Taboo. 1、When two long-time friends greet or chat with each other, your hands can't be on each other's shoulders.
2, you can't cross or step on other people's clothes, or put your own clothes on other people's clothes, or cross over people.
3. Women drying their clothes, especially pants, and underwear must not be dried where everyone passes by. 4. You must not whistle or cry loudly in the house.
5, family members out of the house, guests have just left, at noon and after sunset and the first day of the Tibetan New Year can not sweep or dump garbage. 6, outsiders can not mention the name of the deceased in front of the relatives of the deceased.
7. Work that should be completed this year cannot be left to be done next year, such as twisting wool, weaving sweaters and carpets.
8, dusk, can not just go to people's homes, especially when people will have a pregnant woman in labor and just gave birth to a woman in labor or a seriously ill person, strangers can not go. 9, after noon, can not take out any of the family's property.
10, a stranger to the big mountains and cliffs and canyons that you have never been to, can not make a lot of noise. 11, you can not cross or step on eating utensils, pots and pans, ladybird pots and so on.
12, there are two people at home at the same time out of the house, and in the opposite direction, can not go out at the same time, must go out before and after and go out time to be separated.
13. Women are not allowed to comb or wash their hair at night, nor are they allowed to go out with their hair draped over their heads.
14. When using brooms and dustpans, they must not be passed directly from hand to hand, but must be placed on the ground first, and then another person must pick them up from the ground.
15, whenever friends and relatives come to your house to visit or visit you, will take some ghee tea or
barley wine and other items as a gift to you, the guests when they leave to vacate the things, can not be all vacated, you must leave a little bit in the inside or change a little bit of their own things loaded.
16, chipped or cracked bowls can not be used to eat, and can not pour tea to the guests there are Tibetan customs and practices: Tibetans in the welcome guests in addition to dipping their hands in the wine played three times, but also in the grain bucket to catch a little barley, thrown into the air
three times. At the banquet, the host picks up the wine cup and drinks the mouth first, and then drinks it all in one go. After the host drinks the first cup of wine, everyone can drink freely. When drinking tea, guests must wait for the host to hold the tea in front of them before they can reach out and drink it, otherwise it is considered
disrespectful. Eating is not full of food, chewing no sound, drinking no sound, picking food does not cross the plate. Hospitality with mutton to the lower part of the sheep spine with the tail of a piece of meat is expensive, to honor the most respected guests. When making the tail meat, you should also leave
a lock of white hair on the tail meat, indicating good luck.
The dedication of the Hada is the highest specification of Tibetan hospitality a ritual, expressed to the guests warm welcome and sincere respect. Hada is the Tibetan language, that is, sarong or silk scarf. It is mainly white, there are light blue or yellowish, generally about 1.5 meters to 2 meters long, about 20 cm wide. The best is blue, yellow, white, green, red colorful hada. Five-colored hada used for the highest and most solemn ceremonies such as the Buddhist ceremony.
2.
Clothing: Tibetan clothing is mainly traditional Tibetan clothing, characterized by long-sleeved, wide-waisted, large lapel. Women wear long-sleeved robes in winter and sleeveless robes in summer, with various colors and patterns of shirts inside, and a colorful patterned apron tied in front of the waist. Tibetan
Compatriots especially love "Hadar", it is regarded as the most precious gift. "Hada" is a snow-white fabric, generally about 20 centimeters wide, 30 centimeters long, about one to two meters, with yarn or silk woven, every celebration, or guests to
Lincoln, or to pay respects to the elders, or far away to send goodbye, have to dedicate the Hada to show their respect.
3. food customs: most Tibetans eat three meals a day, but in the busy or labor intensity is greater when there are four meals a day, five meals, six meals of habit. Absolutely
Most Tibetans to tsampa as a staple food, that is, the barley fried and ground into fine powder. Especially in pastoral areas, in addition to tsampa, rarely eat other grain products. Eating tsampa, to mix with strong tea or milk tea, ghee, milk residue, sugar, etc. together
With; tsampa is both easy to store and easy to carry, when eating is also very convenient. In the Tibetan area, can be seen at any time with sheepskin tsampa pockets, hungry at any time can be eaten. Tibetans used to eat very few vegetables, side dishes to cattle, sheep
meat-based, pork second. Tibetans eat beef, mutton, pay attention to fresh, folk eat meat without chopsticks, but will be a large piece of meat into the plate, with a knife to cut food. Beef and mutton blood is added to the crushed beef and mutton into the small intestine of cattle and sheep made of blood
Intestines. The storage of meat is mostly air-dried. Generally in the winter after the slaughter of beef, mutton a moment to eat, more cut into strips, hanging in the ventilation, so that it air-dried. Winter production of air-dried meat can be antiseptic, but also can make the blood in the meat frozen
Attached to the air-dried meat can maintain the fresh color and flavor. The most common is ghee extracted from cow and sheep's milk, in addition to ghee for meals, but also used in large quantities to make ghee tea. Yogurt, cheese, milk lumps and milk residue is also often made dairy products, Tibetans generally like to drink barley made of barley wine. In the festival or happy days especially. Tibetan cooking and eating stoves are self-contained. In Tibetan areas, every family is equipped with ghee tea canisters and milk tea pots. Tibetans in most areas use dried cow dung as fuel and iron tripods as stoves.
