"Military training" can be traced back to the Xia and Shang dynasties of the slave society, and there have been records of military training for students in all subsequent dynasties.
According to records, in the Shang Dynasty, due to the increase in wars between the lords, the rulers attached increasing importance to military training, in addition to the training of the regular army, but also through the school of military education at all levels of the nobility.
From the Western Zhou Dynasty onwards, the official school was divided into "national school" and "township school", and there were "elementary school" and "university". There were two levels of "primary school" and "university". According to "the book of rites" "zhouli" and other records, the western zhou university, to practice martial arts, teachers are generally by the officer as. The main content of military training is to practice shooting, that is, learning to shoot arrows, plus the method of driving five kinds of chariots and so on. This is the earliest record of military training for students in ancient China, in which the "university", that is, the "six arts" as the standard curriculum, "rites, music, archery, imperialism, books and mathematics" became the six basic talents that students needed to master. The six basic talents that students need to master, including the shooting, the imperial, that is, the ancient military training, the teacher is usually directly by the officer as.
"Zhou Li - Bao's" recorded: "Raise the son of the state to the road, is teaching the six arts", which is China's earliest written record of "student military training". Confucius, who was honored as an educator by later generations, even regarded the art of archery and defense as important as rituals and music in the teaching process. Confucius pointed out that "if a good man teaches the people for seven years, he can also carry on with the military", and "if he does not teach the people to fight, it is said that he abandons them" ("Analects of Confucius Zilu"), which puts military training and education in a very high position. As the school implemented education that emphasized both civil and military affairs, most of the students taught were both civil and military. For example, among the 3,000 disciples of Confucius, there were 72 who were both literate and military. At that time, people regarded the level of military skills as a sign of whether a person was virtuous or not, and it was said that "if one is good at archery, one is virtuous if one is strong enough" (Guoyu jin yu).
During the Spring and Autumn period, for the majority of the common people, who were "soldiers and farmers", the more important military training and practical exercises were realized through participation in hunting activities. In addition, the rehearsal of combat dance ("martial dance"), is also an important project in the Spring and Autumn period of the military training of the powers. Participants in the martial arts dance, generally holding a shield, simulating the basic action of the battle, not only used to inspire the dancers themselves and bystanders of the fighting passion and martial spirit, but also prompted the participants in the dance to familiarize themselves with the essentials of the combat action for the actual battle for the necessary preparations.
Qin to Tang and Song "military training" gradually abandoned
Qin and Han Dynasty, the school military training began to go downhill. Confucianism was gradually taken as the orthodoxy, and the function of military training was weakened into a ritual program.
In fact, before the establishment of the united regime, Qin still attached great importance to military training. However, after the unification of the country, except for strengthening the border defense, the opportunity to use military force became rare. In order to prevent civilians from revolting, he ordered the demolition of the citadels of the vassal states and the collection of weapons from all over the world, so that even the kitchen knives of the common people's homes were shared among several families.
While school military training was depressed during the Qin and Han dynasties, it was not abolished, as it was still included in local schooling. When Wang Mang ruled in the Eastern Han Dynasty, every year in spring and fall, the scribe Liu Kun would lead more than 500 disciples to practice martial arts, so much so that Wang Mang suspected that he was plotting against him and had him and his family imprisoned. It can be seen that the private school was mainly to teach the scriptures, but it also included military training such as archery and defense.
Sui Dynasty, but also began to "lay down the military repair" vigorously cut down on military equipment, national education focus on learning from the military to repair the culture, the imperial examination also began to become the mainstream. After the cultural and martial arts sub-lift, the cultural exemplars do not test martial arts, the literati students in order to seek fame, have no time to learn the military, military training was gradually abandoned.
The Tang Dynasty at the beginning of the founding of the establishment of the wartime military, the usual emphasis on the national policy of literature, but the Tang Dynasty, the method of obtaining a scholar is still partial to the imperial examination, the school has been reduced to the imperial examination accessory, the abolition of military training.
To the Song Dynasty, the rise of literature and education, suppression of military policy was pushed to a climax, the status of the military generals by the reading of the scholar to fully transcend.
The late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, "military training" is sometimes stagnant at times
The Qing Dynasty started the country with martial arts and won the world, the beginning of the country's education is organized by the military and culture. From the official school, national school to the local school, most of the school's curriculum is both military and civilian, are open riding lessons. Wenke examination first test riding shooting, the eight banners of the children of martial arts failed to test the field, this provision greatly contributed to the development of military training in schools. The wind and, civil society also follow suit.
However, the Ming and early Qing dynasty school military training eventually failed to revitalize from the development, this is because the Cheng and Zhu science is still the Ming and Qing dynasty society. The Ming and Qing dynasties, the Cheng and Zhu theories were highly respected by the highest ruling authorities, and it was still "half a day of reading, half a day of meditation".
In 1894, the Sino-Japanese War fiasco made the whole country realize the importance of "strong military and martial arts". 1902, Cai E in the "New People's Daily" published "military national chapter", advocating the implementation of "military nationalism", the national military training. In 1902, Cai E published "Military Nationalism" in Xinmin Congbao, advocating the implementation of "military nationalism" and military training for the people. In the same year, Jiang Baili published "military national education", formally put forward the school to increase the military curriculum, ask officers to teach students the military system, tactics, strategy and other knowledge of national defense. 1906, the Qing government formally promulgated the "Education Essentials", the martial arts education included in the purpose of education, the official promulgation of the school military training methods.
