Baoding Army Officers School ( Baoding Military School for short ) is China's modern history of the first formal army military school, located in the suburbs of Baoding, Hebei Province, formerly known as the Qing Dynasty Beiyang rapid martial arts school, the Beiyang Army's Army rapid school, the Army Officers School. 1912 to 1923, the Baoding Military School was held in the nine, graduates of more than 6,000, many of whom later became instructors of the Whampoa Military Academy. Many of them became instructors at the Whampoa Military Academy. There were Baoding students in both the Kuomintang and the ****production party. If you count from the Beiyang Military Academy, Baoding trained close to 10,000 officers, of whom more than 1,600 earned the rank of general.
The main function of the Baoding Military Academy was to train junior officers. Study period of two years, divided into infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineering, supply wagons, five subjects, the academic system of the statute reference to the Japanese cadet school, the instructors are also graduates of the Japanese cadet school most of them. Baoding Military Academy has served *** eight principals, including the second principal of the Republic of China's most famous military Jiang Fangzhen (word: Baili).
History of the military school
- November 1901 Li Hongzhang died of illness, Yuan Shikai went to Baoding to take over as Governor-General of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang. The military training instructors at the small station moved to Baoding as they were not allowed to be stationed near Tianjin according to the Xinjiao Treaty.
- May 1902: Opening of the Beiyang Camp General Bent School in Baoding.
- February 1903 Yuan Shikai requested the opening of an army academy, secondary school and university for formal military education and training. After that, he built the "Beiyang Army Instant Military Academy" in Baoding, which was the predecessor of the Baoding Military Academy.
- In 1906, the Beiyang Army Department opened the "Beiyang Army Accelerated Training School", "Army Officers' School" and "Army Preparatory College" in Baoding.
- 1912 After Yuan Shikai became President of the Republic of China, the Army Preparatory College was moved to Beijing and renamed Army University, and in October, the Baoding Army Officers' School was opened at the original site in Baoding.
- 1920 Summer Vacation The soldiers stationed at the military school mutinied and looted the school because they were not paid, and then the school building was set on fire and destroyed.
- August 1923 The Baoding Military Academy was closed.
Famous generals who attended Baoding (including the Baoding Military Academy and its predecessor): Xiong Bingqi, Wu Peifu, Qi Xieyuan, Sun Yue, Li Jinglin, Wang Duqing, Sun Chuanfang, Wang Chengbin, Chiang Kai-shek, Zhang Qun, Yang Jie, Chen Chaoyuan, Li Jishen, Shang Zhen, Jifang, Ye Ting, Zhao Borsheng, Dong Zhentang, Bian Zhangwu, Ji Zhentong, Zhang Kemin, Deng Yanda, Chiang Guang'nai, Chen Mingshou, Xiong Shihui, Chen Baochang, Huang Shaohong, Huang Qixiang, Zhang Zhizhong, Fu Zuoyi, He Jifeng, Yu Hammou, Liu Wenhui, Tao Zhiyue, Tang Shengzhi, Li Shuchun, Yang Aiyuan, Li Pinsen, Hao Mengling, Qiao Mingli, Luo Zhuoying, Zhou Zhirou, Qin Depuyun, Gu Zhutong, Chen Cheng, Bai Chongxi, Qian Dajun, Liu Zhi, Shangguan Yunxiang, Xue Yue, Tao Jun, and Hu Zongduo ......
.Major Events
● In June 1993, the Baoding Military Academy Memorial Museum was established to prepare for the construction of the office;
● In 1995, the first phase of the Memorial Museum was built on the site of the military academy to emulate the architectural style of the original military academy;
● In 2002, the expansion of 12 acres, the restoration of the parade deck;
● In October 2003, the Baoding Military Academy Memorial Museum officially Opening of the Baoding Military Academy Memorial Hall in October 2003;
● Invested 140 million yuan to build the largest Baoding Military Academy Square in North China, which is now open to the public.
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Baoding Army Officers' School (Xi called Many of them became instructors at the Whampoa Military Academy. There were Baoding students in both the Kuomintang and the ****production party. Since the Beiyang Military Academy, Baoding has trained nearly 10,000 officers, of whom more than 1,600 have received the rank of general. It has created a large number of military personnel and has a significant place in China's modern history.
Baoding Army Officers' School is located 5 miles northeast of the old city of Baoding, with a total area of about 1,500 acres. East and west is more than two kilometers long, south across the present health road, north across the present cooperation road on both sides, north and south is more than one kilometer long. Is China's modern history of a large-scale formalized higher military school.