Yunnan Tibetan tea set, wine set, tableware like copper. Tibetans in other areas like to use wooden bowls and painted red, yellow, orange paint. The more elaborate but also in the bowl on the silver. Tibetan pastoral areas should be accompanied by a refined Tibetan
knife, mainly used to cut food, but also for slaughtering sheep, peeling, peeling tent syncope and other labor, the production of Tibetan knives have a long history of exquisite craftsmanship. Typical food: Tibetan typical food in addition to tsampa, barley wine, ghee tea, there are
many, for example: foot horse rice, traditional Tibetan feast food, with foot horse, rice, ghee and other cooked. Blood sausage, a traditional Tibetan dish, made of cow (sheep) blood as the main raw material. Cheese, traditional Tibetan dishes, made from fermented cow and sheep
milk.
4. Festivals: Tibetans generally believe in Tibetan Buddhism, or Lamaism.
Many traditional days in the past were related to religious activities. Tibetan calendar for the yin and yang calendar, to "five elements" (refers to wood, fire, earth, gold, water) yin and yang with the twelve genera system year, every 60 years a week, to the yin fire rabbit year (dingmao) for the beginning of the year,
Months have a big, small build, generally three years with intercalary; Tibetan New Year's Day is the most important festival. The first month of the Tibetan calendar, the local people have the custom of watching the ghee lanterns. April 15 to commemorate the Buddha's birthday and Tang Wencheng Princess into Tibet on the auspicious occasion, the folk
held celebrations. Tibetan festivals and Saga Dawa Festival,
Sedon Festival, Lantern Festival and Wang Guo Festival. The Tibetan year is celebrated annually on the first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar. Tibetan year generally from the Tibetan calendar in December began to prepare, shopping for New Year's goods, families should use ghee fried fruit. New Year's Eve cleaning, on the front door with lime
powder drawing symbols of eternity symbols, said congratulations on auspiciousness and good luck. Tibetans in Yunnan eat dough (similar to dumplings) for dinner on New Year's Eve, in which the dough is wrapped with stones, chili peppers, charcoal, and wool, each of which has a different
saying, for example, that eating dough wrapped with stones means that he has a hard heart in the new year, while those who eat dough wrapped with wool indicate that he has a soft heart. On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, religious puja activities are conducted in most Tibetan areas. "Xuedong Festival"
Annual Tibetan calendar, July 1, the original meaning of "yogurt feast", when families have to make a large number of yogurt to eat, and later increased the content of Tibetan opera. Xuedong Festival many people have to carry ghee tube, teapot, thermos flask, bring food to
Scenic places to drink tea and wine. "Wang Guo Festival" in the annual fall harvest before, Wang Guo Festival to feast each other and a variety of picnic activities to meet the fall harvest. There are also traditional festivals such as the "Bathing Festival" and the "Winter Festival".
Above is the Tibetan
Loba people have long lived in the plateau valley, in their clothing also shows their rough and bold character. Make full use of wild plant fibers and animal skins as raw materials, is a more prominent feature of the Lhoba clothing. In the past, in the Lhoba area
District popularity of a grass skirt called "step state", is made of straw with chicken claw valley. Now, the women wear cloth dress, but also used to put a grass skirt on the outside, play a role in the protection of the cloth skirt.
Loba women like to wear hemp cloth woven lapel collarless narrow-sleeved blouse, outside a calfskin, the lower body around the slightly over the knee tight tube skirt, calf wrapped on the legs, the two ends of the band tight. They attach great importance to wearing ornaments, in addition to silver
and copper bracelets, rings, there are dozens of circles of blue and white color interspersed bead necklaces, waist clothes are decorated with many sea shells strung together into a round ball. Loba women's body ornaments up to several kilograms of weight, can be filled with a small bamboo back basket.
