What are the customs of the Gaoshan people? Folk customs
1. She
The basic organization of the Gaoshan people is "she", which is a natural village. A smallshe is composed of one clan, and a largeshe is composed of several clans. Generally, Thousands of people, small societies of five to six hundred people, implement democratic politics, and major issues are decided by the society conference. The heads of the society include the headman (leader), the priest (or wizard) and the council of elders. It is the highest authority of the society. The leader led farming, fishing and hunting, adjudicated internal disputes, and helped the priests organize sacrificial activities. Since the 1950s, the social organization of Taiwan's Gaoshan people has gradually moved towards local administration, and the large family that used to have 50 or 60 people has been shrinking. However, many traditions as social ideologies and cultural customs still play a role that cannot be ignored in social life.
2. Body disfigurement
In the past, there was a common custom of body disfigurement among various branches of the Gaoshan ethnic group, such as hair plucking, tooth chiseling, ear piercing, corseting, and tattooing. wait. After the mid-1940s, these customs gradually declined, but their residual influence remains. Plucking refers to the removal of body hair. In some branches, men are pulled out, some are pulled out by women, and some are pulled out by both men and women. Men use bamboo clips to pull them out, and women use fine linen threads to pull them out. Some even burn them with charcoal without feeling any pain.
Chisel removal is the removal of the two left and right incisors or two canine teeth between the ages of twelve and sixteen. Some directly press a small iron rod against the tooth and use a stone to knock out the tooth to be extracted. Some branches that do not have the custom of tooth extraction and missing teeth are willing to dye their teeth black, considering black teeth as beautiful.
Ear piercing is especially prominent among Paiwan and Amis men. Their earlobes have large perforations, and they usually use lead plates, shells and bamboo tubes as earrings. Glass beads are connected to one end of the carved bamboo tube with silk thread and tied to the hair on the back of the head to prevent them from swinging and falling.
Corseting is a special custom among men of some branches. The corset is made of thick bamboo sheets, with holes drilled at both ends, and hemp rope threaded through to tighten it, and buckled at the back waist. From the age of twelve or thirteen until the age of fifty or sixty, the waist and abdomen are tightly bound day and night to make the chest and leg muscles strong and healthy.
Tattoos vary from branch to branch. Some men get tattoos while women don’t, and some women get tattoos but men don’t. Some use tattoos as a form of beauty, while others use tattoos as a symbol of bravery. Influenced by primitive religion, it is believed that tattoos can be blessed by the souls of ancestors and avoid disasters. In addition to tattoos, there are also face tattoos. No matter how the body is decorated, its common purpose is for beauty, bravery, marriage, meritorious service, and nobility.
3. Beautiful songs and dances
The Gaoshan people are good at singing and dancing. No matter in labor, love, wedding banquets, festivals, sacrifices, etc., they all have songs and dances with lyrical meaning. Because there are many branches of the Gaoshan ethnic group, the styles expressed in music, singing and dancing are also rich and colorful. Traditional folk songs are mostly sung impromptu to evoke emotions. Some are like mountains and flowing water, natural and melodious, some are like striking bamboos and jade, which are beautiful and moving; some are like rowing drums and stones, with a lively rhythm. It looks rough, simple and delicate.
Common musical instruments include harmonica, bow qin (square qin), flute, leaf qin (leaf qin), pestle, hip board, bamboo drum (drum chop), waist bell, foot bell, mouth bell Xianqin and nose flute are often used by young men and women to call their lovers and convey their love. The leaf qin is actually a piece of broad-leaved tree leaf picked at random, which can be used to play many tunes by holding it between the lips. Chule evolved from the wooden pestle used to pound rice. When the Gaoshan people pound rice, they often dig a cave in their house and put a stone slab at the bottom of the cave. Several women stand around, holding wooden pestles to pound the rice. When the wooden pestle hits the stone slab, it makes a bell-like sound that spreads far. Later, people used wooden pestles with different lengths, thicknesses, and different pitches to play music with different rhythms. The songs they accompanied were called "pestle songs." The music played with it is "pest music". Chu music, singing and dancing are very popular in the places where the Gaoshan people live. Pestle songs have also become a bond of love between young men and women, and many happy marriages were forged in the sound of pestle music. The hip plate is a string of bamboo tubes and copper shells hanging from the hips. Together with the waist bells and foot bells, they are the dancer's props and accompaniment instruments.
