I. The evolution of the status of gymnastics in China's school physical education curriculum over the past hundred years
Since China's school physical education has its own physical education curriculum, gymnastics has been one of the important contents of physical education classes. Throughout the century the evolution of the content of China's school physical education curriculum, just in terms of gymnastics, roughly experienced the following development process.
In 1903, the Qing government promulgated the "Zao Ding school statutes", which stipulated that primary and secondary schools and teacher training to open the gymnastics section, elementary school 3 sections per week, secondary school and teacher training 2 sections per week. Its content is mainly military-style gymnastics, soft gymnastics, instrumental gymnastics, dumbbells and so on. Since then about 20 years, gymnastics is almost the entire content of our school physical education program.
In 1923, the Beiyang warlord government renamed the word gymnastics as physical education, and the term "Gymnastics Section" was changed to "Physical Education Class". Before and after that, due to the introduction of Western culture, so that track and field, ball games and other natural sports content began to rise in China's schools. Gymnastics, ball games, and track and field became the main content of school sports. If we say that before this, the content of school sports is gymnastics "domination", then, after a period of time, it is gymnastics, ball games, track and field of the "three-legged tripod".
After the liberation of China in the successive physical education syllabus of gymnastics as one of the important content of the school physical education program. Its specific content mainly includes basic gymnastics, skills, support jumps and single and double bars, and later added rhythmic gymnastics. Gymnastics content hours in the entire primary and secondary school physical education classes accounted for about 15% of the total hours. 2000 the end of the Ministry of Education issued a transitional primary and secondary school physical education and health syllabus, high school level due to the increase in the proportion of self-selected textbooks, the proportion of gymnastics content to about 8%.
Currently, in the wave of curriculum reform in China's basic education, the new physical education and health curriculum standards for primary and secondary schools have eliminated the uniform restrictions and specific requirements for teaching content, but in the content standards, it is proposed that students should be able to complete one or two sets of skillful or instrumental gymnastic maneuvers when they reach the learning objectives of level four and level five. This is essentially a retention of the skill and apparatus gymnastics content of the original gymnastics and a waiver of the requirements for basic gymnastics and support jumps and other content. In the new physical education curriculum standards in the trial process, due to the liberalization of the teaching content, many emerging sports, fitness methods, national, traditional, modified sports content into the physical education classroom, primary and secondary school physical education content presents a "group show" situation.
In the "group show" at the same time, due to gymnastics, especially the difficulty of the apparatus gymnastics movements and students after the accident claims awareness of the impact of factors such as enhancement of the current primary and secondary physical education courses in China's gymnastics content and status is quietly changing. In our province in 2004 in the evaluation of sports demonstration classes in more than 100 classes, in addition to a few skills and aerobics classes, support jumping and apparatus gymnastics content of a section is not, especially single, double bar content, students do not want to learn, teachers and difficult to teach, there is a momentum of the fade out of the physical education classroom.
Second, gymnastics special fitness, practical and psychological expansion value
1) One of the basic characteristics of gymnastics is both comprehensive and focused on physical exercise. Gymnastics can effectively enhance muscle strength, improve balance, improve the degree of sensitivity, shaping the body; can be targeted to local exercises to achieve balanced development and correction of certain deformities, these features are not available in other sports.
2) Many skills in gymnastics have high practical value in life, and can effectively improve people's ability to overcome obstacles, self-protection, such as basic gymnastics in the climbing, climbing, rope swinging, handling, skills in a variety of rolling, rolling, apparatus gymnastics, a variety of up, down and so on. The mastery of these skills is very helpful for people to help and protect themselves and each other in special situations in life, and it also makes the gymnastics movement closer to the reality of life.
