In people's minds, there are many unknown secrets hidden in the shadows, and secret caves, ice caves, and catacombs may be another new world. What are the secrets lurking beneath our feet?
Poland's underground salt palace
Wieliczka salt mine is located near Krakow, Poland, 11th century mining, 14th century has become a famous tourist attraction. The salt mine is 327 meters deep and more than 300 kilometers long, with no shortage of rooms, chapels, and underground lakes.
The reason why it became an attraction is that this salt mine is like an underground palace, with multiple salt ornate chandeliers hanging from the top of the mine and more than 300 candles burning inside. Inside the mine is a life-size statue of Pope Paul II, and on the walls are relief paintings of The Last Supper.
Australia's underground cities
The town of Coober Pedy in southern Australia is the real deal.
The city is known for its cataract mines, where outdoor temperatures can reach as high as 49 degrees Celsius, so most of its residents live in the comfort and convenience of an underground city carved out of the rock, complete with stores, churches, hotels and even a swimming pool.
U.S. Underground Bunker
The Greenbrier Underground Bunker, located in the U.S. state of West Virginia, was built in 1956 and has been hidden under the luxurious Greenbrier Hotel for 30 years, and is said to have been a Cold War-era hideout for congressmen and senators in times of crisis.
The bunker is the size of two soccer fields and contains 1,100 beds, a fully stocked cafe, a clinic and a TV lounge. After this bunker was built, the government also constructed projects under the local airport and Interstate 64. Today, those underground works are tourist attractions.
Turkey's underground cities
Cappadocia, in west-central Turkey, is not only beautiful, but also hides a huge underground city complex. No one knows when the "underground city" was built, but the general theory is that some people came here to escape the persecution of the Roman rulers, and they found that the volcanic rock in the area was soft and easy to excavate, so they built caves to defend themselves against their pursuers.
People have ****discovered 36 underground cities here, the larger one being the Derinkuyu Underground City, which has about 18 to 20 floors that go down to 70-90 meters below the ground. more than 1,200 rooms with different functions, including storage rooms, wine cellars, kitchens, churches, tombs, schools, and even a place to keep animals.
Five million pounds worth of British underground city
The British government during the Cold War in order to prevent a nuclear attack, in the 1950s in Wiltshire, England, at a depth of 37 meters underground to build a 246 acres of land, a super huge "secret underground city". In the city, there are all kinds of living facilities, as well as subway stations and power stations, as well as up to 0.9 kilometers of tunnels connected to the outside world, can accommodate 4,000 people living at the same time. After 44 years, the British government finally declassified this "top secret" to the public for the first time in 2004.
Surprisingly, the British Ministry of Defense is now planning to put the "secret underground city," valued at 5 million pounds, up for sale.
The "secret dungeon" is located in a disused mine shaft 37 meters below ground in the Cosham area of Wiltshire, England. During the Cold War, the government of Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan spent huge sums of money to turn the abandoned mine into a super dungeon in case of a nuclear attack by the former Soviet Union.
As a "top secret" of the British government, the dungeon was given the mysterious code name "Burlington Bunker". It covers an area of 246 acres and its location is quite hidden. One of the branches of the long-distance tunnel from London to Bristol, which splits halfway through the city, leads to this unseen underground city.
Japan: 526 kilometers of underground cities
Japan is a small country, and land is tight in urban areas, so in 1930, commercial counters were opened on both sides of the pedestrian walkway under the Ueno Train Station in Tokyo, forming the end of an underground street.
