgrimages to the state of Lu, and because he had followed Duke Huan of Qi to serve the king for many times, he was formally granted the title of Viscount by the royal family of Zhou, and became the equal of his mother state, Zhu Zi.
The lineage of Xiaomang after 邾黎来 is not well documented. We only know that the grandson of 邾黎来 was Duke 小邾穆公, and the grandson of Duke 小邾穆公 was Duke 小邾惠公. After Duke Hui-Duke of Xiao-ming passed on for 6 more generations, the Xiao-ming state died. Therefore, Xiaozhu had 14 generations since Zhuyou***, and was destroyed by King Xuan of Chu around the middle of the Warring States period together with Zhu Zi.
After the destruction of Xiaoban, some of the descendants took the name of the state as place name, and changed their name to Ni.
Two, the county hall
County - Qianxian County Qianxian County was established in Han Dynasty, which is now in Gaocheng County, Shandong Province.
Some of the ancestral halls of the Ni Clan:
Thousand乘堂 经锄堂 锄经堂 带经堂 怡德堂 世德堂
承德堂 合一堂 贞一堂 Jianbentang 报本堂崇本堂
爱日堂 宁远堂 永思堂 集义堂 继善堂 乐善堂
雍睦堂 遗安堂 诒堂 培德堂 种德堂 敬业堂
宝经堂 敦义堂 Zhongxing Hall Dunlun Hall Jiehou Hall Yude Hall
Eigu Hall Lushen Hall Ningyi Hall Yishantang
Three places of interest
Ni Kuan Tomb
Located in the former Garden Township, Guangrao County, Dongying City, Shandong Province, Tianwang Village, about 500 meters south. The tomb is a brick and stone structure, the existing sealing soil is about 3 meters high, about 40 meters in diameter, covering an area of more than 1,200 square meters. In the past, the cemetery was covered with ancient trees, quiet scenery, the old records as one of the eight scenic spots in Guangrao, there is "Ni Tsuka Autumn Smoke" of the metaphor. According to the Book of Han, "Ni Kuan, a man of a thousand years" (i.e. present-day Shicun, Guangrao County). (i.e. the person of Ni Jia Village, Shicun Township, Guangrao County), in the fourth year of Yuan Ding of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (113 years before the Han Dynasty), Ni Kuan was appointed as the right internal historian, and later became the imperial historian for nine years, during which he was highly appreciated by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and had accompanied the Emperor to seal the Zen Mount Taishan. Ni Kuan was a learned scholar who studied the Book of Shang, and was chosen by his county to be a doctor. He studied under Ouyang Sheng (the founder of Ouyang Shangshu), a native of the same county, and Kong Anguo, a renowned doctor of Confucianism. In the ninth year of Emperor Wu's reign (104 BC), he was ordered to work with Sima Qian and others*** to finalize the "Taichu Calendar", which corrected the errors of the calendar in use at that time and contributed to the development of the Chinese calendar. He was not only well versed in scripture and calendar, but also good at literature and rhetoric, and there are nine articles of Ni Kuan, two articles of Ni Kuan's Fugue (in the Book of Han), and Ode to the Seal of Ch'an. Ni Kuan died in the second year of Tai Chou (103 years ago), and was buried in his hometown, which was announced in October 1976 as the Tomb of Ni Kuan, the founder of the Ni Clan - a provincial-level important cultural relics protection unit in Shandong Province, located in Tianwang Village, the former Garden Township, Guangrao County, Dongying City, Shandong Province, about 500 meters to the south. In the past, the ancient trees, quiet scenery, the old records as one of the eight major scenic spots in Guangrao, there is a "Ni Mound Autumn Smoke" of the metaphor. In 2005, Ni Kuan's tomb has been repaired and renovated, with a pavilion and an ancestral hall. I hope the world's children and grandchildren of the Ni family to go to pay their respects!
Anhui Province, key cultural relics protection unit: Ni's ancestral hall - Zhenyidang
"Zhenyidang" is Qimen Zhukou Ni's Zhenyi school of ancestral halls, located in the center of the village, sitting north to south, covering an area of more than 1,200 square meters, is a three-room ancestral hall. Seven rooms of the ancestral hall. According to the documents, "ching a hall" was built in Ming, Qing soldiers into the customs, destroyed by fire, Kangxi dec ugly (1673) rebuilt, XuanTong two years (1910) on the sixteenth day of the first month due to firecrackers caused a fire, in addition to the door of the "dao shi towel", all destroyed, in 1912, the clansman ni shangshi, a clan member of the village, is located in the center of the village, north to south, covers an area of more than 1200 square meters, is a three into seven rooms. In 1912, the clan Ni Shangrong donated large sums of money to rebuild.
"Zhenyidang" with fine materials, large scale, beautifully carved, the entire ancestral hall supported by 108 pillars, taking the thirty-six Big Dipper, seventy-two earthly meanings, known as "Huizhou Republic of China's first ancestral hall". According to the introduction of the village people, the spine of the east and west walls of the hall is made of a tree, and the ridge of the hall is 12.2 meters high, which can be seen as a tree as high as more than 30 meters high, and the tree circumference is more than 2 meters thick, which can be called the world's first pillar.
