Chinese name
Lovely lady
date of birth
AD 1358
birthplace
Yongning Sichuan
date of death
AD 1396
Another name
She Xiang, She Zhi, Park Lou She Heng
nationality
China (Ming Dynasty)
occupation
politician
nation
Yi ethnic group
Major achievements
Yi Kai road
Improved Yi language
Introduce culture
son
Archie Tommy Tam
father
Che le jun heng she Shi
husband
Longzan Aicui
bale
The life of the character
The famous western water city
Xuanweifu in Guizhou
At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Shexiang, a Yi princess in southern Sichuan (now preserved in Shewangfu site in Gu Lin, Sichuan), was clever and thoughtful since childhood. 1375 (the eighth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty), She Xiang was seventeen years old and married Longzan Eicui, the ambassador of Xuanwei, Guizhou Province and the leader of Shuixi Yi people's silent department, who was called the extravagant lady. When Ai Cui's ancestors entered Shu from the south of Shaanxi, then entered Yunnan from Shu, and arrived at Ai Cui, it was the alternating period of Yuan and Ming Dynasties. As early as the end of the Song Dynasty, the Aicui family divided Guizhou into two parts: Shuidong and Shuixi, with the Yachi River as the boundary. The Aicui family in Longzan lives in a generous world and is called the Shuixi family. She Xiang became Ai Cui's wife after marriage and often assisted her husband in dealing with Xuanwei's political affairs. In the process of living with her husband, She Xiang gradually increased the political ability of the Regent. He is famous for his talent and is deeply loved by the people. He was addressed as "Mu Mu" (monarch). [2]
Support the Ming army
138 1 year (14th year of Ming Hongwu), Longzan Ai Cui died of illness, and she Xiang succeeded his youngest son as Xuanwei's ambassador to Guizhou. After the regency of Shexiang, Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, sent Fu Youde and Mu Ying to send troops from Sichuan and Hunan to Yunnan via Guizhou to crusade against the remnants of Bal Saraval Mi, the king of Liang Yuan. The Yuan and Mongolian forces entrenched in Yunnan are secretly colluding with local chieftains in Wusha (now Weining) and Mangbu (now Zhenxiong, Yunnan) to station troops in northwest Guizhou in an attempt to prevent the Ming army from entering Yunnan. She Xiang sized up the situation, actively opened up the route for providing foodstuff and supported the Ming army. With the clan relationship, he also went to Wusha, Mambu and other places to explain the situation to local chiefs and persuade them to enlighten them. It enabled the Ming army to successfully enter and pull out Yunnan and promoted the reunification of the motherland. [2]
Suffer humiliation in order to perform an important task.
Shexiang statue
1384 (in the 17th year of Ming Hongwu), Ma, the commander-in-chief of the Ming court in Guizhou, also regarded She Xiang as a "ghost girl" out of national prejudice, and resented her appointment as the ambassador of Xuanwei, Guizhou. Ma was arrogant when serving officers and soldiers to set up Puding post, killing Yi people wantonly and forcing She Xiang to pay taxes. Due to the severe drought in Guizhou, there was no grain harvest, and people's lives were extremely difficult, so tax revenue could not be collected. She Xiang wrote many times, but Ma also took the opportunity to catch her in Guiyang, ordered the strong men to expose her body, and whipped her back in an attempt to anger the foreign soldiers. The 48th leader of Shexiang, who already hated horses, learned that Shexiang was greatly humiliated and even more angry, that is, he led troops to gather together. When the war was about to break out, She Xiang showed his unwillingness to rebel to his subordinates, and publicly exposed Ma Ye's intention of forcibly rebelling, thus avoiding a war disaster that affected people of all ethnic groups in Guizhou. In the same year, she Xiang was recommended by Liu, the wife of Guizhou Xuanwei's deputy envoy, and went to Beijing to confront Zhu Yuanzhang about the truth of Chen's rebellion. Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to get rid of Ma Ye, so he asked She Xiang "how to repay the kindness". She Xiang replied: "I hope future generations will not make trouble". And that means "I'm willing to venture out of the mountains and open a postal route." Zhu Yuanzhang was overjoyed. He named Shexiang "Mrs. Shunde", gave her gold, silver and silk, and recalled her horse to Kyoto for punishment. After Shexiang returned to Guizhou, all the subordinates were impressed by Wade in the imperial court. [ 1][2][3]
Open a postal route
After returning to Guizhou, She Xiang personally led the tribe and opened two post roads centering on Pianqiao (now shibin). One goes west, passes through Guiyang, passes through Wusha and Dawumeng (now Zhaotong, Yunnan); Journey to the south, via Caotang (now Weng 'an County) to Rongshan (now Meitan County). There are 9 post stations in Guizhou, including Longchang, Luguang, Guli, Shuixi, Shexiang, Jinji, Goya, Guihua and Bijie. The Post Road runs through Guizhou, opening up the channel with Sichuan, Yunnan and Hunan, promoting the exchanges of all ethnic groups, promoting the development of social economy and culture, stabilizing the political situation in southwest China, and determining the suzerain-vassal relationship with the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang said, "If you want to join the army, you will win a hundred thousand soldiers." [2][4]