The dance of the Gaoshan ethnic group has the characteristics of collectiveness. In all major events, there are lively scenes of collective singing and dancing. During the singing and dancing gatherings, people piled firewood and lit a fire, singing and drinking around the fire. First, a dozen young people danced gracefully and sang the prelude, which gradually became high-pitched and exciting. Everyone gathered around, singing and dancing, moving forward and back, advancing and retreating in an orderly manner, and occasionally cheering in unison. The scene was very lively. Due to the rapid development of tourism in recent years, many tourists visiting Taiwan go to Gaoshan folk villages or tourist attractions to watch the folk customs and song and dance performances of the mountain compatriots.
4. Wood carving and textiles
The handicrafts of the Gaoshan people mainly include textiles, bamboo weaving, rattan weaving, wood cutting, carving, bamboo cutting and pottery making. Among them, the Paiwan people, Lu The wood carving art of the Kai people, Yamei people and other branches is quite exquisite, and the cutting is famous... Sixteen ethnic groups
1. Achang ethnic group: distributed in Yunnan, with a population of more than 27,000 people. They are mainly engaged in agriculture and have developed handicrafts. They are especially famous for being good at making long knives. Has its own language. ——Tea Picking
2. Bai Nationality: Distributed in Yunnan, Nobles, Sichuan and other places, with a population of more than 1.59 million people, they have their own language regarding farming. ——Salted azaleas, three teas, three pagodas in Dali
3. Baoan ethnic group: distributed in Yunnan, Qinghai and other places, with a population of more than 12,000, mainly engaged in agriculture, handicrafts, and knife-making. The main "security knife" is very famous and has its own language. ——Sheepskin jacket, security knife
4. Brown ethnic group: distributed in Yunnan, with a population of more than 82,000, mainly engaged in agriculture, and have their own language. ——Playing and Singing
5. Buyi Nationality: Distributed in Nobles, Yunnan and other places, with a population of more than 2.54 million, mainly engaged in agriculture, and is known as the "Rice Nation". Has its own language and writing. ―Slate houses, embroidery, carved masks
6. Korean: Mainly distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, with a population of more than 1.92 million, mainly engaged in agriculture, famous for their good rice cultivation, and have their own language . ——Springboard, Changdugu
7. Dao ethnic group: distributed in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and other places, with a population of more than 120,000 people. They are mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. They have their own language. ——Paper-cutting, playing hockey
8. Dai Nationality: Distributed in Yunnan, with a population of more than 1.02 million, mainly engaged in agriculture. The temple towers, bamboo buildings and bamboo bridges show unique architectural art and have their own language characters. ——Peacock dance, basket rice, Water Splashing Festival
9. Deang ethnic group: distributed in Yunnan, with a population of more than 15,000 people. They are mainly engaged in agriculture. They are famous for growing tea and have their own language. ――Elephant Foot Encouragement
10. Dong Nationality: Mainly distributed in Guizhou, Hunan, Wenwen and other places, with a population of more than 2.51 million, mainly engaged in agriculture and forestry. The Drum Tower, Fengyu Bridge, and Fengyu Pavilion are Dong The main symbol of the township has its own language and characters. ——Soaking Lusheng and blocking the road to welcome guests
11. Dongxiang ethnic group: Mainly distributed in Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other places, with a population of more than 370,000. They are mainly engaged in agriculture and are good at growing fruits. Has its own language.
12. Dulong people: distributed in Yunnan, with a population of more than 5,000 people. They maintain the good social custom of "not picking up things on the road and not closing their homes at night". Theft rarely occurs. Has its own language. ——Weaving Dulong blankets and baking pancakes
13. Oroqen: Distributed in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and other places, with a population of more than 6,000, mainly engaged in hunting and agriculture. Has its own language. ——Making fur clothing, Bonfire Festival
14. Russian: Distributed in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and other places, with a population of more than 13,000, engaged in various repair industries, transportation and handicrafts, and has its own language and text. ——Play accordion and bake bread
15. Ewenki: Distributed in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, with a population of 26,000, they are mainly engaged in animal husbandry and have their own language.
