Yandi Tomb Ritual is a set of sacrificial activities formed by the descendants for thousands of years to remember the great achievements of Yandi. The primitive Yandi Mausoleum ritual activities include sacrifices to heaven, ancestor worship, sacrifices to the gods, and the sealing and wax sacrifice, Nuo dance is the main manifestation of the primitive sacrificial culture. Wax sacrifice is the primitive ancestors in the waxing moon to celebrate the agricultural harvest of the gift of reward, is an important festival of farming culture. Legend has it that the day before the wax festival, the ancestors from all directions, held a grand Nuo dance. Nuo dance originated from the exorcism in addition to the ghost ceremony, is a mask dressed up to be able to deter disease and epidemic ghosts dance, often by the tough and fit young men and women wearing and clan totems, emblems and symbols of the masks, with the Nuo music dance, in order to express the expectation of wind and rain, peace and good luck wishes.
Since Yandi "collapse buried in Changsha Chaxiang of the tail Deer Plains Pei (in Hunan Yanling County)" from the start, people began to use a variety of rituals to pay tribute to Yandi, Yandi's great achievements in remembrance. Yandi Shennong became the most honored and revered ancestor in the minds of the ancestors. Since then, the ancestor's rituals for Yandi have become more and more solemn. Various sacrificial ceremonies are found in the Mausoleum of Yandi. In addition to the wax rituals, Yutian and ancestor worship, the Yandi Mausoleum has become an important form of worship. Yandi Mausoleum sacrifice, see the historical data began in the Tang Dynasty, "Road History" said: "Tang tasted worship", while the folk sacrifice Yandi Mausoleum is a much longer history. The official sacrifice is called the public sacrifice or the plaintiff's sacrifice. Yandi mausoleum sacrifice, seen in history began in the Tang Dynasty, according to the old history of the Tang Dynasty, "Road History" said: "Tang tasted worship". The earliest recorded official Yandi Mausoleum sacrifice activities in the Song Qiande five years (967 AD), the Emperor ordered "to build a temple in front of the mausoleum, portraits and rituals, and then sent an official to sacrifice", and "in three years a move, the rate is considered normal". Since then, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties on the Yandi Mausoleum sacrifice has never ceased. Historical records, 15 times in the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty reached 38 times. Yandi Mausoleum sacrifice through the ages, to the name of the reign of the main, in addition to sue the superstitions in addition to the disaster, Jingbian military success, pro-government resumption of the reserves, Wanshou Jin Hui, the ancestors of the aftermath, and so on. According to the "Lingshi", the ancient official sacrifice Yandi mausoleum, its momentum, complex rituals, and to pay attention. Selected sacrifice period, the pre-sacrifice officer to fast for three days, the local officials to prepare drums and music ceremonial line a kneeling three kowtow rituals to meet. Tell the official to, the officials in court dress kneeling to welcome, the local officials respectfully Royal text, incense, silk placed in the Dragon Pavilion, welcome to the public hall, the officials line three kneeling and nine kowtow. The imperial sacrificial documents, incense, silk, and the dragon pavilion are brought to the place of sacrifice by the noon gate, and the officials of the imperial court and the officials accompanying the sacrifice enter by the east gate in auspicious clothes and perform the ritual of kneeling and kowtowing three times. The day before the festival, by the priests and accompanying officials to monitor the slaughter of animals, in the mausoleum for the performance of rituals. Sacrifice day four drums, the local officials led by the ceremonial team composed of ritual students, deacons, furnishings, musicians, etc. gathered outside the mausoleum, five drums, the priest, the priest with the officer in the court dress Tian Dongmen into the mausoleum, the deacons beat the drums three times after the priest, the priest, the priest with the officer in place, according to the Department of the enactment of the rites, the main enactment of the rites are on the offerings of the candles, playing music, welcome the God, the first dedication, the dedication of sub-offerings, end of the dedication, etc., the priest with the Palace of the priests and the priest with the official enactment of rites, retreating by the west door out. Each official sacrifice will be engraved in the world.