Here was originally a temple property of a thousand acres, the temple of the Guan Di Temple of a hundred rooms, later converted into a barracks, Guangxu twenty-six years (A.D. 1900) was burned by the Eight-Power Allied Forces. When the military school was built, the original temple property was used and the neighboring land was requisitioned and built. The school is divided into four parts: the main school, the branch school (including a small teaching ground), a large playground and a shooting range. School headquarters in the center, covering an area of more than 180 acres. Its architectural pattern is modeled after the Japanese sergeant school built for a weather tight brick structure of the building complex. There are tall walls on all sides, outside the wall has a river protection, the river on both sides of the ancient willows into rows. Military school gate on the south side, across the river with a tall wall opposite. The gate tower is tall, the face of three, the momentum of the majestic can be compared with the gate of the Governor's Office of Zhili. Cinnabar lacquer gate decorated with copper nails and copper rings, hanging on the lintel with the inscription "Army Officers School" six big words on the horizontal plaque. In front of the gate, there are high stone steps, and the south road in front of the steps leads to the river bank. On both sides of the south road there is a pair of stone lions, about ten feet high. A flat bridge over the river to the large playground. School-based part of the north and south courtyard. North courtyard is the living area. South courtyard is the center of the military school and teaching area, and divided into east, middle, west, three yards. East and west courtyard for classrooms and student dormitories, each with ten rows of green brick houses with corridors, symmetrical layout, corridors between the rows of houses, each two rows of an independent courtyard, the courtyard wall open moon shaped door, each house about a company of students, commonly known as a company of Daosi. In the center of the school office and Sangwudang. Tall Shangwu Hall sitting north to south, surrounded by stone fences, carved beams and painted buildings, magnificent. Hall on both sides of the door has a couplet, which reads: "Shang father Yin Fu, Wuhou Taojiao, concise speculation into a hall; ambition to serve the country, hair from the military, students Jisheng hope." In front of the hall, there is a long corridor leading directly to the school gate. To the north of Shangwu Hall is a large empty courtyard. In the yard there are two side by side more than five feet high ancient poplar, two wood hanging between a bronze bell. Because the officer often lectured and issued orders here, therefore, this is regarded as the center of the whole school. The east side of the school is a branch school, covering 92 acres. The shooting range is in the north of the branch school, covering an area of more than three hundred and thirty acres. The large playground into a "[" shape, by the north, west and south of the three sides of the school headquarters, covering an area of more than 880 acres, to the west of the largest area.
Baoding Army Officers School was founded in the Qing dynasty Guangxu twenty-eighth ( AD 1902), stopped in the Republic of China in twelve years (AD 1923). Guangxu twenty-six years ( AD 1900 ) Eight Allied Forces invaded China, forcing the Qing government signed the humiliating "Xinjiao Treaty", the military training institutions in Tianjin station - military academy, was forced to move to Baoding. Guangxu 28 (AD 1902), Zhili Governor and Beiyang Minister Yuan Shikai in Baoding East Guanwai create training standing army (new army) and set up a military affairs department (rotary change to the Governor of the training office), under the military preparation, staff officers, coaching three, respectively, Liu Yongqing, Duan Qirui, Feng Guozhang as the general manager. After Yuan Shikai's approval, the Beiyang Army General and Bent School was established outside the East Pass of Baoding, with Feng Guozhang as the chief administrator (i.e. principal), and in 1906, Duan Qirui took over the post. Guangxu 29 years (AD 1903), the Beiyang Army Benton School was renamed the Beiyang Army Military Academy, also known as the Beiyang Tongguo Army Academy, Army Camp Academy. In the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907), the name was changed to Army University Hall (abbreviated as LU). After the reorganization of the Republic of China (1912), it was changed into the Army Officers' School. At the same time with the opening of the General Bent School, in the Baoding Military Academy was founded in the south of the Peking Army Concordia School, later renamed the Army Rapid Training School (now the provincial psychiatric hospital to the city of Tuberculosis Control Hospital area), abolished and then converted into a barracks. People are accustomed to these two military schools collectively referred to as "Baoding Military Academy".
Baoding Military Academy emphasizes basic education. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, each province has an army elementary school (at that time, the army elementary school in Zhili Province is located in Dingxing County Yao Village ), the source of its students are mainly from the children of the garrison banners, followed by each county in the higher elementary school to send a physical and academic excellence in the Han Chinese students, their age in fourteen, between five years old, are enjoying the treatment of public funds. After graduating from the Army Primary School, those who excelled were promoted to the Army High School. At that time, there were four army middle schools in the country, the first army middle school was in Beijing Qinghe Town, the second army middle school was in Nanjing, the third army middle school was in Wuchang, and the fourth army middle school was in Xi'an. After graduating from the army high school, they were organized into "enlisted students team", and first spent half a year in the branch school of Baoding Military Academy, and after strict training, they were assessed, and those who were qualified could be promoted to the Army Officers School. Therefore, the quality of the military school students is more complete.