——Reindeer, sledge
16. Gaoshan ethnic group: mainly distributed in Taiwan Province, with a few remaining scattered in southeastern coastal areas such as Fujian, with a population of about 40 people. They are mainly engaged in agriculture, fishing and hunting, and have their own language. ——Pole and ball, dragon boat, weaving
17. Gelao ethnic group: distributed in Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places, with a population of about 430,000, mainly engaged in agriculture, and have their own language. ——Making glutinous rice balls, local opera
18. Hani ethnic group: distributed in Yunnan, with a population of 1.25 million, mainly engaged in agriculture, good at terraced fields, and have their own language and writing.
19. Kazakhs: Distributed in Xinjiang, with a population of about 10,000. They are mainly engaged in animal husbandry and are good at embroidery. Their embroidery has been exported to more than a dozen countries and regions including Japan. They have their own spoken and written language. . ——Shearing sheep, playing and singing, embroidery
20. Han nationality: distributed throughout the country, with a population of more than 1.04 billion, economically and culturally developed, and has its own language and writing. ——Temple fair, dragon dance
21. Hezhe: Distributed in Heilongjiang Province, with a population of more than 4,000 people, they are a fishing-based ethnic group in northern China and have their own language. ——Making fish skin clothes, fishing town, good at eating raw fish
22. Hui: Mainly live in Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang and other places, with the rest scattered throughout the country, with a population of more than 8.6 million. ——Throwing cattle, frying oil is fragrant
23. Jinuo ethnic group: distributed in Yunnan Province, with a population of more than 18,000 people. They are mainly engaged in agriculture, good at growing tea, and have their own language. ——Musical instrument, dita, dance and drum
24. Jing ethnic group: distributed in Guangxi, with a population of more than 18,000 people. They are mainly engaged in coastal fishery, agriculture and salt industry. They have their own language. ――Ha...gt;gt;
What are the unique ethnic customs of the Gaoshan people? The Gaoshan people mainly live in Taiwan Province, China, and there are also a few scattered in coastal areas such as Fujian and Zhejiang on the mainland. The Gaoshan people have their own language, which belongs to the Indonesian language family of the Austronesian language family. It can be roughly divided into three language groups: Qinhuai, Cao, and Paiwan. There is no native language. The Gaoshan people scattered across the mainland speak Chinese. The Gaoshan compatriots living in Taiwan have their own unique culture and art. Their oral literature is very rich, including myths, legends and folk songs. The Gaoshan people mainly rely on rice farming, supplemented by fishing and hunting production. The handicrafts of the Gaoshan people mainly include textiles, bamboo weaving, rattan weaving, wood cutting, carving, bamboo cutting and pottery making. Reference baike.baidu/view/4280
What are the customs and habits of the Gaoshan people? The Gaoshan people mainly live in Taiwan Province, China, but there are also a few scattered in coastal areas such as Fujian and Zhejiang Province. The areas inhabited by the Gaoshan people are mainly in the mountainous areas of central Taiwan, the eastern longitudinal valley plains and Orchid Island.
The Gaoshan people like to hold banquets, sing and dance *** on festivals or festive days.
In the past, the Gaoshan tribe lived close to mountains and rivers, nesting in caves, or building houses made of bamboo thatch or wood.
In the form of funeral, the Atayal, Bunun and Cao people usually bury the body inside the house and bury the body under the bed of the deceased. The Paiwan and Dawu people bury their dead in open spaces in front and behind their houses, while the Amei people bury their dead on the spot.
The Gaoshan people still retain their primitive religious beliefs and rituals.
New Year customs of the Gaoshan people 1) The clothes of the Gaoshan people are mainly made of linen and cotton, with different styles. Generally, men wear shawls, vests, jackets and shorts. Women wear short tops, aprons and blouses that are draped diagonally from the shoulders to the armpits. They add embroidery to the clothes and wear decorations made of ground shells and animal bones. The Gaoshan people are good at singing and dancing, and are good at carving and painting. 2) People of the Gaoshan ethnic group wear colorful ethnic costumes during the Spring Festival, and gather in groups at the edge of the village to drink wine and sing and dance to the accompaniment of musical instruments. Some villages also hold spearfishing competitions and carry out sports activities such as basket ball and poleball.
