Academician Zhu Wash is an outstanding biologist in China, one of the founders and founders of cell biology and experimental biology in China, enjoying a high academic status, and is on a par with Mao Yisheng, Hua Luogeng, and Zhu Kezhen. Zhang Zhijie, a famous scholar in Taiwan, once said that in the popularization of science, Zhu wash this series of books so far no one can be out of its right, non-scholarship is extremely deep and specialized, not to this.
The connection with this series is from the recommendation of a web page when I swiped the screen. The medical and biological near the same door, out of the admiration of everyone to buy this set of books. After buying, put the bookshelf at least one or two years of light, this set of books with me moved twice, always feel that it is not imminent to read, on the shelves. This set of "modern biology series" first series, **** 6 books. Includes Egg Layers and Life Eggs, Our Ancestors, The Preference for Women over Men, The Change of Male and Female, The Sources of Intelligence, and The Sources of Love. This collection was reprinted six times in the 1950s. This edition was published by Nova Press in 2015.
Revisiting the book came partly from the love theme of the Fresh Reads book club and partly from the guilt of buying it and putting it on the shelf. Reading the book started on January 21st and didn't end until February 17th. In between were the distractions of New Year's and a trip abroad, as well as my secret belief that the book's content was so unconnected to my current life that I felt reading impediment. But when I closed the last page of the book, I was y moved. Although Mr. Zhu Zai was born 76 years before me, his book does not feel outdated. The book is not only rigorous and objective in the exposition of the natural world creatures and human beings, but also with passionate feelings, the last chapter on the friendship of the natives, do not ban me from shedding tears of emotion.
The book "The Source of Love", the scope of love includes three parts: love of the opposite sex, mother and child love, the love of friends. Each of these three parts is devoted to the love of animals and the love of human beings.
Different animals pursue different ways, but the end goal is the same: to mate and pass on the seed.
1. During the reproductive period, they gather at the right place and expel their reproductive cells from their bodies, so that their parents and children will not know each other in the future. For example, some aquatic animals.
2. A little further, the male and female hermaphrodites. Reproductive intercourse, and then scattered. Can be called polygamy.
3. Further, it is polygamous or polygynous, where love is already quite strong, and the union is longer. In all kinds of animals are seen.
4. Finally, the number of intercourse is reduced to a minimum, that is, monogamy, not only the love of the opposite sex is more durable, but also to expand to the children, resulting in paternal and maternal love.
Unicellular animals: there is also the phenomenon of fertilization. Although there is no obvious perceptual organ, it is still quite sensitive to predict the whereabouts of the opposite sex.
Inferior invertebrates: hermaphroditism is quite common in enterozoans. In echinoderms, the love between the opposite sexes is so weak that they only excrete reproductive cells at about the same time. The eggs of the soft-bodied silkworms are laid in the wall of the body cavity and fall into the body cavity when mature. Since the cavity is not perforated for oviposition, the production action must be realized at the same time with the tragedy of automatic disembowelment of the mother.
Crustaceans: the male body in the copulation commonly used ao this weapon to catch the female body, so that it is obedient, in order to fulfill its love purpose. Crab heterosexual intercourse more in the female body after the party shelling, at this time the male must be careful to do, in order to make the soft body from the pincers and claws of the injury.
Spiders: some species of male and female body proportions are very different, female big male small with the field, the clumsy male will be encountered because of love and the consequences of the female devoured. Only the smart and cautious male spiders can secretly coitus, this dangerous behavior.
Insects: membranous winged bees in the spring on a sunny day, male and female aerial copulation, the female full of semen, worker bees to protect, building a new nest, the male bees have done their duty to become idle class, life expectancy of a few days to half a month, and often killed in the middle of the worker bees.
Mollusks: habitually shelled and traveling, moving very inconvenient. Shellless octopus, males have a long arm, the production period to move away from the male body, according to its suction cups fixed to the female body, will carry the semen into the female body to complete the fertilization in the hole. Who would have thought that the arm could leave the body to seek the opposite sex? It's a novelty!
Fish: during the love affair, the male chased the female, in the rush to escape the moment, the egg ball discharged, the male at the same time release of semen. Eel is especially interesting, it is a couple separated. The female lives in fresh water, the male lives in the sea water, every time the production period, the female does not hesitate to travel long distances, into the sea to court, after the birth, they returned to fresh water with the female individual.
Amphibians: can flirt may not be able to embrace, can embrace may not know each other dead or alive. Male frogs embrace female frogs night and day do not think about eating, a big love first performance, so that exhaustion. But the study proved that these male frogs may not have this feeling, the authors witnessed live to the female frog hug to suffocate to death also do not relax, just to recognize each other is not a body of the opposite sex to be born.
Reptiles: Lizards are arrested in pairs, one of which misses a hand and falls to the ground, where it is easily retrieved, so saddened by the loss of their love that they forget to run for their lives.
Birds: most of the birds during the reproductive period, the implementation of monogamy, male and female individuals **** with the responsibility of egg incubation and child-rearing. In the parrot some intelligent developed birds, once widowed, the birth of the person that is self-martyrdom. Is chastity into sex animals.
Birds in love is the most romantic, singing, dancing, and even feathers, snail shells, leaves, bone fragments decorated with pre-wedding dance, extremely luxurious. The Darwinians also believed that birds have an aesthetic sensibility.
Beasts: herbivores live in groups, polygamy. Carnivores live in small groups, not seen strict monogamy. Domestic animals, the work of raising children are burdened by the mother alone, males do not share the labor. Children know that there is a mother, do not know that there is a father. Beasts express their love for the opposite sex rather covertly, not as poetically as birds. They have high intelligence and rich feelings, but their relations with the opposite sex are relatively simple: valued in the actual intercourse, do not want to flirt with the false.