In 1912, when the Republic of China was established, the enrollment of army elementary school in all provinces was stopped. The Baoding Army Officers' School was reopened, and the students who entered the school in that year were designated as the first class of the Baoding Military Academy. In the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915), the four army high schools were merged into two army officers' preparatory schools (one in Qinghe Town, Beijing, and the other in Wuchang, Hubei). In the sixth year of the Republic of China (1917), the last students who entered the Army Elementary School had already been promoted to higher education, and there were no new students in the Army Officers' Preparatory School. In the summer vacation of that year, the First Preparatory School of Qinghe recruited a group of new cadets from the second grade and above of the general high school (four-year system), all of whom were recruited on the basis of merit after a strict examination. In the spring of the seventh year of the Republic of China (A.D. 1918), all the students who had been admitted to the Baoding Military Academy from the former Army Elementary School had graduated, and the Ministry of War changed the enrollment system. The Baoding Military Academy recruited a group of cadets directly from the general secondary school graduates. This group of students first sent to the division under the company as a soldier for nine months, after the expiration of the period of examination and approval of the qualified, and then organized into the military school, this is the eighth period of the Baoding Military Academy students. The Army Reserve Officers School in the Republic of China in the sixth year and 1917 AD recruited a group of students, in the Republic of China in the tenth year (AD 1921) into the Baoding Military Academy, this is the ninth and final students.
The main function of the Baoding Military Academy was to train junior officers. Study period of two years, divided into infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineering, supply wagons five subjects, Baoding Military Academy of the teaching content and teaching methods are based on German and Japanese military education, combined with the actual situation in China to formulate, and gradually get rid of the old set of small station in Tianjin training method. The school system statute reference to the Japanese cadet school, instructors also to the Japanese cadet school graduates mostly. The first official principal was Chiang Bailey.
After the founding of the Republic of China, the provinces have set up the "Lecture Hall" for the purpose of training local forces. The military academies were also established in various divisions in order to expand their military strength. However, only the Baoding Military Academy is a well-equipped and strictly trained military school.
The Palace of Teachers and section chiefs are also mostly employed by the students who stayed in Germany and Japan and the outstanding graduates of the Army University and our school. Historically, organized by military section, separate education and training. Captain for the major level, as the life management and the military section of the technical instructors, military courses by the lieutenant colonel instructors; technical courses for the splintering, gymnastics, martial arts, etc., by the technical instructors (usually captains), and other technical assistants to assist in the technical training. In the eighth period, a reform was made to the formation of the students, mixed formation of the various branches of the military, general military courses and life management are in the mixed team (except for specialized training), the captain was raised to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and food was changed to the company to handle.
The Cavalry and Provisions Section was placed under the concurrent charge of the Cavalry Section Captain, reducing the number of service chiefs, and the military instructor was lowered from the rank of lieutenant-colonel to that of major.
Classroom education, at least half a day every day to teach the curriculum, in addition to the military tactics, weapons, surveying and mapping, fortification and model orders, and to add science and chemistry, mathematics, history, geography, etc., each session for one and a half hours. The pamphlet of model orders is a guideline for coaching various military maneuvers. General knowledge and foreign languages are auxiliary education, and civilian instructors are hired to enrich students' military knowledge and prepare them for the gradual and comprehensive study of various military maneuvers. For technical training, all kinds of standardized training are carried out in the playground first, and then the students go to various coaching grounds for drills. Field exercises, first from simple to complex, and then gradually into a comprehensive joint exercise. There are target shooting ranges for live fire, horseback training ranges for horseback riding, artillery ranges for artillery training, engineering ranges for civil engineering and bridge-building, and places that do not pose a hazard for demolition drills. Auxiliary arts such as gymnastics, chopping and stabbing, martial arts, etc., have professional instructors, in the compound. Instrumental drills are conducted in the instrumental playground outside the back door of the school. These trainings are one hour per class, two hours for formal training, at least half a day for field exercises, and one to several days for complex subjects and far away from the school. Large exercises also carry tents, cooking utensils, in the exercise site to organize life.