Introduce the characteristics and customs of the Gaoshan people. The Gaoshan people still retain the beliefs and rituals of their original religion.
They worship elves, and they believe in different gods from place to place, including gods of heaven, gods of creation of the universe, gods of nature, gods of managers, and other elves and monsters. Sacrificial rituals include farming sacrifices (including reclamation sacrifices, sowing sacrifices, weeding sacrifices, harvesting sacrifices, new grain harvesting sacrifices, etc., the main one being millet sacrifices), hunting sacrifices, fishing sacrifices, ancestral spirit sacrifices, etc. Witchcraft is prevalent, among which divination methods include bird divination, dream divination, water divination, bamboo divination, ladle divination, rice divination, etc., and there are many forms of witchcraft books. Due to the influence of Han immigrants and Dutch and Spanish colonists, the religious beliefs of the Gaoshan people are complex. The Han people brought Buddhism, and the Western invaders brought Christianity, Catholicism, etc. All these religions have taken root among the Gaoshan people. Nowadays, the religious life of the Gaoshan people has formed a situation where primitive religious beliefs, Buddhism and Western religions coexist side by side.
The Gaoshan people are the collective name for the ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province, including the Bunun people, the Rukai people, the Paiwan people, the Beinan people, the Thao people, the Atayal people, the Yamei people, the Cao people, the Ami people, Saixia people and more than ten ethnic groups.
The name "Gaoshan Tribe" is China's general name for the ethnic groups in Taiwan Province after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945.
Historically, especially before the Ming Dynasty, there was no such name as the Gaoshan people. The origins of the Gaoshan ethnic group are diverse, but they mainly come from a branch of the Guyue people on the southeastern coast of mainland China. After the Han residents immigrated to Taiwan, the aboriginal ethnic groups divided into two parts: one settled in the plains and merged with the Han people, called the Pingpu people, including 21 tribes of the Siraya tribe, 13 tribes of the Hong Anya tribe, and 9 tribes of the Babusa tribe. There are 4 tribes of the Bazehai tribe, 4 tribes of the Bapula tribe, 6 tribes of the Daokas tribe, 28 tribes of the Ketagalan tribe, and 34 tribes of the Kavalan tribe. The other part is still settled in the mountainous areas and has less influence from the Han people. It still retains the characteristics of the aboriginal language, customs, habits and other characteristics. The Gaoshan people today generally refer to this part of the ethnic minority. On March 14, 1954, the Taiwan authorities stipulated that the Gaoshan ethnic group includes 9 ethnic groups: Atayal, Saixia, Bunun, Cao (renamed Tsou in November 1998), Rukai, Paiwan, Beinan, Yami, and Ame ( It is said that there are 10 ethnic groups, and the Thao people are also considered one ethnic group). Most of these ethnic groups are distributed in the central mountains and islands in the southeast, with a few scattered in Fujian, Shanghai, Beijing, Wuhan and other places. The total population is about 400,000, and there are 2,909 people living in mainland China (the fourth census in 1990).
The Gaoshan people have their own language, which belongs to the Indonesian language family of the Austronesian language family. The internal languages ??of the Gaoshan people vary greatly, and there are more than ten branches including the Amis, Atayal, Paiwan, and Bunun people. There is no text of its own. The Gaoshan compatriots living in Taiwan have their own unique culture and art. Their oral literature is rich, including myths, legends and folk songs.
Most Gaoshan people are engaged in agriculture, while a few are engaged in fishing and hunting. There are crafts such as carving and weaving.
For a long time, the Gaoshan and Han people have jointly resisted the invasion of foreign invaders and jointly developed Taiwan. During the 50 years of Japanese imperialism's occupation of Taiwan, the resistance struggle was particularly fierce, with the Wushe Uprising in 1930 being the largest. In 1947, he participated in the "February 28" Uprising, which was dominated by Han people.