Officiating officer is personally selected by the emperor, the text written by the Hanlin Academy. Offerings include the offering of Jiangxiang incense, sinking incense, yellow damask birthday coins, dragon pavilion, incense and silk, imperial battle, etc., which are purchased by the Ministry of Revenue and the Ministry of Public Works, and received by the Ministry of Rites in writing. The date of departure from the capital of the sacrificial officials from the Chintian Supervision to choose. Before departure, the emperor fasted for a day, and personally read the ceremony, and personally awarded the sacrificial text of incense and silk. After the official who reported the sacrifice to the state and county. Accompanied by local officials to the Mausoleum of Yandi, three days of fasting before the sacrifice, a variety of rituals to be performed on-site exercises. After each sacrifice, followed by engraved stone inscription, to show the memorial. The imperial sacrificial official will bring back the inscription topography, to the emperor to repeat the order. Very interesting is that the officials ordered to sacrifice the mausoleum, all stay in this piece of land. After the sacrifice, they have to tour the mountains and enjoy the water, writing poems, return to enjoy. Some of the order to return, move their families, buy land and property here, settle down. Yanling Ouyang's ancestor, Ouyang Linqi, for the Five Dynasties when the Jin Ministry of Rites, after the sacrifice of the mausoleum to restore the order of the 硏究水河settled in the 硏究水河畔. Yiling Huo ancestor Huo roll song, for the Yuan dynasty Shun Tian Fu pass judge, with the university scholar Asha not flower visit sacrifice Yandi mausoleum, "see Lingyi beautiful landscapes, the humanities Erya, after the resumption of duty to the Yu Gan, Yuan Zhizhi three years with his son with the relocation of the Lingyi Kangle township Li Erdu". Republic of China period, Yandi Mausoleum festival organized by the provincial and county governments. The largest one was held in 1940, when Li Yangjing, the secretary-general of Hunan Provincial Government, was appointed by Xue Yue, the chairman of Hunan Provincial Government, to give a sacrifice to show his determination to defend Xiangtu and resist foreign invasion. This festival played a positive role in encouraging people's morale and uniting them against the Japanese. The Royal Monument Garden was built accordingly, covering an area of more than 6,000 square meters. Containing monument corridor, nine tripod platform, "Shennong achievements" wall, etc.. East and west monument corridor is 40 meters long, the corridor wall publication of successive generations of imperial sacrificial monuments 51 tablets, publication of Song, Ming, Qing and recent, modern chronicle of 5 tablets.
There is a very special monument among the memorial monuments, which is the "Do More Good for the People Monument" with Hu Yaobang's speech as the content. This is the first half of December 1962, then Secretary of the Central Committee of the **** Youth League Hu Yaobang came to Yanling County (then Ling County) for social surveys, visit the Mausoleum of the Emperor on the third day after the Yanling County organs of the party cadres will make a speech. Between the east and west monument gallery of nine tripod platform, there are nine stone tripod, each weighing 1.11 tons, symbolizing the unity of the country, the golden ou. The north side of the monument garden is "Shennong merit map" arc-shaped photo wall. The mural is 40 meters long and 1.5 meters high, made of 228 pieces of green stone panels. Mural to Yan Di merit as the theme, to the primitive ancestors from fishing and hunting to farming, from the cave to the settlement of this historic transition period of production and life as the background, using line carving techniques created. It vividly represents the great practice and noble sentiments of Yandi's courageous pioneering, innovation and dedication.