Cultural transmission
After the opening of the Post Road, She Xiang went to Jinling many times, and made the relationship between Guizhou and the central government of the Ming Dynasty closer by making pilgrimage, presenting government affairs, paying tribute to local products and horses. Through extensive contact with the culture of Han nationality, She Xiang was deeply influenced by the culture of Central Plains, and was determined to personally advocate civilization. During her career, She Xiang hired Han Confucianism abroad, accepted scholars in many ways, set up propaganda and appeasement departments, and trained children of all ethnic groups. Recruit skilled craftsmen, teach advanced farming weaving technology, reclaim farmland and develop production; Advocate harmony between Yi and Han, and live and work in peace and contentment. In A.D. 1390 (the 23rd year of Hongwu), Shexiang sent his only son, Tommy Tam, to study in imperial academy, and Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, wrote to imperial academy officials, telling them to be good at teaching Archie Tommy Tam and not to disappoint those who came from afar to study. A.D. 1392 (twenty-five years of Hongwu), Tommy Tam of Aqi returned from school, and Zhu Yuanzhang gave the doctrine a set of royal costumes, clothes, gold belts, etc. And changed his surname to "An", which is called "An" in Chinese. In October of the same year, Shexiang sent his son and daughter-in-law to help the war, and promised the victim to take sixty famous horses from Shuixi to the DPRK to thank him. The social stability, ethnic harmony, economic development, civilization and prosperity in Shuixi area benefited from She Xiang's diligent management and painstaking efforts. [ 1][2]
Major achievements
Maintain unity
Decreasing the brightness is a great contribution of Shexiang to Shuixi. By then, the Ming Dynasty had unified most of China, leaving only the southwest region. But at that time, the commanders in the southwest and the so-called wise men still wanted to fight against the Ming army to keep their homes. Only she can clearly realize that fighting against the Ming army at this time is tantamount to throwing eggs at stones. The best way is to accept the court's appeasement, take the line of submission, keep one side safe and embark on the road of development. Her idea began to meet with strong opposition. Under her advocacy and persuasion, Yongning and Shuixi surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. The people of Yongning and Shuixi were spared this unnecessary sacrifice. This contribution not only shows her far-sighted vision, but also includes her absorption and application of Confucius and Mencius' benevolence in China culture. Confucius and Mencius advocated great love, so between national life and death, she chose to submit to the Ming Dynasty and save Shuixi.
Clear the way and set up posts
When she Xiang was in power, she organized and led the people of all ethnic groups in Guizhou to open roads and build post roads, and ordered "all tribes to open roads and build bridges when encountering water, and to build roads from Shuidong to Wumeng and Keshan, running through the whole territory of Fu Xuan, Guizhou." She stipulated that "all participants should be rationed with food, exempt from family taxes, and all the money for repairing bridges and roads should be paid by Xuanwei government in Guizhou." This fully mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers. The excavation of roads connects the responsible areas of Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan and Guangxi provinces, and brings the domestic postal roads into the national postal road network, connecting the four provinces around Guizhou and opening up the traffic arteries. This is an unprecedented pioneering work of the Yi nationality in Shuixi and even the whole southwest region, which laid the foundation for the economic development of Shuixi, and it is also her outstanding contribution to Shuixi.
develop agriculture
In order to develop agriculture in the west of the water, Shexiang has carried out a series of reforms and introduction. For the reform of agriculture, she adopted the policy of dual use of military and civilian. When farming is busy, soldiers are for the people; In leisure or war, the people are also soldiers, so that neither side will be delayed, ensuring the smooth progress of agricultural production. At the same time, she also sent people to the Han family to invite skilled farmers to help the Yi people improve their farming methods.
Trade structure
Shuixi is located in a remote place, with dangerous terrain, impassable roads and no contact with the outside world, which makes the salt in Shuixi extremely expensive (two horses and one catty of salt), and it is difficult for ordinary people to eat salt. She Xiang saw the root of this problem, so she took measures to protect businessmen, set an example for others to protect free trade, and solved the problem of people eating salt.
