The word Baroque (Baroque) original meaning Baroque originally referred to irregular, grotesque pearls, and had a pejorative connotation at the time, when it was thought that its flamboyant, ostentatious style was a disparagement of the Renaissance style, but it is now recognized as one of Europe's great artistic styles.
The classicists considered Baroque to be a degenerate and disintegrating art, and it was only later that a fairer assessment of Baroque art was made. Baroque art arose in the second half of the 16th century, its heyday was the 17th century, and it declined into the 18th century, except in northern and central Europe. Baroque art first arose in Italy, it is undoubtedly related to the Counter-Reformation, Rome was the center of the power of the church at that time, so it is not surprising that it rose in Rome, it can be said that, although Baroque art is not a religious invention, but it is for the church services, by the use of religion, the church is the strongest pillar of it. In a nutshell, baroque art has the following characteristics: first of all, it has luxurious characteristics, it has both religious characteristics and hedonistic colors; secondly, it is a kind of passionate art, which breaks the rational serenity and harmony, with a strong romanticism, and very much emphasizes the artist's rich imagination; thirdly, it is strongly emphasizes the movement, the movement and the change can be said to be the soul of the baroque art; fourthly, it is concerned about the sense of space and the sense of three-dimensionality. Fifth, it is comprehensive, baroque art emphasizes the comprehensive means of art forms, for example, in architecture, architecture and sculpture, painting, in addition, baroque art also absorbed literature, drama, music and other fields of some factors and imagination; Sixth, it has a strong religious color, religious themes in baroque art occupies a dominant position; Seventh, most baroque artists had a tendency to stay away from life and times, such as in some zenith paintings, where the human figure became as insignificant as some floral patterns. Of course, some positive Baroque masters are not in this case, such as Rubens, Benigni's works still maintain a close relationship with life.
[edit]Origins of Baroque Art
The origin of the term Baroque has been influenced by two statements. The Italian B. Croce and others believe that it originated from Baroco, which was originally a specialized term for trinitarianism in logic; the other says that it originated from the Portuguese baroco or Spanish barrueco, which means all kinds of irregularly shaped pearls, and by extension, "irregular". Baroque used in art criticism, referring to a variety of irregular, strange, that is, deviant things, when many people hold the Renaissance continued to fall in the spirit of optimism, on the other hand, there are many people living in seclusion, abstinence and asceticism of the religious life, he is also with the gradual emergence of a wave of retreat and avoidance of the world trend. 18th century used in the pejorative sense, generally refers to the violation of the laws of nature and the standards of classical art. classical artistic standards. Until the middle of the 19th century is used in a derogatory sense rather than the name of the art style. 1888 H. Werflin published "Renaissance and Baroque" book, the Baroque style made a systematic discussion, and henceforth determined the Baroque as an art style concept. 20 century western scholars made more in-depth study of the Baroque, giving it different meanings, but as an art style understanding is still the mainstream.
[Edit Paragraph]Baroque Art of Architecture
Baroque architecture is a kind of architectural and decorative style developed on the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries. Characterized by its free shape, the pursuit of dynamic, prefer rich decorations and carvings, strong colors, commonly used interspersed curved surfaces and oval space.
The Jesuit Church in Rome embodies Baroque
The word Baroque originally meant strange and eccentric, and was used by the classicists to refer to this architectural style, which was considered to be deviant. This style played an important role in opposing the rigidity of the classical form, the pursuit of free-spirited style and the expression of secular interest, etc., on the city square, garden art and even literature and art departments have had an impact, once widely popular in Europe.
The Italian Renaissance late famous architect and architectural theorist Vignola designed the Jesuit Church in Rome is a masterpiece of the transition from Mannerism to Baroque style, which is also known as the first Baroque building.