Sadamichi Hall square in front of the door on both sides of the 18 pairs of huge flagpole drums, the scale is spectacular, a pair of flagpole drums is the islet mouth of Ni's chastity of a school of pride, a clan medal. Ancient Huizhou traditional clan concepts, once the clan achieved fame, take to set up a house of cards or tree flagpole method to honor the ancestor, to show the descendants. According to reports, Ni's family, descendants of the examination of the above merit, you can tree in front of the ancestral temple a pair of flagpoles. Because the flagpole is made of wood, now no longer exists, but the stone drums still survive. These flagpole drums are large and small, some of which are also engraved with the word "scholar". In the "Cultural Revolution", the Ni clan to protect these flagpole drums from destruction, they were moved to the river in front of the village, buried with sediment. Until a few years ago, "Zhenyidang" was listed as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit, after confirming that it will not be destroyed, the villagers dug out the flagpole drums from the river one after another to move back to place the original. 18 pairs of flagpole drums, 18 people or scholar, a small mountain village, so many talents, it is evident that this is a hidden dragon and dragon feng shui treasure land.
"Zhenyidang" is divided into the front, middle and back of the three, surrounded by a fire wall. The main entrance is outside the fireproof wall, and the outer entrance hall is not made into a gate and eight walls of water bricks, but is made into the shape of a "Taoist scarf", with a sloping roof, and a three-room, five-beam structure in the inner view. And the two ends of the gatehouse each has an ear door, is the left and right sides of the channel, the front is spacious, the gable in the middle of the beam square hanging on the "Shangshu" Yu plaque, the door is open in the central axis, there are a pair of drums on both sides of the stone, carving and decorating a dragon and phoenix, unicorn to send a son and other patterns, the head of the door hangs a "Ni's Ancestral Hall "Plaque.
From the gate into the ancestral hall forward, forward for a slope of water, and the left and right two compartments surrounded by a wide patio courtyard, belonging to the traditional Huizhou building "four water to the hall" practice, the middle of the patio is a stone avenue leading to the hall in front of the platform. In the event of major festivals or celebrations, in advance of the stage play, not only to educate the clan, but also to pay homage to the ancestors.
The center is the main hall. The main hall in the ancestral hall building called the Hall, is the main body of the ancestral hall, spacious and cool, is the spring and fall two sacrifices and celebrations held in the place. The main hall for the north and south of the two slopes of the big house, the hall has ten oversized wooden columns, columns on the frame beams, the use of lifting the beam structure, so that the hall appears spacious columns, also known as the "reduction of columns made" process. The ceiling of the hall adopts the two practices of XuanDing (scrolling roof) and RenZi XuanDing, which makes the interior space bigger. Carved on both ends of the beam with an elephant nose pattern, because of the elephant and "phase" homophonic, meaning "feudal lords and ministers". Beam on the shelf of the short columns have "square scarf", "lotus" and other beautiful wood carving column bracket, lotus bracket indicates that the lotus pedestal "ascension to immortality". "Ching a hall" plaque hanging high above the hall on the wall of the master. Hall on both sides of a compartment, for storage of sacrificial vessels and so on. Hall east and west sides of the hall and the hall in front of the patio corridor, each has a side door to the outdoors, is the two evacuation outlets. The main hall and the corridor of the gable using arch eaves, arch set dense, about 3 meters apart, in addition to the two columns, but also when the heart of a, almost connected to a wreath, very Zhuang Guan style, especially the main hall before the gable end of the two columns on the head of the two arches, large, five high, out of the jump, the arch in the middle of the two outstretched "anon" to show the Ni family's honorable status. The base of the arch at the outer end of the carving of a small elephant, the base of the bottom is an upside-down wooden lioness. Hall at both ends of the fire wall above the sloping roof, and with the height of the roof tumbled into three steps, the head of the wall like a high horse head. Corridor and the main hall roof articulation, there is also a section of powder wall for fire partition.
The back is the bedchamber, two-story structure, each with a compartment at each end, the east storage sedan chair, the west side of the stairwell, you can climb the stairs to see. Ancestral hall after the generally known as the bedchamber, or bedchamber, bedchamber, is dedicated to the ancestors of the place, is the most sacred place in the ancestral hall, so, the bedchamber is the highest of the three ancestral hall into a building. Although it is not as spacious as the hall, but in order to emphasize its supreme status, the foundation was raised and built into a two-story structure.