Monkeys: The Jaguar monkeys of India are strictly monogamous, with no marriage law restrictions, but they obey the laws of nature and do not change their ways midway.
The eggs of the sandworms of the worms are laid in the wall of the body cavity, and when mature, they fall into the cavity, which has no holes for oviposition, so that the act of production must be realized at the same time with the tragedy of the mother's automatic disembowelment.
The authors say that we need to open our eyes, not limited to national boundaries and species, to visit all kinds of men and women of the earth to pursue and copulate, to examine the way men and women are united in various places - the approximate institution of marriage, so as to be able to have a more impartial judgment.
I very much agree with the author's approach, otherwise we would be like frogs in a well, limited by our own culture.
The natives of South America and Australia usually lived naked, and wore clothing to protect themselves from the cold, never to cover themselves.
The natives of southern and central Africa, where the women are completely naked, have no idea which parts of their bodies should be exposed and which should be covered.
Many small islands in the Pacific, people do not quite understand the purpose of wearing clothes, full nudity is a very natural thing, Taiyidi island women common people after the unraveling of the lower body of the cloth, as a polite expression. The Pacific islands advocate free love, promiscuity, ethics and shame are not in the mind of the concept.
The Eskimos of North America with men and women in the same family under the buckskin, mixed sleep, the guests came, their own people crowded, leaving an empty seat around, to the guests as a sign of respect, and called their own women to go to the guests to spend the night. A local islander said to the Russian clergyman, "Our kingdom, in terms of male-female intercourse, is completely modeled on the otter."
Through such observations, the author realizes that shame is not natural, as the races and regions are very different.
Primitive human beings are no different from ordinary domestic animals in terms of male-female intercourse. It was a way to satisfy the physical needs of the human body, without shame or moral integrity.
Civilized nations, although mixed sex is not permitted by law and custom, but there are still many people who are free to do what they want.
The absolute freedom of love has the disadvantage of leading to early marriages and premature births.
It is an undeniable fact that some races have more sexual desire, while others have less. Physiologically, some races have more developed reproductive organs, more sex hormone secretion, Gu for the amorous races. In addition, the ingredients and environment also affect the libido.
Australian natives:
Primitive and simple. Predatory marriages were also prevalent in intra-clan hybridization, a polygamous system. Girls were free to cohabit with boys over 13 at the age of 10, and among the tribes, native women were obliged to sleep with outsiders. On the island of Nueva Caledonia, in the event of the death of a brother, the wife must belong to the other brother. Husband and wife to have sex more in the daytime, the line of grass. Night sleep each a box, never **** couch.
African natives:
South Africa, Central African natives early sexual intercourse, early childbearing, early aging, short life and premature death is the universal law. Northeast Africa, the Nile Valley, the culture is more progressive, the marriage system has also improved. Some of the ancient people of Egypt have practiced monogamy. Brother and sister marriage is not only allowed, and is considered an honorable thing. Morocco in western North Africa, there is a temporary marriage system, March or October.
Native Americans:
The South American Indians were mostly predatory marriages. North America is similar to them, male and female hybridization is considered commonplace, women for the whole clan communal, we can **** with the enjoyment. North American Eskimos have traces of predatory marriages, but the consent of both parents is required for them to be valid. The inhabitants of Greenland Island, like the Eskimos, borrow women as a matter of course. The American natives, like the Australian natives, have few certain norms for the union of men and women, but in Central America, Peru and Mexico are monogamous, and the marriage is consummated within the clan, with a celebrant.
Indians:
The region is vast and ethnically complex, with both monogamous and polygamous marriages.
Annam, Burma, Thailand, and Tibet:
Polygamy is practiced in most cases, and men and women are not equal. In Tibet, where the climate is harsh and the population is sparse, polygamy is common and polyandry is also practiced.
China and Japan:
In China there are restrictions on age, number, and affinity in marriage. The custom of polygamy was y rooted in ancient China. The Chinese have a long history of contempt for women, and the practice of buying and selling marriages has not been eliminated. The Japanese marriage system is similar to that of the Chinese, except that marriage within the clan is not prohibited and men and women are more free to marry each other.
White Asians:
Monogamy, polygamy, polyandry are all common. On the surface monogamous, private men and women are free to mix, also considered normal.
Europeans:
When we Oriental sages were talking about the importance of not being close to men and women, Western sages were strongly advocating for the freedom of men and women to have sex. In ancient Greece, monogamy was the name of the game, but there was no restriction on men and women living together if they wished to do so. Ancient Greece and Rome's initial marriage system was also close to barbarism, women were not free, as slaves and goods. After the Middle Ages, the system continued to improve, with the free choice of a consensual spouse, divorce, and reunion permitted by law and custom. Although they were not fully equal to men in political and economic terms, they were free and equal in marriage.
No marriage--> marriages by plunder ----> marriages by sale.
Monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, are all products of the formation of different social situations, for example, the institution of polygamy is appropriate only in regions where the land is poor, life is difficult, and there is in fact a need to reduce reproduction.
Societal limitations on the number of unions between the sexes were also adjusted to the size of the population. In World War II, the deaths and injuries of many non-normal births can be supplemented, the legislator opened the door, regardless of whether it is legal or not, as long as it is a child are treated equally, men and women's private matters of custom does not intervene, the law does not limit the black clergy also turned a blind eye, and they seem to be defaulted to the reasonable, and no back to the teachings of the change ushered in the post-World War II "baby boom". The baby boom was the result of this change, and the post-World War II "baby boom" was ushered in.
Polygamy was the result of better economic conditions, the means of production could support more people, and a family could afford to have more children.
If you look at it biologically, the behavior of human society looks a lot simpler.