3)Mental development training with the help of physical exercises to achieve the purpose of promoting psychological development, which gives great inspiration to school sports workers. Gymnastics in many movements have a certain degree of difficulty and danger, the practitioner in the process of practice will produce a strong psychological experience, to withstand a strong psychological load, the need for practitioners to have a certain degree of bravery, decisiveness, and mutual cooperation and trust in the psychological qualities, and thus has a high psychological development value, such as the in-depth development and utilization of gymnastics in the realization of the new physical education curriculum standards in the field of mental health objectives Will play a greater role in the realization of the new physical education curriculum standards in the field of mental health, its effect can not be underestimated.
Three, gymnastics in the school sports curriculum tendency
1. dilute competitive, enhance the practicality
Currently, the school sports curriculum of gymnastics content such as skills, apparatus gymnastics, etc., most of the gymnastics from the competitive gymnastics inherited, the set of technical movements is a set of competitive gymnastic movements of the competition of the low-difficulty reproduction. Due to the large number of gymnastics movements, difficulty, and relatively few hours, physical education teachers and students feel that gymnastics is difficult to learn, let alone learn well. Coupled with the practice of gymnastics is prone to injury accidents, equipment, protective equipment, to help maneuvers and other requirements of higher factors, therefore, the current status of the gymnastics movement, especially the apparatus gymnastics is not difficult to understand the trend of gradual decline.
In fact, there are a lot of simple and easy to practice gymnastics, practical content, such as basic gymnastics in a variety of climbing, handling, rope skipping, unarmed or holding light equipment exercises, etc., these exercises, if properly designed, it is very easy to carry out in physical education classes, but also easy to arouse the interest of students to practice. Some of them are close to life and have high practical value, which is in line with the curriculum concepts put forward by the new standard. In addition, the transformation of skills, apparatus gymnastics, which are highly competitive, to dilute the competitive nature and enhance the practicality, is also an effective reform ideas and methods, such as the use of skills class to practice self-protection movements when falling on the mat, in the single and double bar for a variety of support and hanging movement exercises, the use of jumping boxes to do a variety of exercises over obstacles and so on. In these exercises to add some emergency self-help, mutual aid J Qingjing, will achieve better results. Associated with the current lack of students' life experience and practical skills, the need for such exercises in the physical education program is obvious.
2. Reduce Difficulty, Improve Fun
The difficulty of movements is an important factor in gymnastics to get high scores, but it is an obstacle to the popularization of gymnastics in school physical education classes. To make students love gymnastics, teachers should carefully choose the content of gymnastics, reduce the difficulty of the action, improve the fun of the action. In fact, there are many movements in gymnastics is very interesting, such as a variety of pictorial movements - rabbit jump, frog jump, sea lion line, elephant line, carp tuck, double monkey tumbling, etc., these movements students want to practice as soon as they see. Another example, the gymnastics in the ribs, ladders, single and double bars, jumping boxes, mats and other equipment clever combination, compiled into a set of climbing and drilling exercises, which can cause students to practice high interest. Also, students like street dance has some skill movements, teachers can guide the learning of these movements in class, will be able to cause great interest in students. Therefore, physical education teachers should make efforts to explore and develop these interesting movements in the treasure trove of gymnastics, so that our students love gymnastics and are willing to practice gymnastics and benefit from it.
3. Maintain fitness, development and expansion
The fitness value of gymnastics has been needless to say, should continue to play the unique fitness role of gymnastics. The psychological expansion value of gymnastics should attract our great attention. Because many of the movements in gymnastics have a certain degree of difficulty and danger, mutual cooperation and mutual trust between the practitioners have certain requirements, so gymnastics has an obvious role in promoting psychological development. For example, when students practice the movement of kneeling - forward push-up jumping down on the jumping box, the main obstacle to the completion of this movement is not a technical problem, but a psychological problem. Practitioners only have the courage to jump forward after overcoming psychological barriers such as fear and worry. The unique value of this maneuver for the cultivation of brave and decisive will quality is obvious. As long as teachers are good at discovering and developing the psychological expansion value of gymnastics, gymnastics is an ancient sport that can be rejuvenated and reappear charming.