Yandi Mausoleum official ritual activities have evolved so far, mainly public ceremonies, confession ceremony, which is divided into welcoming ceremony, guiding ceremony, ceremony rituals, veneration ceremony, open the door ceremony, visit the mausoleum ceremony and the ceremony and ritual tablet unveiling ceremony, signing ceremony, donations ceremony and so on, the ritual rituals for the prelude, incense, honoring the flower baskets, respect for offerings, open the door, visit the mausoleum, unveil the monument, rituals, and so on. There are also great changes in the ceremonial team, Yandi Mausoleum Ceremony existing ceremonial rituals reflecting the farming culture of the five grains Lei performance team, Yandi Mausoleum Ceremony existing ceremonial rituals reflecting the farming culture of the five grains Lei plough performance team, the three animals five grains seasonal offerings team "Ode to the Yandi" large-scale song and dance performance team, the ritual music performance team, the Shennong gongs and drums team, ritual gongs and drums team, ritual streamers and flags team, the folk oboe team, the lion and dragon pilgrimage team, The team of 56 ethnic groups and the sacred fire collectors, and so on. Official large-scale ceremonies are held in Qingming, Chongyang and major festivals, especially Chongyang Festival, Zhuzhou City, held the "Yandi Festival" to Yandi Mausoleum ceremonies as the focus of a series of cultural and trade exchanges. Wen sacrifice
Wen sacrifice has a text, ode, inscription, etc., from ancient times to the present, the Yandi Mausoleum official ritual activities in the Chinese sacrifice is essential. Wen sacrifice that is, the official form of sacrificial offerings to the ancestor of the sacrifice. Offerings standardized format, the main content for the praise of Yandi virtues, blessing Mingzhi, as more written on silk, it is called the book of silk, each official rituals are first by the officiating person in front of the mausoleum in front of the Yandi read offerings, read, by the officiating person will be the book of silk lit on fire to complete the rituals of cultural offerings.
Sacrifices
Folk rituals have always been based on material sacrifices, and their offerings are mostly animals, livestock, and fruits. In the official rituals, there are many kinds of material sacrifices, especially in the ancient official rituals, there are nearly 30 kinds of sacrifices such as cattle, sheep, pigs, rice, millet, hazelnuts, dried fish, dried deer, corn, white cake, black cake, etc., and more than 10 kinds of sacrificial vessels including jennets, altars, and dengs, etc. The modern Yandi Tomb Ceremony retains the same rituals. Modern Yandi Mausoleum Ceremony retains the traditional material sacrifice program, although the material sacrifice is also essential, but in the type of ceremony is much simpler, the offerings are mainly three animals (cattle, pigs, sheep), five grains (rice, wheat, beams, corn, beans and other grains and miscellaneous grains), seasonal freshness (fresh fruits at the time of sacrifice), Chinese herbs and herbs, and social groups, individuals in the promotion of Yandi's culture, the inheritance of Yandi's creation of the spirit of production, life, the process of manufacturing a variety of physical products. In the process of manufacturing a variety of physical products, such as wine, tea, medicine, agricultural machinery products and so on.
Fire Sacrifice
Yanti is also known as the King of Fire Virtue, so the fire sacrifice is the modern Yanti Mausoleum Ceremony is often held in a way of life sacrifice, the main stone to take the fire (by the sacred fire collector with the fire stone to take the fire in the sacred fire table stone), medicine dragon fire (nine herbs into the medicine dragon around the sacred fire table boulders, the boulders to the fire, the fire, pointing the Yanti sacred fire), etc., the sacred fire of the point of the ene is a confession of the ancestors, but also a symbol of Chinese national strength and self-reliance, and also a symbol of the Chinese people. It also symbolizes the Chinese people's self-improvement and self-reliance, and the pursuit of the bright national spirit of endless life. Many large-scale sports competitions will be in the large-scale Yandi Mausoleum ceremonies on the collection of the sacred fire, the sacred fire transfer activities.
