I, historical development
"Naadam" conference, is living in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region and other places of Mongolia, Ewenke, Daur and other ethnic minorities of the people's grand assembly. "Mu" is the phonetic translation of the Mongolian language, meaning "entertainment" and "games". It is held in summer and fall every year. During the conference, farmers and herdsmen from all over the world ride horses, drive carts, bring fur, medicinal herbs and other agricultural and animal husbandry products. Groups of people converge on the square of the conference. And in the green grassland around the venue set up white yurts. "Naadam" is ancient and sacred in the hearts of Mongolian people. It has a long history. The earliest record of "Naadam" is "Genghis Khan", which was inscribed on a stone cliff in 1225 in Mongolian (ancient Mongolian).
Yuan and Ming dynasties, archery, horse racing and wrestling combined together, since the formation of the men's three, since the formation of the "Naadam" conference competition in a fixed form.
Qing Dynasty, "Naadam" gradually become by the official regularly convened by the organized purpose of the amusement activities, its scale, form and content of the former have developed. At that time the Mongolian princes to sumu (quite a district), flag, alliance as a unit, half a year, a year or three years held a "Naadam" General Assembly, and the winner of the competition in a hierarchical manner to give awards and titles. But at that time due to the princes and nobles of the backroom manipulation, "Naadam" will often by the king's wrestlers, horse racing and archery won the championship.
Second, the origin of the activity
Nadam's predecessor is the Mongolian "sacrificing Ovoo", is the Mongolian people in the long-term nomadic life, created and passed down with a unique national color of the athletic program and amusement, sports projects. "Naadam has a long history. According to inscribed in the stone cliff on the "Genghis Khan stone text" records, Naadam originated in Mongolia at the beginning of the establishment of the Khanate, as early as 1206 A.D., Genghis Khan was elected as the Mongolian Khan, he in order to review their own troops, maintenance and distribution of pasture, every year between July and August to hold a "big Huili Ge table" (large gathering), will be the various tribes of the The chief of each tribe is convened together, in order to show unity and friendship and pray for the celebration of harvest, are to be held in Naadam. In the beginning, only one of the competitions of archery, horse racing or wrestling was held. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, archery, horse racing and wrestling were combined together and became a fixed form. Later, the Mongolian people also referred to these three sports as the men's three basic items for Naadam.
During the Yuan Dynasty, Naadam has been widely carried out in the Mongolian steppe area, and gradually became a military sports program. Yuan dynasty rulers stipulated that Mongolian men must have wrestling, horseback riding, archery three basic skills. To the Qing Dynasty, Naadam gradually became a regular official convened by the organized, purposeful recreational activities, to the soum (equivalent to township), flag, alliance as a unit, half a year, a year or three years held once. This custom has been practiced till now, and every year the Mongolian people hold Naadam. In the past, during the Naadam to carry out large-scale sacrificial activities, lamas to burn incense and light, chanting Buddha, praying for the blessing of the gods, eliminating disasters and difficulties. The content of Naadam mainly includes wrestling, horse racing, archery, Bru, horse set, Mongolian chess and other traditional national programs, and in some places there are track and field, tug-of-war, volleyball, basketball and other sports competitions. In addition, there are martial arts, polo, horseback riding, archery, horse riding, horse chopping, horse racing, horse riding skills, motorcycle and other exciting performances on Naadam. Participate in horse racing horse, must have been specially trained, four feet can not be off the ground at the same time, can only walk fast, can not run fast. Nightfall, the grassland wafting melodious and exciting sound of the horse-head qin, bonfire beside the young men and women singing and dancing, people immersed in the joy of the festival.
Three, the main sports
1, wrestling
Wrestling is a Mongolian special favorite sports activities, but also essential to the competition on the Naadam. In Mongolian language, wrestling is called "Bok even Bailey Dehu", and the wrestler is called "Bok Qing". Mongolian wrestling has its own unique costumes, rules and methods, so it is also called Mongolian wrestling.