The Baoding Military Academy had two large disturbances, seriously affecting the quality of teaching. The first was in the fifth year of the Republic of China (A.D. 1916), Yuan Shikai failed to claim the title of emperor, as the restoration of the emperor's minions of the Model Regiment was disbanded, inserted into the sixth period of the military school. As the regiment had accumulated a lot of grievances, it aroused the opposition of the cadets in the fifth semester of the military school, resulting in martial arts fights between the two sides. At first, they fought with fists, bricks and wooden sticks, and then with knives and guns, resulting in casualties. Although the school tried to deter, but to no avail. Later, the Beijing government sent the Ministry of War General Yinchang to Baoding, subdued both sides, only to calm the conflict.
The second time was in the summer of 1920, when the Anhui War broke out and the Anhui commander-in-chief, Mr. Qu Tongfeng (the former principal of the school), was captured in Songlin store, and the 15 Anhui divisions surrendered to the Anhui army. During the summer vacation, the military school was used as a temporary shelter. Because of the 15th division has owed the army pay for several months, caused the dissatisfaction of the lower officers, mutiny, the military school will be ransacked, and set fire to the room, the military school had to stop.
The students of the eighth term of the military school organized a reunion for the early opening of the school and appealed to the rich and powerful. Zhang Zhaoguang, a student of engineering and military science, was dressed in the uniform of an officer who went out of the military school and was pulling a foreign car to solicit customers on the streets of Beijing. Newspapers immediately published this news with the headline "Officers and students pulling foreign cars". Beijing newspapers all over the publication of this news, and greatly exaggerated. Also published Zhang Zhaoguang's conversation with the reporter and Zhang's self-explanation, as the front page headline news. Zhang statement to the effect that: I studied in Baoding Officers' School, aiming to serve the country, because the military school was robbed by the soldiers to destroy, nowhere to live, came to Beijing, living without a living, pawned all their belongings, leaving only a uniform can not bear to give up, in order to make ends meet, so I have to pull a cart through the day, self-reliance, in public and private, open and aboveboard, temporarily tolerate the difficulties, waiting for the opening of the school, if the school does not open, I still continue to pull the cart. This action is also a great mockery of the Beijing warlord government. It was only after appealing from all sides that the school was opened in October of the 10th year of the Republic of China (1921 AD). The ninth class of cadets (the last batch of students recruited by the Preparatory Military School in 1917) also entered the school at the same time. At this time, some of the instructors had already left the school to find other means of livelihood, and when the principal changed his post, he owed the teachers and staff several months' salary, which led to a wave of demands for salary and made the teachers feel uneasy about teaching.
Despite some problems at the end of the Baoding Military Academy, but generally speaking the quality of learning is still high, the country recognized it is the orthodoxy of military education. With its own better military quality, it was emphasized by the military authorities of the provinces in the aspects of military education and staff operations, and became a military academic system of its own. When Dr. Sun Yat-sen founded the Whampoa Military Academy, he also took the graduates of the Baoding Military Academy as the backbone of military education. From the Xinhai Revolution to the "July 7" Incident, Baoding Military Academy had been the backbone of military education. Since the Xinhai Revolution to the "7/7" Incident, graduates of the Baoding Military Academy have taken up a large proportion of senior commanders. Despite Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship and his efforts to cultivate his own system, the Huangpu system, the Baoding Military Academy graduates are still the most reliable guarantee of military education. Baoding Military Academy since the date of establishment, that is labeled "soldiers to protect the country, obey orders as a vocation", "soldiers do not ask politics as noble", the formation of Baoding Military Academy students a kind of professional soldier's characteristics.
The Baoding Military Academy is famous in China and abroad, and talent and the influence of modern Chinese history is inseparable. Only eleven years after the change of the Republic of China, the graduates, that is, 6553 people. Many of these graduates have become well-known figures in the history of modern Chinese revolution, and have made immortal achievements for the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people. For example, Comrade Ye Ting was a famous military general of the Party, who led the "Iron Army" in the Northern Expeditionary War, which made the enemy scared, and served as the commander of the New Fourth Army during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. Martyrs Zhao Bosheng and Dong Zhentang were the famous leaders of the Ningdu Uprising. Comrade Zhao Bosheng was the Deputy Commander-in-Chief and Chief of Staff of the Fifth Red Army Corps, and Comrade Dong Zhentang was the Commander of the Fifth Red Army Corps, and they both sacrificed their lives for the cause of the revolution. Underground Party members, former deputy commander of the KMT 33rd Group Army, Comrade Zhang Ker-Man and Comrade He Ki-Feng, led the firebrand uprising of the 59th Army and the 77th Army respectively at the critical juncture of the Huaihai Campaign, and made significant contributions to the smooth victory of the Huaihai Campaign. There were also comrades such as He Zhuguo and Wang Changjiang, who also contributed to the revolutionary cause.