Reform Yi language
Mrs. She Xiang carried out fruitful reforms on the use and dissemination of Yi language. She liberated Yi language from mystery, broke the ice of traditional taboo, and made Yi language appear on stone tablets and other carriers on a large scale. The use of Yi language has gradually expanded, from the traditional function of transmitting classics and recording history to daily life such as bookkeeping, contract, recording songs and letters. Its influence was not only within the jurisdiction of Xuanweisi in Guizhou at that time, but also radiated to the surrounding Yi areas, such as Wusha area (now Weining and Hezhang in Guizhou), Xuanweisi area in Yongning, Sichuan (now Gu Lin and Xuyong), Wumeng in Yunnan (now Zhaotong), Luanpan (now Dongchuan and Huize) and Medog (now Xuanwei and Xuyong).
Spread Confucianism
Mrs. She Xiang loved reading in her early years, especially Han Shu. In Chinese studies, she learned a lot of nutrients and realized the importance of Chinese studies. Because of this, she wants to start sinology. She believes: "The Confucian and Mencius culture of the Han family can nourish Xiu De, and then educate the world and benefit all the people." After taking office, Mrs. She Xiang set up Confucianism and professors in Guizhou. In order to learn and introduce Han culture, strengthen and promote cultural exchanges between Yi and Han, Mrs. She Xiang took the lead in sending her children to Beijing to enter imperial academy. Driven and influenced by Mrs. She Xiang, Tusi in Wusha, Wumeng, Mangbu and Yongning sent their children to Beijing to study.
Personality assessment
Historical evaluation
Zhu Yuanzhang praised: "She Xiang joined the army, winning 100,000 soldiers".
"Huang Zhai" has a poetic comment: "Female officials are just heroic, and Wan Li is facing the sky. Participating in politics with morality and Confucianism is a compromise. "
Cheng Enze made the following comments in Looking Back on the Past in the West of Water: "She Xiang was humiliated and exposed naked, and the silver knife athlete was furious and tried to escape the horse commander, breaking his bones ... The letter to Xiang Xiang came, crying and pretending to be sad. ... Madu Xuan Wei Gui, the palace robe pearls chase each other. ... ancient heroes played with their ears, and those who achieved great things endured. "
In the poem "The Tomb of Shexiang, Lady of Shunde in Ming Dynasty", Wu narrated the situation that Wan Li, not far from Shexiang, went to Beijing to tell on Ma Yu, praising her for her deep understanding of justice, loyalty and responsibility to the country and people, and making important contributions to the development and stability of southwest China.
Yu Shangsi described the nostalgia of Yi people in Shuixi for She Xiang's struggle and the introduction of rites and music in "Mandong Zhi Zhu Ci": "The wind and smoke helped the old rock side, and the rites and music changed from a thousand villages to a pond. The road is long and Xiu Yuan is awkward, and some people hesitate to say that she Xiang. "
Tian Wen spoke highly of Shexiang in On Shexiang: "Run as soon as you call; Active wisdom, courage to adapt, what husbands can't do, and what distant women can do? If you look at the passage of the post office, you will make a great contribution to Tang Meng. "
History book evaluation
In the Qing Dynasty, the Poems of Quiet Night Hall, Volume 3, Westbound Water praised: "Please start from the beginning. In the early years of Hongwu, the famine was flat and the famine went from bad to worse. At that time, She Xiang was a beautiful woman, prancing like a horse and respecting the son of heaven. Thank you for going back and making outstanding achievements, as promised. But I can't open it, and the mountain and Can Cong are separate. For more than 200 years, they have lived in peace and divided into princes and concubines. "
In the seventh volume of Huai Qing Tang Ji in the Qing Dynasty, there is a quatrain of a thousand yang: "Nine posts vaguely recognize the Dragon Field, and five spread the Shu Road." I don't blame Xixi for crying. So far, women say she Xiang. "
Comprehensive evaluation
Mrs. She Xiang is a famous female politician of Yi nationality. As a national leader, under the situation of strengthening the rule in southwest China, she created the necessary conditions for Guizhou to establish a province and objectively safeguarded and promoted the reunification of the motherland. The improvement of traffic conditions has promoted the economic development and cultural exchange in Shuixi area. Consolidate the southwest frontier and promote the unity of all ethnic groups; Her measures to improve national culture and learn from China culture have promoted the economic and cultural development of the Yi region.
From the records and comments on Shexiang in ancient books in Yi language, writings by Yi writers, historical books in Chinese language and a large number of Chinese poetry works in Ming and Qing Dynasties, we can see that historians, writers and even ordinary people hold a positive and praising attitude towards Shexiang. These feudal Han literati were impressed by her dedication and wit, and the improvement of customs and ideas brought about by the construction of post roads and the introduction of Han culture became an important reason why people of all ethnic groups in Shuixi miss her. She Xiang's life is short, but her spirit of serving the country and the people will go down in history forever, which is worthy of being inherited by future generations.