Taboos: Women are prohibited from using knives and axes after pregnancy, and are prohibited from eating ape meat, lynx meat, pangolin meat, and pedicle fruits; men are not allowed to touch the looms used by women.
Daily Food Customs: Cereals and potatoes are the staple foods of the Gaoshan people. Except for the Yami and Bunun people, several other ethnic groups use rice as their daily staple food, supplemented by potatoes and miscellaneous grains. The Yamei people living in Lanyu eat taro, millet and fish as their staple food, while the Bunun people eat millet, corn and potatoes (locally called sweet potatoes) as their staple food. In terms of the preparation method of staple food, most high mountain people like to boil rice into rice, or steam glutinous rice and cornmeal into cakes and glutinous rice cakes. When the Bunun people make their staple food, they beat the millet in the pot into a paste and eat it. The Paiwan people like to roll the millet in banana leaves, mix it with peanuts and animal meat, and steam it as a festival delicacy. They can also take it with them when they go hunting. But as a snack brought for hunting, salt and other salty seasonings are generally not added to the filling. When the Atayal people go hunting in the mountains, they like to use banana fillings to wrap glutinous rice, then wrap them in banana leaves, steam them and take them away. Paiwan people like to mix sweet potatoes, pigeon peas, taro stems, etc. together and eat them after cooking.
The Yami people like to cook rice or porridge with taro and sweet potatoes as their staple food. When working or traveling outside, they often use dried taro or cooked sweet potatoes and glutinous rice products similar to zongzi as dry food. When the Paiwan people hunt, they do not bring pots, but only matches. They first pile up the stones and heat them with dry firewood. Then they put taro, sweet potatoes, etc. under the stones. They cover the stones with sand and soil and eat them after they are cooked. . The vegetables of the Gaoshan people come from a wide range of sources, most of which are grown, and a small amount of them are collected. Common ones include...gt;gt;
What are the folk customs of the Gaoshan people? Gaoshan costumes Taiwan is one of the provinces in my country where many ethnic groups gather. Traces of almost every ethnic group in our country can be found in Taiwan. However, the first people to live in Taiwan were the Gaoshan people, who were also known as "Easterners" and "Yizhou people" in history. Later they were renamed "Shanbao", "Taiwan Aboriginal People" and "Taiwan's First Inhabitants". , "Taiwan Aboriginal people". This is an ancient nation. Due to the oppression of the reactionary ruling classes in the past dynasties, the development of Gaoshan society has been relatively slow, and some are still in a primitive state and still live in poverty. According to records, during the periods of Emperor Qin Shihuang and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, sea bans were implemented, forcing residents of my country's southeastern coastal areas to move inland and prohibiting them from contacting the people on the coastal islands. In this way, the Gaoshan people who are isolated overseas have experienced a different development process from the people of the mainland of the motherland. However, their origins, culture, production, life and other aspects are still inextricably linked with the mainland. Starting from the pre-Qing Dynasty, they gave up their original "Fan" surname and changed it to the same surname as the mainland immigrants. They have their own language and customs. The place where they live collectively is called a village community. Each village community includes several different families and clans. These village communities each occupy a certain amount of land, which cannot be invaded by outsiders. The Gaoshan people usually live in wooden houses with thatched roofs, and some roofs are covered with bark, slate or bamboo. The Yami people who live on Lanyu Island in Taitung still use the method of digging holes in the ground to build houses. The indoors are much lower than the ground. The excavated soil is piled around to become the house walls. Their staple food is taro and sweet potato. Usually, most men only wear a "T-shaped belt" around their waists, and women only wear a square cloth on their chest and waist. With the development of Taiwan's tourism industry, Orchid Island has become a tourist area in Taiwan, and some Yamei people have got rid of the bad habits of ignorance, backwardness and lack of clothing. The Gaoshan people respect the elderly very much and love to drink. Because they often hunt, they especially like their hunting dogs, just like the Han people value their cattle. The Gaoshan people also have traditional culture and art, and are particularly fond of dancing. The famous pestle music is a kind of folk song and dance extracted from their daily life practice. The Gaoshan people are divided into many branches according