These ornaments are exchanged for many years by each family and are a symbol of family wealth. During festivals, women dress up and compare their beauty with each other.
The men's costumes are characterized by the hunting life in the mountains and forests. They mostly wear a black head-covering kangaroo made of wool, which is as long as their stomachs. A piece of bison skin is draped over their backs and tied around their shoulders with leather strips. Inside, they wear Tibetan-style serge robes.
Bogar tribal men's hats are even more unique, with bear skin pressed into a round, similar to the brim of the steel helmet. Above the brim set with hairy bearskin ring, bear hair to all around the fluffy. The back of the hat is also adorned with a square piece of bearskin. This
Bearskin hat is very tough, hunting and can play a role in confusing prey. Men usually go out, back on the bow and arrows, sat on the belt knife, tall body with other glittering shiny decorations, look extraordinarily powerful and handsome.
Loba men and women love to tie a sophisticated belt, rattan, leather, also useful for wool braided, and woven with a variety of colorful patterns. In addition to the belt is used to tie the dress, but also used to hang knife, fire scythe and other
copper, shellfish production of ornaments. Wearing a long knife is a hobby of the Lhoba men. It is not only as a display of masculinity
decorations, but also driven by natural conditions, became a basic tool and an important weapon in daily life. Not only use it to prevent wild animals and poisonous insects attack, and use it to cut bamboo and wood, set up rattan net bridge, house building and even cut the head
hair, cutting animal skins ......
In addition to the long knife, the bow and arrow is the Lhoba men can not leave the body of the thing, is the main tool of the hunt. Lhoba people make bow and arrow skills are very high, the use of bow and arrow skillful. Lhoba people from young children began to practice archery.
Curved bamboo bow and sharpened arrow shaft is very careful. Not only do you have to choose the species and age of the bamboo, but you also have fixed specifications for the length and thickness of the bow. The selection and production of arrow shafts, arrowheads and feathers are also very delicate. It takes about 20 days to make a good pair of bows
arrows.
Loba is a hospitable people, hospitality guests warm and courteous. Guests into the door, they always let sit on the upper seat next to the fire, and then take out their favorite dried meat, milk crumbs, raising wheat cakes and ghee tea hospitality guests. Lhoba
People have a set of ancient customs of hospitality, that is, the host to the guests out of food, the guests must eat, the host is happy. Guests to eat before, the host must first drink a mouthful of wine, first eat a mouthful of rice, to show that the wine and rice non-toxic and sincere hospitality to guests
. Guests come to the village, such as the wedding ceremony, we must go to the host's home together with the village to congratulate, drink and sing. Lhoba people to retain the guests, guests like as an honor, such as treatment of guests not warm or
so that guests angry away, will be public opinion reproach, be looked down upon.
Father and son with the name system: that is, the name of the male members of the clan and the father's name side together, the father's name and the grandfather's name together, each person's name consists of two parts of the first word for the father's name, the last word for the son's name, so
strictly differentiated from generation to generation down, constituting a genealogy. This father and son even name system in the 愽嘎尔 tribe of men, can remember or say five to ten generations of the name of their ancestors. Knowing who is the closest relative within the clan. In
Father-son hyphenated approach to the arrangement, but the tribe practiced clan exogamy, daughters to be married out of the clan, so in the genealogy does not occupy a major position in the man hyphenated, the family succession is also completely patrilineal continuation of the
basic cells of society.
Some tribes drink blood wine during the oath of alliance. The Bogar people celebrate by killing their animals after the fall harvest each year and pouring the uncooled cow's blood in ghee to drink. They believe that the bone marrow of the bison sucked out raw food tastes the most delicious. A part of the Lhoba people
often chopped roe deer meat into meat sauce, mixed with chili peppers and ginger as a topping.
Barbecuing, the most common way of processing food for the Lhoba people. Both plant food and animal food can be barbecued. The whole fish is thrown into the fire, buried in hot ashes, and stewed and ready to eat in a short time. In addition to grilling large animals caught in the mountains,
they were also cut into strips and grilled for long term storage.
In addition to the diaspora in Mutuo, Miling a small number of Lhoba people and Tibetans together with the Tibetan calendar year, all over the Lhoba people have their own annual festival. Lhoba annual festival is in accordance with their own calendar presumption, the festival time is not consistent, but are in a
year after the labor.