Mannerism is a style of art in Europe in the late 16th century. Its main feature is the pursuit of grotesque and unusual effects, such as deformation and incongruity of the way to express the space, to exaggerate the slender proportions of the figures. In the history of architecture, it is used to refer to the tendency to reflect the pre-Baroque style in the works of certain Italian architects during the period from 1530 to 1600.
Rome Jesuit church plan is rectangular, the end of the protruding a shrine, from the Gothic church customary Latin cross evolved, the narthex wide, vaulted ceiling full of statues and decorations. Two rows of small prayer rooms replace the original side aisles on either side. A vaulted ceiling rises from the center of the cross. The altar of the church is richly and freely decorated, and the mountain flowers on it break through the classical French style for iconography and decorative light. Church fa?ade borrowed from the early Renaissance architect Alberdi designed the treatment of the Florence Santa Maria Chapel. Above the main entrance, the layered eaves and flowers are made into overlapping arcs and triangles, and leaning columns and flat pilasters are used on both sides of the main entrance. Two pairs of large scrolls were made on both sides of the upper fa?ade. These treatments are unique, and later widely imitated.
Baroque style broke the blind worship of ancient Roman architectural theorist Vitruvius, but also broke the late Renaissance classicists set up a variety of rules and regulations, reflecting the secular idea of freedom. On the other hand, the Baroque style of the church is rich and magnificent, and can cause a fairly strong mystical atmosphere, but also in line with the requirements of the Catholic Church to show off their wealth and the pursuit of mystery. Therefore, baroque architecture from the beginning of Rome, soon spread throughout Europe, and even as far as the Americas. Some Baroque buildings are overly ambitious, even to the point of cumbersome piling.
From the 17th century and 30s, the Italian church wealth is increasing, each parish has built their own baroque style church. Due to the small scale, it is not suitable to adopt the Latin cross-shaped plan, so it was mostly changed to round, oval, plum-shaped, round petal cross
Baroque St. Carlo's Church
and other single-space nave, which made extensive use of curved surfaces in its modeling.
Typical examples are the Church of San Carlo in Rome, designed by Borromini. Its nave plan is nearly olive-shaped, surrounded by a number of small irregular prayer rooms; in addition there are living courtyards. Nave plan and ceiling decorations emphasize the curve of the dynamic, fa?ade mountain flower disconnection, the eaves of the horizontal curved, wall concave and convex degree is very large, richly decorated, there is a strong effect of light and shadow. Despite the pure design techniques, but also inevitably have a sense of artifice 9. 17th century, after the mid-17th century, baroque churches are popular in Italy, there is no lack of novel and original works, but there are also poor techniques, stacked excessive building.
The papal authorities, in order to show off the wealth of the Papal States to the pilgrims, built wide avenues and grand squares in Rome, which opened up new avenues for the freewheeling style of the Baroque.
The 17th century Roman architect Fontana built the Roman Polo Square, is the convergence of three radial arteries, the center of an obelisk, surrounded by statues, the arrangement of green belts. Between the radial arteries there are two symmetrical churches of the same style. This square is open and unrestrained, many countries in Europe to follow suit. France in front of the Palace of Versailles, Russia in front of the Petersburg Admiralty building were built radial square. Outstanding Baroque architects and master sculptors Bernini designed the square in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, surrounded by Roman Taskean colonnade, the entire layout of the bold, dynamic, light and shadow effect is strong.
Baroque architectural style is also popular in some countries in Central Europe, especially in Germany and Austria. 17th century, the second half of Germany, many architects studied in Italy returned to the Italian Baroque architectural style with the German national architectural style combined. To the first half of the 18th century, the German Baroque architectural art has become a wonder in the history of European architecture.
German baroque church building appearance simple and elegant, soft modeling and decoration is not much, the outer walls of the dry, with the natural environment and coordination. Church interior decoration is very gorgeous, resulting in a strong contrast between inside and outside. Famous examples are the fourteen saints pilgrimage church on the outskirts of Bamberg, the monastery church in Rohr.