Wrestlers wear wrestling clothes "Zhaodege". Its kangs are mostly made of cowhide or deerskin, camel skin, leather kangs have inlaid bags, also known as bubble nails, made of copper or silver, easy for the other side to grasp. The most striking is that the wrestler's leather shoulders of the central part of the beautifully decorated with patterns, patterns were dragons, birds, flowers and vines, monsters, giving a person with a dignified sense of majesty, the wrestler was wearing pants with fifteen, six feet long white silk or various colors of silk made of wide pleats, pants in front of the front part of the knees embroidered with chic patterns, peacock feather shape, fire shape, auspicious graphics, the bottom of the bright, colorful, figure was five colors. Its foot stirrups boots, waist wrapped in a wide belt or silk belt, the famous wrestler's neck is decorated with various color strips - "Ganga", which is the wrestler in the competition won the sign.
Mongolian wrestling has its own characteristics: according to the traditional customs of the Mongolian people, wrestlers are not restricted to the region, weight restrictions, the use of elimination system, a wrestle to determine the winner. The number of wrestlers participating in the competition must be a certain number of multiplication of 2, such as 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024 and so on. Before the game pushed a clan elders on the participating athletes to arrange and pairing, Mongolian long tune "wrestler song" sung 3 times, the wrestlers waving arms, jumping eagle dance entry, salute to the podium, clockwise rotation of a circle, and then by the referee issued an order to the two sides of the game shook hands after the start of the game.
There are many wrestling techniques, and more than 100 moves can be evolved using thirteen basic techniques such as catching, pulling, tugging, pushing and pressing. You can catch each other's shoulders, and you can also hug each other's waists, and you can drill into each other's armpits to attack, and you can grab wrestling clothes, belts, and pant belts. The biggest feature of Mongolian wrestling is that it is not allowed to hold the legs. Its rules also do not allow to hit the face; not allowed to suddenly pull people down from the back, touching the eyes and ears; not allowed to pull the hair, kick the stomach or any part of the knee above.
The book, "The Cloth Pants," says, "specializes in wrestling, and victory or defeat is determined by falling to the ground. Wrestlers who land on any part of their body above the knee are considered negative.
2, horse racing
Mongolian plateau is rich in the famous Mongolian horse, can run and fight, endurance is very strong. Since ancient times, the Mongolians have a special affection for horses, Mongolians grew up on horseback, are proud to have a good fast horse. Taming of horses, fine riding and shooting is the Mongolian herdsmen's skill, usually whether good at horse-taming, horse racing, archery, wrestling as the identification of a good herdsmen's standard.
Horse racing is one of the three skills of Mongolian men. Participants are sometimes all teenagers, sometimes regardless of age, with a wide range of mass. Horse racing projects include: 1, fast horse race, mainly than the speed of the horse, generally straight line race, the race is generally 20, 30, 40 kilometers, the first to reach the end of the winning; 2, go horse race, mainly the pace of the race horse steady and brisk; 3, upside down horse race, is unique to Mongolia's horse athletic performance projects.
Mongolian horse racing is one of the traditional sports and recreational activities of the Mongolian people. The old name of horse racing, archery, wrestling for men's three sports. Mongolian horse racing now more in the Naadam conference held. At that time in Inner Mongolia on the prairie, near and far hundreds of miles to hundreds of miles of herdsmen drove by horse rushed to the party, to participate in horse racing activities. On the racecourse, colorful flags fluttering, drums and horns long whine, lively and extraordinary.
Mongolian horse racing is open to both men and women of all ages. As few as dozens of people, as many as hundreds of people, together on the battlefield, straight line race, its distance 40, 60, 80, varying from miles. In order to reduce the load on the horse, young and old, most of them do not have a saddle, do not wear boots and socks, only wearing gorgeous colorful clothes, with long ribbons, lapel fluttering with a dance, appearing extraordinarily heroic.
3, archery
Archery is the Mongolian traditional "men's three" one of the projects, is also one of the earliest activities of Naadam. In the AD 800 years ago, mongolians are divided into many different tribes, their economic life can be roughly divided into nomadic economy and hunting economy two kinds. After Genghis Khan unified Mongolia, although the hunting economy of the tribes gradually turned to nomadic economy, but the hunting period of the bow and arrow skills accumulated over the years but retained, in order to prevent the invasion of foreign enemies and wild beasts attack the herd. The poor herdsmen who had no livestock still relied on their bows and arrows to hunt and kill animals.