To date, the underground street has evolved from a purely commercial nature to include a variety of urban functions, transportation, commercial and other facilities **** with the composition of the interdependent underground complex. 1973 years later, due to the fire, Japan once on the construction of the underground street stipulates a number of restrictions on the construction of the underground street, so that the number of new development of the city's underground street has been reduced, but the size of the single underground street but the growing size and quality of the design, disaster-resistant underground street. The design quality is getting higher and higher, more and more disaster-resistant, at the same time in the legislation, planning and design has formed a more sound
Underground street development and utilization system. Japan's underground streets in accordance with the size, the smallest underground space of 3,000 square meters, not less than 50 stores, the largest 10,000 square meters, stores in more than 100. According to statistics, Japan has built in 26 cities underground street 146, day in and out of the number of underground street reached 12 million people, accounting for the total number of national 1/9. Japan's underground city in the world is the construction of the number of one of the countries in the forefront. 1981, Japan's total length of the national underground * * * * through the space of 156.6 kilometers, has reached 526 kilometers in recent years in Japan in the newly built areas such as Yokohama's Minato 21st century area and the renewal of old urban areas such as Nagoya, Sapporo's urban center area are planned and implemented in recent years in new areas such as Yokohama's 21st century area and the development and utilization of underground space.
Japan attaches great importance to the environmental design of underground space, whether it is a commercial street or a pedestrian walkway, in terms of air quality, lighting, and even the design of architectural artifacts are up to the environmental quality of the ground space. In the underground high-speed roads, parking lots, flood drainage and storage of underground rivers, underground thermal power plants, water storage of snow-melting tanks and disaster prevention facilities and other municipal facilities, Japan has given full play to the role of underground space.
New York, the United States: the subway daily reception of 5.1 million people
The United States city is highly concentrated, urban conflicts are very sharp. The U.S. government has specialized in the development of underground space. The U.S. New York City subway in the world's longest operating line, up to 443 kilometers, the number of stations up to 504, 5.1 million people a day, close to 2 billion passengers a year.
New York's central business district has 4/5 of the commuters are using public **** transportation. This is because the New York subway highlights features such as economical convenience and high efficiency. Most of the subway stations in New York City is relatively simple, the station is generally only paved concrete floor, very little decoration outside the building, on the convenience of the subway, Beijing and Shanghai is far from catching up with New York.
Downtown Manhattan area, the resident population of 100,000 people, but during the day into the region's population of nearly 3 million people, most of whom arrived by subway. All-around climate-independent underground pedestrian walkway system, a good solution to the problem of people, car diversion, shorten the subway and public **** car transfer distance, at the same time the subway station and a large public **** activity centers connected from the underground road.
The typical Rockefeller Center underground walkway system connects major large public **** buildings underground within a 10-block radius. The southern city of Dallas, built an underground walkway system with 29 walkways unaffected by the summer heat, connecting the city's major public **** buildings and activity centers underground, and the city of Houston has a sizable underground walkway system that is 4.5 kilometers in length and connects 350 large buildings.
In addition, the United States underground building monolithic design in schools, libraries, offices, laboratory centers, industrial buildings are also effective. On the one hand, the better use of underground features to meet the functional requirements, but also a reasonable solution to the problem of combining new and old buildings, and for the ground to create open space. Such as the United States, Minneapolis, south of the commercial center of the underground public **** library, Harvard University, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Michigan, the University of Illinois and other places of the underground, semi-underground libraries, a better solution to the original Museum of the connection and preservation of the campus of the original appearance.
In addition, the ground of the Moscone Underground Convention and Exhibition Center in downtown San Francisco's Yeba Bu Bu Guna area, preserving the city's only remaining open space, the construction of a park. The large water supply system of New York City in the United States, completely laid out in the underground rock formations, the amount of 1.3 million cubic meters of stone and 540,000 cubic meters of concrete. In addition to a 22-kilometer-long, 7.5-meter-diameter water tunnel, there are several groups of control and distribution of large underground chambers, each level is a spatial arrangement of the complexity of the large rock project.
Canada: developed underground pedestrian system
Toronto and Montreal, Canada, also has a very developed underground pedestrian system, which Montreal's Underground City (RÉSO) is the world's largest underground city system. With its huge scale, convenient transportation, comprehensive service facilities and beautiful environment to enjoy the reputation, to ensure that there in the long harsh winter climate of a variety of commercial, cultural and other affairs exchange activities.