Many of the school's graduates also became the backbone of the democratic revolution, such as Mr. Li Jichen, who took part in the Xinhai Revolutionary activities at the military school, risked his life to blow up the iron bridge over the Caohe River in order to prevent the Qing army from moving south to attack the insurgents, and served as the vice-president of the People's Republic of China*** and the State of China after the liberation of the country. Comrade Ji Fang served as a platoon leader of the death squad of the Northern Expeditionary Army in the Xinhai Revolution, and then engaged in the war against Yuan. After liberation, he served as a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and the sixth Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. General Zhang Tingfu, the commander of the fourth town in Wuhan (enrolled in Baoding General Bent School in 1902), led two battalions of troops to capture the Governor's Palace during the 1911 Revolution and was later assassinated; Mr. Sun Yue, the commander of the Third National Army and Deputy Commander of the Beijing Police, joined the Allied Association when he was a student at the Baoding Military Academy, and used his house (at the Fooshenmiao Bridge, present-day Happiness Street) as a secret meeting point for the Allied Association of the military academy, and then worked with General Feng Yuxiang in October of 1924 and 1924 in a meeting with General Feng Yuxiang, and was a member of the National Committee of the National People's Congress. In 1924, he cooperated with General Feng Yuxiang in staging the Beijing Mutiny, which led to the arrest and imprisonment of Cao Kun, the President of the Beiyang Warlord Government, and contributed to the course of Chinese history. After the Three Nationalist Armies under his leadership entered Baoding, he released Comrade Shi Wenbin, a member of the General Union of the Beijing-Han Railway, who had been imprisoned by Cao Kun and Wu Peifu, Chen Limao, a cadre of the Changxindian Branch, He Liquan, the president of the Baoding Branch, and Bai Yueyue, the vice-president, who had taken part in the general strike of February 7th, and other Party members and members who had been arrested and imprisoned by Cao Kun and Wu Peifu. Mr. He Sui joined the League of Leaguers at the military school and later served as a staff member of Wu Luzhen, the commander of the sixth Beiyang town, actively assisted in the overthrow of the Qing imperial system and took part in the revolutionary action of establishing the Yan-Jin Allied Army Governor's Office in Baoding. After liberation, he became a member of the Legal Affairs Committee of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. In addition, Deng Yanda, Geng Yi, Liu Yuexi, Chen Mingshu, Wu Yiwu, Liu Ruxian, Zhou Jizhan, Li Jingrong, Zhou Sicheng, Shang Zhen, Wang Faqin, Huang Xi, Shen Tao, Wang Zizai, Liu Jianfan, Ni Dexun, Zhang Wen, Tong Baoxuan, Zhang Bi, Urn Juching, An Shuyan, Liu Yaokui, Qian Ding, and Fang Shengtao, Lv Gongwang, and Lin Zhiyuan from the Army Accelerated Training College, etc, were all committed to the Xinhai Revolution and the war of Yuan. There were also many people who joined the revolutionary camp after a tortuous path, such as Zhang Zhizhong, Fu Zuoyi, Tao Zhiyue, Chu Xichun, Liu Wenhui and so on. Of course, there were also many students from the Baoding Military Academy who became senior military and political prime movers in the counter-revolutionary camps of the Beiyang warlords and the Kuomintang, such as Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Qun (the chief executive of the Kuomintang government) who graduated from the Army Accelerated Training School . Military Officers School graduates Bai Chongxi (Minister of Defense of the Nationalist Government), Chen Cheng (Chief of Staff of the Nationalist Government), Li Shuchun (Undersecretary of Staff of the Nationalist Government), Qin Dechun (Undersecretary of National Defense of the Nationalist Government), as well as Xiong Shihui, Gu Zhutong, Liu Zhi, Xue Yue, Luo Zhuoying, Ma Fawu, Zhou Zhirou and other senior generals of the Nationalist Party.
After the Baoding Military Academy was closed, Cao Kun's military academy in Caohe was moved here.
After the downfall of Cao Kun, the military academy was closed down and became the barracks for the army of the Zhi Lin, Feng Lin and the Kuomintang, and every time the defense was changed, the school building was destroyed once. In the 26th year of the Republic of China and in 1937, the school building was destroyed. After the "Seven" Incident in 1937, it became an important base for the Japanese invasion forces in Baoding. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the school building was demolished. After the liberation of Baoding, it was converted into a farm and then into a livestock farm. Although the Baoding Military Academy has become a historical relic, its influence and deeds have left an important page in China's modern history.
The site of Baoding Military Academy was announced as a Hebei Provincial Cultural Relics Protection Unit in 1993; it became a national cultural relics protection unit in 2006.