to the distribution of their living areas and the differences in their languages. Except for the Pingpu people who have already settled in the plains and integrated with the Han people, the Gaoshan people are divided into Atayal, Saixia, Bunun, Tsou (Cao), Paiwan, Rukai, Ami, Beinan There are ten major ethnic groups including the Yamei, Thao and other ethnic groups. There are more than 400,000 people in Taiwan, accounting for 1.7% of Taiwan's 23 million population. They belong to a disadvantaged ethnic group, but they represent the most typical expression of Taiwan's local culture. Among the ten major ethnic groups, the first six ethnic groups live mostly in mountainous areas where farming is impossible. The Amis and Puinan people live in the eastern plains, and the Yami live in Orchid Island in the Pacific. Based on this, for a long time, it seems inappropriate to refer to these ten major ethnic groups as the Gaoshan ethnic group, but it has been used for a long time and I have become accustomed to it. The Gaoshan people, like other ethnic minorities, also have their own unique customs. Festivals and Customs The Gaoshan people generally have two major festivals every year, one is the Sowing Festival and the other is the Harvest Festival. The scale of the latter is particularly large, almost equal to the Spring Festival of the Han people. At that time, each family will slaughter livestock, make wine, make cakes, etc., offer sacrifices to ancestors, and have fun, which usually lasts about 10 days. They especially worship their ancestors; they believe that the soul is immortal, that everything has a soul, and that souls have good and evil qualities. Hang calamus on your chest when you go out, and smear ashes on your forehead when walking at night to prevent evil spirits from getting close to you. If you are sick, use thatch leaves, chicken eggs, and animal teeth to massage the affected area. There is also a widespread belief in omens and divination, and people often decide what to do based on omens.
Such as solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, the appearance of comets, roosters crowing at night, dogs howling, snakes coming out of their holes, birds and animals crossing paths, people being hanged by poisonous thorns, falling, sneezing, etc. are all bad omens. Children's heads are not allowed to be touched casually. Women's spades, kitchen utensils, looms, etc., as well as men's bows, arrows, farm tools, weapons, etc. are not allowed to come into contact with the opposite sex. Women have high power. The basic social organization of the Gaoshan people is the "she", and several societies are combined into a tribe. In some tribes, women have always had higher power than men, retaining the legacy of a matriarchal society. In terms of tribal government affairs, most of their elders, priests, and even leaders are women, and they govern and hold power. Among the Ami and Yami tribes, after marriage, the husband gives almost all the best food and useful things to his wife to enjoy. Women not only enjoy the treatment of masters at home, but also have a higher social status than men. The Gaoshan ethnic group is divided into Ami, Paiwan, Atayal, Bunun, Saifu, Cao ethnic groups and some people such as Yami, Beinan, Rukai and Pingpu, so their costumes have their own characteristics. Atayal, Saixia and...gt;gt;
What are the traditional festivals of the Gaoshan people? Festivals of the Gaoshan people. The Paiwan people of the Gaoshan people in Taiwan hold various festivals during the golden autumn season in October every year. There is a harvest festival to be held. The enthusiastic Paiwan people always invite many guests to celebrate the harvest together. Everyone brings good wine and food from home to the grand gathering place. First, they toast the clan leader or village chief with a glass of "long toast" to wish everyone happiness. Then replace the tea with wine and let the guests drink as much as they want. The Spring Festival of the Gaoshan people has unique characteristics: firstly, in the past, on New Year's Eve, some temples would perform a "debt avoidance play". People who were in debt and rent would hide in the temples to watch the play. Secondly, the whole family would play in the New Year's Eve. , people should sit together in front of a large round table with hot pot for dinner; thirdly, "Chun Chun" is a folk saying for "New Year's greetings", which is particularly popular. The food box of beets is a treat; fourthly, during the Spring Festival, the Gaoshan compatriots have the custom of eating "perennial vegetables". Perennial vegetables are also called "mustard". Eating this vegetable indicates a long life. Most of the women of the Yamei people of the Gaoshan ethnic group who live on Lanyu Island in Taiwan have long hair. During the New Year, they dance on the village lawn, tossing their hair back and forth in rhythm with the drum music. One rise and one fall. It is said that dancing this long hair dance is to wish parents and elders longevity.