The Montreal Underground City currently boasts a total of ****32 kilometers of underground tunnels, and the total area covered by the Underground City has reached 12 square kilometers. It is connected to the subway, shopping centers, condominiums, hotels, banks, gymnasiums, office buildings, universities, museums, seven metro stations, and two inner-city light-rail and coach stations. The underground city has 120 aboveground entrances and exits and is connected to more than 100 entrances and exits, including 80% of downtown Montreal's office space and 35% of its commercial space. In the winter, approximately 500,000 people use the Underground's facilities every day. Because of the Underground City, Montreal is sometimes referred to as a Double-Decker City and Two Cities in One.
Toronto's underground pedestrian system, which was four blocks wide and nine blocks long by the 1970s, connects 20 parking garages, many hotels, movie theaters, shopping malls, and about 1,000 stores underground, in addition to City Hall, Union Station, the stock exchange, five subway stations, and the basements of 30 high-rise buildings. Several gardens and fountains are laid out in this system,*** and there are more than 100 ground-level entrances and exits.
The Canadian government's underground pedestrian system illustrates that the construction of underground pedestrian walkway system in the center of large cities can improve traffic, save land, improve the environment, ensure the prosperity of the city under the harsh climate, but also provide the conditions for urban disaster prevention, and its experience is that there should be a sound planning, design should be advanced, which is an important issue of safety and disaster prevention, the larger the system, the more prominent the problem. Passage should have a sufficient number of entrances and exits and enough width to avoid too many turns, there should be obvious guide signs.
Nordic: buried 90 meters deep to make the best use of it
Nordic geological conditions are good, is the development and utilization of underground space in the advanced region. The large-scale system of water supply in the southern part of Sweden is all underground, buried at a depth of 30-90 meters, with tunnels 80 kilometers long, and relying on gravity for self-flow.
Finland Helsinki's large water supply system, the tunnel is 120 kilometers long, filtration and other treatment facilities are underground. Norway's large underground water supply system, the source of its water is also realized underground, in the rock layer in the construction of large reservoirs, both to save land and reduce evaporation loss of water.
Sweden's large underground drainage system, not only in the number or treatment rate, in the world in a leading position, Sweden's drainage system, sewage treatment plants all underground, only Stockholm City, there are 200 kilometers of large drainage tunnels. Has a large sewage treatment plant 6, the treatment rate is 100%.
In some other small and medium-sized cities, there are underground sewage treatment plants, not only to protect the city's water supply, but also the Baltic Sea from pollution. Sweden is the first test with the pipeline transportation of garbage in the country, in the early 1960s began to develop the air blowing system. 1983 in a small area of 1,700 residents to build a set of air blowing pipeline transportation of garbage system, is expected to be used for 60 years. Because it was built in conjunction with a recycling and disposal system, the investment was recouped in four years.
Meanwhile, Sweden's Stockholm region has 120 kilometers of large underground heating tunnels, many areas to achieve centralized heating, and is testing underground heat storage reservoirs for the use of industrial waste heat and solar energy to save energy to create favorable conditions. Stockholm, Sweden, underground *** with the ditch 30 kilometers long, built in the rock, 8 meters in diameter, wartime can be used as civil defense projects.
Finland's underground space utilization in addition to numerous municipal facilities, is a developed cultural, sports and entertainment facilities. Near the Helsinki City Mall underground swimming pool, its area of 10,210 square meters, completed in 1993. 1987 completed the psychiatric hospital underground swimming pool and fitness center. 1993 completed the Jihua Skola Sports Center, an area of 8,000 square meters to serve 14,000 residents, with gymnasiums, turf and sand ball games, sports dance hall, wrestling judo hall, Artistic Gymnastics Hall and Shooting Hall.