Music Festival
Music Festival is mostly seen in the official ritual activities of Yandi Mausoleum. Sacrificial music representative of the ancient land "crying the emperor", "towards the son of heaven", the existing "Yandi Ode", "sacrifice to the Yandi". In the application, the officiating person into the sacrificial plaza, drums and music, mainly suona, play "big open door"; to the ancestor of the three sacrifices, grains, seasonal, with silk and bamboo music, "Pu An Ning"; to high incense, flowers and blue, small music, "fast order"; hit the drums nine passes, sounding the gold nine, big music, "crying for the emperor"; rites, big music, "towards the son of heaven". In addition to playing sacrificial music, there are songs and dances. Song festival that is the ritual ritual in front of the mausoleum of Emperor Yandi singing songs extolling the virtues of Emperor Yandi; dance festival is more than jumping up and down to show a variety of dances extolling the virtues of Emperor Yandi.
Dragon Sacrifice
Yandi is the first ancestor of China, since ancient times, Chinese people to the "descendants of the dragon" since the name, so the dragon sacrifice in the Yandi Mausoleum ceremony has an important position. Yann Ling folk has been rumored Yandi buried golden dragon to meet the bier story, so, in Yann Ling folk ancestor activities, must be less dragon festival. Legend has it that Yandi taught his ancestors to tie straw, polygonum leaves, flowers and grasses into a dragon dance to celebrate the harvest, and at night, the dragon is full of incense, burning mosquitoes and insects, to drive away the evil. After the death of Yandi, the ancestors will be in the harvest, festive days with the dragon dance to worship Yandi, to express gratitude, thus, the birth and evolution of the Yannling unique local "Mars Dragon", "three people cloth dragon". Today, the Yandi Mausoleum Ceremony Dragon Festival of its types and forms of expression have developed greatly, both unique to Yannling characteristics of the three-person cloth dragon and herbal fire dragon, reflecting the Yandi heavy gossip birth of the Taiji Yang Yin dragon, but also on behalf of the 56 nationalities of the 56 sections of the long dragon, on behalf of the five continents of the 5-color dragons of the Overseas Chinese, and contains a sense of the times of the modern Jingjiao dragon, the dragon, the dragon, and other characteristics of the flying dragon. During the Dragon Festival, the 24 Festival Drums, Shennong Drums and North and South Lions perform the Dragon and Lion Pilgrimage, symbolizing the unity and prosperity of the Chinese nation with the totem of the dragon. Historical value
Yandi Avalanche buried Yannling Deer Plain Pei, the world's worship of him has been uninterrupted, the Yandi Mausoleum ceremonies from the initial wax rituals, Nuo Dance, etc., after continuous evolution, has been thousands of years of development history. Different periods of Yandilings ceremonial culture has different characteristics, is closely related to the social productivity of different times in the context of the study of the various periods of Yandilings ceremonial culture, can objectively better understand the history of China's 5,000 years of development, and better continue to carry forward the tradition of the outstanding Chinese nation.
Cultural value
Yandi Emperor created the first farming culture, traditional Chinese medicine culture, industrial culture, the start of the culture of trade and commerce, the creation of the national music, and carried out a lot of social production practices. The ceremonial activities carried out by the descendants in memory of Yandi's ancestors, including rituals, music, dance and other aspects come from people's knowledge of nature and society, forming a comprehensive cultural carrier with high cultural value. It is precisely this rich cultural connotation that makes the Yandi Mausoleum Ceremony an impressive representative ceremony of the Chinese world, with great potential for development.
Social value
YanDi is commemorated by the children of the Yellow Emperor, which expresses the reverence for the spirit of Yandi by the descendants of China. The spirit of Yandi is the spirit of perseverance and pioneering, the spirit of indomitable innovation, the spirit of self-improvement and the spirit of selfless dedication. The spirit of Yandi is the essence of the spirit of the Chinese nation, today, this spirit has been sublimated into the "Three Represents" the specific embodiment of the important idea. Therefore, by expanding the social influence of the Yandi Mausoleum Ceremony, can further promote the spirit of patriotism, enhance national cohesion, enhance the sense of belonging of the children of the Yellow Emperor, inspire the children of the Yellow Emperor to work together to realize the country's prosperity, the great historical rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and strive for the unification of the motherland, the harmonious development of society.