January 19, 1912, after the establishment of the Republic of China, promulgated the "General Education Provisional Law", clearly stipulates that "higher elementary school gymnastics should focus on military style". The Boy Scout training system with KMT characteristics was implemented, and the content and management of the military training of the Boy Scouts was stipulated.
In September 1912, military education was formally included in the aims of education, and schools across the country were made to emphasize military training. Many schools also organized "Junior Volunteer Corps" or "Boy Scouts" to cultivate students' martial spirit and military skills, and school military training was rapidly launched.
However, after the end of World War I, a trend of opposing the war emerged around the world, and China's military and national education was once weakened. 1919, the results of an authoritative survey showed that the education sector generally agreed that: "Now, after the war in Europe, the military and national education is not civilized, has been recognized by the world. The purpose of our education should also conform to the world trend."
In 1920, the National Joint Conference on Education deleted "martial arts" from the purpose of education. Subsequently, in 1922, the issuance of the "Nixu school system" canceled the "military national education", school military training and then stagnation.
Republic of China military training failure can not be admitted to the university
Military training restarted in 1929, when Japan was eyeing China, military education has been re-emphasized. In January of that year, the national government issued a "revision of the military education program for high schools and above," which provides that "all universities, senior high schools and specialized schools, university preparatory and other higher schools, in addition to female students should be military education as a mandatory subject," and that "each year during the summer vacation period, the students of each school should be During the summer vacation every year, students in all schools shall be subjected to three consecutive weeks of rigorous training".
In 1931, the Ministry of Education issued a circular on the intensification of military education in schools above the high school level. It was hoped that through military training, "students would be trained in physical and mental fitness, discipline, obedience, responsibility and endurance, and that the spirit of national dedication and martyrdom would be raised so as to enhance the capacity for national defense.
At the time, all male students in universities and high schools were required to take military education as a mandatory subject, and were given three consecutive weeks of military training during the summer vacation every year, with army school graduates serving as instructors.
The training program consisted of the teaching of skills of military knowledge and the cultivation of good morals and habits of life, the former consisting of academic subjects and technical subjects. The subjects include infantry drill, field service, shooting, general knowledge of air defense, general knowledge of combat vehicles, and health and first aid. The art subjects include unarmed coaching, gun coaching, map implementation, ammunition shooting, night drills and so on.
At that time, the military training performance assessment was extremely strict, failing students to retrain with the next students, if to graduation is still failing, will not be allowed to graduate; all high school students failing military training, shall not be admitted to the university. After the outbreak of the war of resistance against Japan, the national unified military training was interrupted until after the victory in the war to restart.
China's implementation of military training for students is really on the right track, or after the birth of the People's Republic of China **** and the country. 1955 July China promulgated the first "Military Service Law", the first time from the law in college students, senior high school students in military training provisions, and from the winter of the same year, the first in the Beijing Institute of Physical Education, the Beijing Institute of Iron and Steel military training pilot, and then added the Beijing Post and Telecommunications College and other 12 higher education institutions. Later, 12 other institutions of higher learning were added, including the Beijing Institute of Posts and Telecommunications. In two batches of 14 institutions of higher learning, training in 21 specialized military subjects was conducted. Between 1955 and 1957, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of National Defense, in accordance with the provisions of the Military Service Law, successively approved the conduct of pilot military training in 127 secondary schools nationwide. Institutions of higher learning focused on the training of technical reserve officers; senior high schools conducted basic military training. Practice has proved that the above military training has played a positive role in stimulating students' enthusiasm for patriotism and enhancing their concept of national defense.
In the early 1960s, with the approval of the State Council, 38 colleges and universities in 53 large and medium-sized cities and 70 senior high schools or first-grade students in secondary specialized schools carried out military training on a pilot basis.
In 1965, in accordance with the Central Committee of the CPC Central Committee's directive on students from universities and colleges to serve as soldiers for a certain period of time in the army, some students from universities and colleges across the country went down to the army and served as soldiers in the company.
In the 1980s, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China's political and economic situation has appeared since the founding of the country rare good situation, to carry out military training for students is becoming more and more mature.
In 1981, the central government issued Document No. 11, instructing institutions of higher learning to incorporate student military training into their teaching programs, and some schools resumed student military training.
In 1984, the second session of the Sixth National People's Congress passed and issued a new military service law, which put military training for students in institutions of higher learning and senior high schools in a separate chapter, fully reflecting the state's attention to student military training.
In 1985, China also set up pilot military training programs in 52 institutions of higher learning and 102 senior high schools (including secondary specialized schools).
In 1986, leading comrades of the central government emphasized that in the future, new students in institutions of higher learning should be given intensive military training and a period of strict military life. The number of institutions of higher education piloting military training increased to 69.
In 1987, the number was expanded to 105. In order to further improve the pilot military training of students, the State Education Commission, the General Staff Department, training time, training content, military instructors, as well as the funding and material security of the military training of students made clear provisions to promote the rapid development of military training of students.
In 1996, the national military training pilot colleges and universities have been expanded to 157, in addition, there are many non-pilot colleges and universities also according to their own situation to organize students to carry out various forms of military training, according to incomplete statistics, our country has nearly 500 colleges and universities and nearly 3,000 secondary schools to carry out the military training of students, each year, students participating in the training accounted for about half of the annual enrollment of the students.