In order to maintain the low-density buildings and green landscape of the town of Kuninam, the 7,000-square-meter stadium built in 1988 to serve 8,000 residents was also built underground, with a standard handball hall, tennis hall, and spectator stands, as well as showers, changing rooms, storage rooms, and offices.
The Rittereti Art Center, which attracts 200,000 visitors a year, has a 3,000-square-meter exhibition hall, a 2,000-square-meter gallery, and a 1,000-seat concert hall with high-quality acoustics.
The use of underground space in Northern Europe combined with civil defense projects is a major feature. Paris has built 83 underground garages underneath the city, which can accommodate more than 43,000 cars, and Foyle Street has built the largest underground garage in Europe, with 4 floors underneath the city, which can park 3,000 cars. The construction of a large number of parking lots is an important condition for the normal operation of the city, parking lots built underground can save a lot of land.
Paris underground space utilization for the protection of historical and cultural landscape has made an outstanding contribution. The Louvre in the center of Paris is a world-famous palace, in the absence of land for expansion, the original classical architecture must be maintained, can not be realized under the circumstances of the expansion requirements, the designer used the palace buildings surrounded by Napoleon Square under the underground space to accommodate all the contents of the expansion, in order to solve the lighting and entrance/exit arrangements, set up in the middle of the square and the two sides of the three sizes of the conical glass skylight, the success of the classical buildings The modernization of the classical building was successful.
Russia: the subway in all directions
Russia is also an advanced country in the development and utilization of underground space, which is characterized by the subway system is quite developed, the Moscow subway system is the world's highest passenger volume of the city, up to 2.6 billion passengers per year, to its construction and operation of high-quality and is well known around the world, especially its station architectural style, each station has its own characteristics, each transfer station building The architecture of the interchange stations is quite ingenious, and at the intersection of up to four lines, passengers can achieve the purpose of transferring in the least amount of time. In addition, Russia's underground *** with the trench is also quite developed, Moscow has 130 kilometers of underground *** with the underground interaction space, in addition to the gas pipe, a variety of pipes, lines are there.
From the point of view of the development of underground space around the world, each country has a **** with the same characteristics is people-oriented, efficient use of space, energy, logistics, transportation, as well as sewage centralized in the underground for processing. For the city's space above ground to reserve a fresh world. And from the point of view of foreign underground space development, the development of China's underground city is still far from the standard, perhaps I'll be a few decades, in Shanghai Beijing such a first-tier cities, complete and efficient underground city is no longer a concept, but everyone's life is closely related to the entity.
Beijing Underground City
Beijing Underground City, belonging to the Beijing Municipal Foreign Key Visiting Unit. The former Beijing Underground City was built in 1969 as a human defense fortification. It can accommodate the entire population of the area, divided into three fortification plots, and leads to the city in all directions, forming an initial scale of the people's air defense tunnel network.
In 1980, using part of the space of the people's air defense fortifications, the underground city opened the Qianmen Arts and Crafts Service Department, which operated the Scholar's House, enameled jades, jewelry, paintings and calligraphy of celebrities, tourist medicinal herbs and various other handicrafts, and at the same time opened Chinese medicine consulting, seal engraving and printing and other services.
Guangdong Huizhou Underground City
Huizhou West Lake at the bottom of the lake 13 meters will be used to build the Dongguan-Huizhou Intercity Railway West Lake Station into a set of food and drink, shopping and recreation in one of the underground city complex. The project will be completed and put into use in 2013.
Huizhou City, housing and urban-rural planning and construction of the deputy director of the Bureau of Shi Weixue introduced, has been fully commenced construction of the Dongguan-Huizhou Intercity Railway, will be located in Huizhou, Huizhou City, Huizhou City, the former site of the Lipu Fengqing near the track will be 13 meters away from the bottom of the West Lake through the ground floor, which completely avoids the completion of the inter-city light rail on the West Lake Huizhou landscape damage.