There is a pond under the patio in front of the bedchamber, which is called "Tianchi". The pool in front of the bedchamber has the meaning of gathering wealth in feng shui, and it is used for fire prevention. The "Tianchi" of "Zhenyidang" is unique among the Tianchi of ancestral halls in Huizhou, with the largest area, the largest amount of water storage, and the most beautifully carved pool. "Tianchi" is rectangular, there is a stone arch bridge in the middle, will be "Tianchi" divided into two, across the bridge, ascending three stone steps into the bedchamber. Tianchi 3.6 meters wide, 12.8 meters long, 0.9 meters deep, can store 42 cubic meters of water. "Tianchi" east and west is connected to the hall and the corridor of the bedchamber, there is also a side door to the outdoors, is the bedchamber of the security evacuation exit. "Tianchi" surrounded by lapis lazuli fence, east and west of the two "Tianchi" long side each has three rails, the short side of two rails, each railing has an exquisite and water-related stone carving patterns, such as "carp spraying day ", "geese fall into the lotus pond", "carp jump Dragon Gate" and so on. East and west two "Tianchi" north of the center board is a tablet, two tablets were clansmen Ni Zhaoxiong, Ni Huayun writing, from different perspectives to describe the history of the "Zhenyidang" had been built repeatedly burned, many disasters, and praise Ni Shangrong's deputy room Jin and other people to inherit her husband's legacy. The story also praises Ni Shangrong's concubine, Jin, and others for following in her husband's footsteps and donating the money they earned from weaving to repair the "Heavenly Pond" and store water to protect it from disasters. "Tianchi" between the railings with four-way stone columns, six stone pillars on both sides of the arch bridge above the head of each carved with a small stone lion, different forms, some fiddle with young lions, some play with the embroidered ball, the image of realistic, interesting, the rest of the stone columns are carved at the bottom end of the salty lotus seat. Tianchi inside the water surface above the surrounding slate is also decorated with delicate flowers and birds, fish and dragons, fish and deer, such as round, fan-shaped stone carving patterns.
"Zhenyidang" of the bedchamber pool, the capacity of the large, fine workmanship, known as Huizhou one of the best, but also Huizhou women to textile gold donation, so it is more meaningful.
"Zhenyi Hall" scale is complete, spring festival and fall festival, various activities are organized. Xuantong two years (1910) the night of the Lantern Festival, because of the dragon dance firecrackers caused by fire, Jeong a hall again suffered a catastrophe. The first year of the Republic of China (1912), rich merchants Ni Shangrong ink silver 600, more than 50 scales of grain to preside over the restoration matters. Ni Shangrong was a rice producer at Poyang Lake and between Yanshui, which was the beginning of the Zhukou rice producers. However, Ni Shangrong died of illness before the construction of the ancestral hall was completed. The clansman Ni Huayun donated 500 gold to take over the restoration plan. Later, although the ancestral hall was completed, but the patio pool in front of the bedchamber has been unable to repair. Ni Shangrong's concubine Jin and other people "undertake husband's will, wood and stone work to continue to rise, is the winter again to textile funds alone two corridors, the stone pool construction costs, and even the husband's unfulfilled wishes". Ni Huayun this respect to write carved stone:
Ms. Zhuozhuo, a light of the family; phase husband's entrepreneurship, virtue and fame; grace as spring dew, section than the autumn frost; can know the righteousness, do not hesitate to pour money; Yi type of women's world, Yang their high reckless, gushing pool, used as Gantang; rate of dance of the beasts, meteorological light Chang; this time to be completed, a hundred generations of fragrance; jagged crags, bubbling; Ms. wind, * * * this day long.
Ni Zhaoxiong also wrote a stone:
The pool water is shallow, the sun and the moon with the light. The spirit of silence, infused with the bedroom. The stone lotus spits out stamens, flowers and birds are auspicious. The lion shows its paws, and the crane flies. Fish and dragons change, the blessing is boundless. It is also the month, the Milky Way is colorful, the weaver becomes a chapter, the water and the sky are one color, enjoy the fragrance forever.
Therefore, the pond is different from other clans within the pool, unique, the pool driving bridge such as the Milky Way has a ferry, and leads to the bedchamber to follow the husband's death, the earth and the sky, a hundred generations of Xin swallow.
"Zhenyi Hall" remodeling was completed, Ni Huayun was elected to the first session of the Qimen County Council after the Xinhai Reorganization, Deputy Speaker, President of Education. He raised money to do school, to "chaste a hall" for the school building, the second floor of the bedchamber for the library. For the orphans and children free admission to school, popularization of education.
The magnificent "Ching Yi Hall" is a symbol of the Ni family's eminence. Ni's ancestors since the Tang Tianbao years, to avoid the chaos of Huang Chao, from Shanxi Gaocheng moved to Shexian, the sixth grandson in the Northern Song Dynasty moved to Zhukou.
Ming Jiajing 15 years (1536), the Ministry of Rites on the Xia Yan, "so that the subjects have to sacrifice the ancestor of the temple," the Ming Shizong to strengthen the clan rule, so; Trojan Xia speech, allowing the folk to set up a temple. So the clan temples all over the world, Huizhou is a great deal of construction, no clan does not repair the temple. At this time the Ni family thriving, political prominence, rich, male Qixi, so built the ancestral temple - "chaste a hall", after the fire, destroyed. Clansman Ni Sihui, Wanli 25 years in the examination, Wanli 35 years (1607) in the scholar. At first, he was appointed as a doctor of the Taishang Temple, and then served as a member of four departments
.