In the self-proclaimed "Apatani" Lhoba folk circulated a Lhoba language called "Morang" festival, the festival in the lunar month or the first month of the Chinese lunar calendar by the sorcerer to choose, the popular area is the Tibet Lhoba Yu region of the Xiba Xiashuqu area. At that time,
The whole village male teenagers arranged in a line, dressed in costume, led by the sorcerer to the neighboring villages parade, passing through the fields, the sorcerer scattering rice grains, teenagers waving long knives, banging on the copper plate, the end of the line of an old man along the way to scatter rice
Powder. As they pass through the land where the seeds are about to be sown, youths holding bamboo male genitalia go out into the field and perform a reproductive dance. Singing and dancing take place in the square of every village, and the people of that village prepare wine and hospitality. The parade goes through all the tribes of the tribe. This festival is meant to be a celebration of a good harvest. Because it is thought that the reproduction of crops is the same as human fertility, the fertility dance is performed in the ground.
The above are the Lhoba
The Menba are one of the ethnic groups in China with a long history and culture, mainly distributed in the Tibet Autonomous Region in the Menshou and upper Lhoyu of the Mutuo and the northeastern edge of the adjoining area. The Menba have their own language - Menba language, but there is no national script, general Tibetan. The Menba people mainly believe in Benjaminism (a primitive form of Wicca) and Lamaism.
The Menba have a rich folk literature, folk songs with beautiful tunes, which have been passed down for a long time, among which the "Sama" wine song and the "Garu" love song are the most spirited and touching. Menba people mainly engaged in agriculture, planting rice, but also part-time animal husbandry and hunting
hunting, specializing in bamboo and rattan ware weaving and making a variety of wooden bowls. Menba people and Tibetan people live together for a long time, intermarry, in politics, economy, culture and life customs and other aspects have a very close relationship of origin.
Marriage
The Menba people's marriage is free, mostly monogamous, and the marriage ceremony is quite dramatic and interesting. The day of the wedding, early in the morning the bride dress up, by parents, siblings and aunts and other relatives escorted to the husband's home, line
before the bride reluctant to confess to her parents, the two old man to raise me but have to leave both parents, I'm really sorry. The bride's family usually sends her daughter bracelets, rings, headdresses, belts, etc. as dowry, sometimes with one or two tools of labor.
The groom's side has already asked the matchmaker to bring a few smart and good people waiting on the road to meet the bride, they take bamboo wine,
The way to ask the bride to drink three times. Arrived at the groom's house into the house sitting, set up wine, meat, oil cake hospitality. The bride's uncle is the most respected, he spoke on behalf of the father's side, then he picked up the problem, the wine is not good, the meat is not uniform in size
la, and asked: is my daughter which is not good looking ...... every sentence on the fist vigorously struck the table, pretending to be furious look. So the groom's family even accompanied the ceremony, hastened to offer the hatha, re-added wine and food, until the new
new mother's uncle nodded satisfied. In fact, this dramatic nitpicking, the purpose is to test the sincerity of the male party. Wine to half-full, the crowd improvised singing and dancing, enjoy the fun, all night long. Wealthy family wedding often lasts three, four
day. It is also a good opportunity for young men and women to socialize and fall in love with each other.
Festivals
There are two main types of Menba festivals, one is the religious festivals, and the other is the annual festival. Religious festivals are mainly in Quke Festival, Saga Dawa Festival, Lord Ba Grand Puja, Dawang Grand Puja, and the yearly annual festivals mainly include Menba New Year.
Quko Festival: It is held in June every year when the crops are ripe. Festival people gather, hold a grand pilgrimage ceremony, and then in the lama and zaba under the leadership of the back of the scripture to raise the flag, around the village and crop fields around the week, praying for divine blessings, prosperous people, crop harvest. The masses bring their own food and wine, and sing and dance in the fields, and the whole event lasts for 2-3 days.
Saga Dawa Festival: According to legend, the birth of Tibetan Buddhism
Buddha Sakyamuni and the day of the passing of the 15th day of the fourth month of the Tibetan calendar, in order to commemorate this day, all the monasteries in the Menba region chanting prayers, held a variety of religious activities. At that time each family should take out a certain amount of tsampa, ghee
oil and barley wine, to the temple, the temple lama and then tsampa made "wor" to everyone to eat, people toast each other to eat and drink, to the night, each house in front of the house and also point ghee lamps, to celebrate, and this day as a sign of entry into the agricultural
time, from this day onwards, the people will be able to see the Buddha's birth and death of Sakyamuni. The day is a sign that from this day onwards, people will start to do farm work.