Fourteen Saints Pilgrimage Church is a very novel layout, the main hall and shrine made of three consecutive oval, arched ceilings also echo this, the church interior up and down covered with stucco molded into a variety of plant shapes decorative motifs, brilliant. The exterior of the church is relatively plain, with a pair of towers on the front, decorated with gentle curves and a sense of intimacy.
Representatives of Baroque architecture: Spain's Santiago Cathedral
Rohel Abbey Church is also simple in appearance, the interior decoration is exquisite, especially the upper ceiling of the niche, covered with white marble sculpture of the flying angels, the niche in the middle of the Virgin Mary and the two angels composed of a group of carvings; the niche is a group of saints below the expression of the statues of the saints.
Austria's Baroque architectural style is mainly imported from Germany. the first half of the 18th century, many famous buildings in Austria are designed by German architects. Such as Vienna's Schuberbrunn Palace, the exterior is a serious form of classical architecture, the internal hall has an Italian baroque style, all the columns in the hall are carved into human statues, the top of the columns and vaults are full of relief decorations, is a product of the combination of the baroque style and the classicist style.
Emerged in the mid-17th century, its style free-spirited, complex modeling, rich in change, just some of the architectural decorations piled up too much. Spain's Santiago Cathedral is a typical example of this period of architecture.
Baroque Art Literature
Baroque literature is a school of literature in the late Renaissance in the West, in addition to the classical literature and Puritan literature and become the seventeenth century three major literature. It emerged after the decline of the humanist literary movement.
The Baroque literature is represented by "The Idiot Westwood"
It is a kind of aristocratic formalist literature, which advocates that literature should be created for a few cultured people. Intentionally carved in the art, the content is biased towards writing a crisis of faith and pessimistic ideas. This kind of work pursues the form, the content is empty, and the language is carved and pompous. Italy's Marino, Spain's Góngora and Calderón, Germany's Grimmelshausen, England's metaphysical poet John Donne, France's Voitier and so on, are representatives of Baroque literature.
Representative works include Calderon's novel Life is a Dream, Grimmelshausen's tramp novel The Tale of the Idiot Westwood, and so on.
[Edit paragraph] Baroque art of clothing
The twentieth century ninety's minimalism in the present has become history, now the trend of classicism permeates every corner of the fashion arena, jewelry design is focusing on the extremely decorative baroque style. The irregular winding of the gorgeous diamond necklace, very romantic heart-shaped, sparkling with crystal light, unique in that each heart presents a perfect cut shape, everywhere revealing luxury and charming temperament.
The Baroque period was an era of high splendor, when shoes were mostly made of high-quality materials, like leather and brocade, with lavish and luxurious decorations, such as silk bands, large buckles, embroidery, jewelry and so on. Today's boots modeled after the Baroque style focus on details reflecting the retro, like the cross drawstring on the upper, as well as discordant floral patterns and mix and match fashions, although low-key, but extremely simple and elegant.
Classicism flavor is on the rise, making the romantic wedding dresses full of
Baroque clothing style
Retro feelings also present a luxurious style. Imitation of baroque chest and waist, cascading skirt, in the details of the complex and fine workmanship embodied in the best, and then the integration of modern fashion cutting and fashion elements, such as bows, ruffles, etc., to create a different style of ancient and modern. The large flower-shaped headdress is the most conspicuous accessory in the wedding dress, which can cover the entire top of the head, or bloom on either side, breathtaking.
The "script" for the classical drama was full of splendor, with the opening scene of a bustier and waist cinching, and the climax of the Baroque era's lace-covered, exaggerated sleeves. The short, wavy hemline makes the top elegant in a tough, sexy way, and the gothic sleeves ooze modernity in vintage details, while the colors are bright and vibrant, making it feel like you're at a grand court ball.