Mongolian archery competitions are divided into three types: close shooting, riding shooting and long-distance shooting, and there are 25, 50 and 100 steps. Near shooting, the shooter to stand on the ground, to be the referee after the order, release the arrow to the target, the winner for the win; riding shooting, the shooter on horseback, in the horse running arrows, the winner for the win. The competition does not distinguish between men and women, young and old, all participants are provided with their own horses and bows and arrows, bow and arrow style, bow tension, as well as the length and weight of the arrows are not limited. The rules of the competition are three rounds of nine arrows, that is, each person is allowed to shoot only three arrows per round, to hit the target number of arrows to determine the top three.
Four, organized by the time
Nadam (July 11 to 13 each year), in the Mongolian language means "entertainment" or "games", in Mongolia, Naadam is also designated as a national holiday (Founding Day on November 26), is Mongolia's biggest festival. It is the biggest festival in Mongolia. During the festival, traditional Mongolian sports events, songs and dances are organized and the leaders of the country are present and invite many foreign guests to watch. Naadam is also a time for Mongolian people to enjoy themselves. This is the season when the Mongolian steppe is the most beautiful, the cattle and sheep are the fattest, and the taste of horse milk wine is the best, and it is the best season for local people to choose to take a vacation, and it is also the season when the foreign tourists are the most concentrated.
Fifth, the significance of holding
Today, Naadam, in addition to the men's triathlon, but also increased polo, equestrian, track and field, ball games, Ulanmu Riding performance, and other new content, while the material exchange will be held and recognition of advanced. Held Naadam, pastoral areas hundreds of miles around the herdsmen dressed up in festive attire, riding horses or take the car, Lele car endless to visit. Naadamu during the tents, organizing a wide range of material exchanges, in order to promote production. Various forms of cultural and artistic activities are also held at night. The Naadam organized in Xilingol League area has become an important activity for national fitness and mass entertainment. With a history of nearly eight hundred years, Naadam has been passed down and developed on the Xilingol grassland, loved by the masses of all ethnic groups, and has become an important carrier of Mongolian cultural traditions. The activities on the Naadam are the manifestation of strength and beauty, the contest of physical ability and wisdom, the competition of speed and endurance, which shows the comprehensive quality of the masses living on the grassland in a more comprehensive way.
Nadam is a traditional folk cultural activity with wide mass and recreational nature, which has wide and deep cultural connotation and reflects the values and aesthetics of the Mongolian nation. Discovering, rescuing and protecting Naadam is of great value to the enrichment and perfection of Chinese sports history and even world sports history. Because the state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, on May 20, 2006, the folklore was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. The Naadam of Xilingol League is the most representative.
Six, the development of the status quo
Today, Naadam, in addition to the men's triathlon, but also increased polo, equestrian, track and field, ball games, Ulanmu Riding performance, and other new content, while holding a material exchange will be held and recognition of advanced. Held Naadam, pastoral areas hundreds of miles around the herdsmen dressed up in festive attire, riding horses or take the car, Lele car endless to visit. Naadamu during the tents, organizing a wide range of material exchanges, in order to promote production. Various forms of cultural and artistic activities are also held at night. The Naadam organized in Xilingol League area has become an important activity for national fitness and mass entertainment. With a history of nearly eight hundred years, Naadam has been passed down and developed on the Xilingol grassland, loved by the masses of all ethnic groups, and has become an important carrier of Mongolian cultural traditions. The activities in Naadam are the manifestation of strength and beauty, the competition of physical ability and wisdom, the competition of speed and endurance, which show the comprehensive quality of the people living on the grassland in a more comprehensive way. Naadam is a traditional folk culture activity with wide mass and entertainment, with wide and deep cultural connotation, reflecting the values and aesthetics of the Mongolian nation. Discovering, rescuing and protecting Naadam has important value for the enrichment and improvement of Chinese sports history and even world sports history. Because the state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, on May 20, 2006, the folklore was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
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