The Lord Ba big puja: is the Murdock Zong whole clan of the big puja, in the harvest year between November and December held, lasted from 3-18 days, not held in the year of bad harvest. The main activities include chanting sutras, jumping to the gods, and performing religious dramas, etc. People bring their own wine, meat and food. People bring their own meat and wine, food, get together, drink during the day to watch the jumping god performance, night in the field lit bonfire, singing and dancing, celebrate the festival.
Dawang Grand Puja: It is held on the 29th day of the 11th month of the Tibetan calendar every year and lasts for three days. During the festival, besides watching the performance of jumping god, traditional drama "Zhuo Wa Sangm", jumping yak dance, etc., people have to hold some self-entertainment activities, such as horse racing, tug-of-war, archery and so on.
New Year's Day: New Year's Day of the Tibetan calendar is the most important festival of the Menba people, the Menba language is called "Losa", the wrong Menba New Year's Day is from the beginning of the first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar to the end of the fifteenth day of the first month of the first month of the end of the New Year's Day, and the Tibetan New Year basically not much
differences, and the Murmuru region of the Menba New Year is different, they have two New Year's Day in a year. The New Year of the Momba people in Mutuo region is different, they have two New Years in a year, one is January New Year, which starts from the first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar and lasts for 2-3 days; the other one is December New Year. The December New Year is the most characteristic annual festival of the Menteo
Menba people, starting from the first day of the twelfth month of the Tibetan calendar, which lasts for 10-15 days. Before the festival, families clean their houses, kill cows and slaughter goats, and make sumptuous food and wine and invite guests. During the festival, people dressed in costumes, visit each other to celebrate, singing and dancing, drinking and reveling. In addition, they also hold a variety of recreational activities, such as tug-of-war, jousting, rock-holding, archery and so on.
Burials
The funeral of the Menba ethnic group shows the characteristics of diversity and complexity, in terms of burial, earth burial, water burial, cremation, sky burial and cliff burial, as well as roof burial and under the roof burial; there is a burial, and there are also two or three burials of the type of compound burial. The funeral process is more ceremonial and elaborate, a lot of activities. The complexity of the Menba funeral, but also in different regions of the Menba people in the view and choose the concept of burial is different.
The choice of funeral style is different, but before the funeral of the body's treatment and the ceremony is basically the same: after the death of a person, the body will be tied with a rope or the dead belt, and legs bent knees or squatting, hands across the chest, the male deceased, the left hand on the chest,
Women's right hand on the chest of the deceased, like a fetus. Set up for the dead, place offerings, the corpse for several days. During the morgue, ask the lama to read the sutra and do the puja, choose the way of burial, the funeral hour and burial place, and determine the back of the body and the body out of the
house direction.
Among the many types of burials, earth and water burials are the most common and are used by the general public. Cremation, sky burial and cliff burial are mostly used by rich families, headmen and lamas. Rooftop and under-the-roof burials are only for underage children who die young.
Taboos
The Mutuo Menba believe that a month of five, ten, fifteen, twenty-five, thirty days for the "funeral day", these days can not be introduced to the marriage, prohibit people from working on the ground, prohibited to go up to the mountains to collect firewood and catching fish in the river, and also not allowed to kill animals, can only be at home to do household chores.
Three days before a hunter goes on a hunting trip, the family can't cook wine and outsiders can't enter the house.
Family members traveling or exchanging, the same day can not sweep the floor, violating the belief that people and animals can not be safe, the exchange will not go smoothly.
Someone in the family is sick, to insert thorny branches at the door to indicate that outsiders do not enter, so as not to bring the ghost into the aggravation of the disease. In the middle of the night, it is taboo to hear the dog barking chicken, rooster barking omen of bad luck, things do not go well; snake drilling into the house or see a dead snake is considered a bad omen.
Some places have taboos on the male and female marriage of the genus, such as rats and horses, cows and sheep, dogs and dragons, pigs and snakes, monkeys and tigers, and other phases touching the men and women can not be married. Think people meet twelve, twenty-five, thirty-seven, forty-nine, sixty-one, seventy-three, eighty-five years of age may meet with disaster. The Menba people call these ages "Ga".
The bride to get married, the groom into the line to the way, it is taboo to meet the back of an empty basket or empty water cylinder, such as avoidance, foretells the marriage of bad luck.