Fashion with a baroque style emphasizes the cut of the lower body and strives for versatility. Slightly fluffy knee-length narrow skirt combined with delicate pleats, coupled with careless lace, together exudes a gentle and sweet romantic atmosphere. Although the fabric is not the typical floral brocade, it is a smooth and lightweight sateen, which emphasizes a unique sense of luxury. Color, champagne, beige are no longer leading the way, replaced by a gorgeous peach, with a ruffled neckline cream knit jacket, elegant and reserved without losing the playful and lovely.
The girdle is one of the main features of baroque fashion and will be the best protagonist on the fashion stage in the new season. Satin shirts full of nostalgia, a variety of floral expression of the neo-classical era of artistic style, bright red and wide version of the corset became the finishing touch, not only in the color to form a strong contrast, but also the chic ribbon bow is to highlight the past years in that period of time was once wildly popular in the red and purple of the fashionable style. Black, white, orange and red colors form a strong visual contrast, creating an elegant and noble lady image.
[edit]Baroque art of furniture
Baroque style furniture (17th century A.D. - 18th century) experienced after the Renaissance movement, the 17th century Italian architecture in the complexity of the contradiction, a number of small and medium-sized churches, city squares and garden villas designed to pursue the novelty of complex shapes, curves, curved surfaces as a characteristic, such as the magnificent broken mountain walls, Scroll decoration, portrait columns, deep gypsum lines, and twisted spinning parts, flip sculpture, highlighting fountains, pools and other kinetic factors, breaking the classical architecture and Renaissance architecture, "conventional", known as the "Baroque" style of architectural decoration.
Baroque furniture
The main feature of the baroque furniture is to emphasize the strength, change and dynamism, sofa gorgeous fabric and exquisite carvings with each other, the noble shape and the ground pavement into one, graceful temperament. Emphasizing the synthesis of architectural painting and sculpture as well as indoor environment, etc., it highlights the features of exaggeration, romance, passion and irrationality, illusion and fantasy. Breaking the balance, the plane changes, emphasizing the level and depth. The use of various colors of marble, gemstones, bronze, gold and other decorative splendor, spectacular, breaking through some of the Renaissance classicism program, principles.
Baroque style homes and furniture design with real life and emotional, more suitable for the functional needs of life and spiritual needs. Baroque furniture is the most important feature of the expressive decorative details of the relative concentration, simplify the unnecessary parts and emphasize the overall structure of the overall shape of the furniture and decorative style and the Baroque architecture, interior furnishings, walls, doors and windows are strictly unified to create a harmonious overall effect of the building and furniture. Baroque style furniture modeling gorgeous rendering exuberant life.
Baroque furniture, the spirit of romanticism as the starting point for the design, given a kind and soft lyrical mood, the pursuit of leaping decorative styles, in order to set off the magnificent, vivid, enthusiastic, unrestrained artistic effect. Baroque furniture using varied curved surfaces, the use of patterned decorations, do a large area of carving, gold leaf veneer, gold lacquer treatment, and a large number of applications in the sitting and lying furniture on the fabric covering. Complex spatial combinations, and the heavy layout of the color tone, the lyrical color of each piece of furniture expressed very strong strong sense of comfort and delicate and warm tone processing, the artistic effect of passionate and romantic expression is very successful.
[Edit Paragraph]Baroque art of painting
The typical representative of the Baroque painters are Belgium's Rubens, the Netherlands, Rembrandt, Spain's Velasquez, Britain's Van Dyke and so on. Their paintings of the human body dynamic vivid and bold, bright colors, emphasizing the changes in light and shadow, more than the Renaissance painters to emphasize the sense of humanity.
Rubens' religious paintings of the human body pose intense action, bright colors; Rembrandt's paintings as on the stage, the character's face is in the highlights of the part, and the surrounding shadows have a strong contrast; Velázquez's "courtesan", the background of the weaver working under the light coming in through the window, once on the late Romantic painters The "Palace Maiden" by Velasquez, the weaver working in the background with light streaming in from the window, was a great inspiration to the late Romantic painters.