1. Implementing peaceful diplomacy and stabilizing the international order in Southeast Asia
Before Zheng He's voyage to the West Ocean, the international environment around China was turbulent, which was mainly manifested in the mutual suspicion of the countries of Southeast Asia and their rivalry with each other. At that time, the two largest countries in Southeast Asia, Java, Siam, foreign expansion, oppression of some neighboring countries, threatening Mangaratka, Sumatra, Chamchung, Chenla, and even in the Sanfoqi, and killed the Ming Dynasty envoys, intercepting the tribute to China's embassy; and then a rampant piracy, rampant across Southeast Asia, South Asia, the sea, very arrogant, maritime lines of communication can not be guaranteed security. These unstable factors, on the one hand, directly affect the security of southern China, on the one hand, greatly affected the international image of the Ming Dynasty, is not conducive to the stability and development of the Ming Dynasty. In this situation, the Ming Emperor adopted a peaceful foreign policy of "internal peace, external pacification of the four barbarians, equal treatment, *** enjoy peace". Sending Zheng He to lead a fleet of ships to the West through various means, mediate and ease the conflicts between countries, maintain the safety of maritime transportation, so as to link the stability and development of China with the neighboring countries, trying to establish a long-term stable international environment and improve the international prestige of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the mission of Zheng He sent by Ming Dynasty can be seen as a mission to realize peace.
Zheng He went to the West to mediate the conflicts, calm down the conflicts, eliminate the barriers, which was conducive to the stability of the neighboring areas, maintained the stability of Southeast Asia, South Asia and maritime security, and increased the prestige of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it can be seen that Zheng He's fleet had strong military power, but not for aggression and expansion, but for the realization of peaceful purposes. Under the condition of the international environment at that time, it was difficult to realize peace without the backing of strong military power with a few thousands of Chen Zuyi and tens of thousands of Allegedly Bitter Naier.
Joseph Lee commented: the Oriental navigator Chinese are calm and docile, do not remember the past, generous, never threaten the survival of others, although there are benefactors of their own; they are heavily armed, but never conquered the foreigners, and do not build fortresses.
2. Deterring Japanese invaders, restraining the power of Mongol Yuan and maintaining national security
At that time, the threat to the security of the Ming Dynasty mainly came from two directions: the Japanese invaders in the eastern sea, the remnants of the power of the Mongol Yuan in the north, and the Timurid empire in the northwestern part of the country. The Chinese Japanese invaders first appeared at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, when there was a civil war in Japan, some samurai and ronin came to the coast of China to rob in order to survive, and became very rampant at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty during the period of Zhu Yuanzhang. At that time, the Ming Dynasty was just established, and the country was still unstable, so they concentrated on internal security and adopted a passive defense strategy, setting up guards in the coastal provinces, building the Great Wall in the north and sending soldiers to the border.
Zhu Di's period, land and sea pose a serious threat to the security of the Ming Dynasty, changed the passive defense strategy, take the initiative to take the opportunity, the land direction to implement the relocation of the capital, the pro-conquest of Desert Peak; the sea direction to set up the Zheng He Boat Division, deterrence and fight against the Japanese and the anti-Ming forces, and from the sea to implement a strategic encirclement of the north-western direction of the strategic constraints to alleviate the pressure on the northern part of the Ming Dynasty.
3, the development of overseas trade, the dissemination of Chinese civilization
Zheng He's mission to the West is mainly a political purpose, but also with a certain economic purpose, the country to implement such a large strategic action, it is a multi-faceted considerations. In the process of Zheng He's fleet of ships in the West China Sea to carry out a lot of trade activities, there are mainly three forms:
The first kind of tribute trade. This kind of trade is the basic form of trade activities of Zheng He's voyage to the West Ocean, with the nature of feudal suzerainty. Through this form, it gained the recognition of these small countries to the suzerainty of the Ming Dynasty, which was the political purpose of the tribute trade. At that time, all countries actively came to China to pay tribute, on the one hand, to get the patronage of the Ming Dynasty, on the other hand, to get the rich reward. According to statistics, Yongle's reign of 22 years, and Zheng He to the West Ocean related to the Asian and African countries envoys to China *** 318 times, an average of 15 times a year, unprecedented. More Brunei, Manglaga, Sulu, Gumaratrang 4 countries have 7 kings personally led a delegation to come, up to 18 countries at the same time tribute to China, there are 3 kings in China during the visit died of illness, their will be entrusted with the burial of China. The Ming Dynasty gave all of them a generous burial in accordance with the treatment of the king.
The second type of official trade. The second kind of official trade is the important content of Zheng He's voyage to the West Ocean, it is under the official auspices of both sides to trade with local merchants, is an important way to expand the overseas trade of the Ming Dynasty. Zheng He's fleet not only loaded with gifts for reward, but also Chinese goods, such as copper money, silk, porcelain, iron and so on. This trade could be bought and sold with Ming Dynasty coins, mostly in barter. The most influential is the high-five pricing method. In India Guri country, the Chinese fleet arrived, by the local agent responsible for trading matters, the goods to the trading place, both sides in the official presided over face-to-face bargaining and pricing, once set, never renege. The two sides give each other high fives to signify that the deal has been made. This kind of friendly trade method is a good story in the region. During Zheng He's voyages to the West China Sea, especially after a few voyages to the West China Sea trade scale expansion, follow the equality and voluntariness, equal price exchange, with some basic principles of international trade.
The third kind of folk trade. This kind of trade is to a certain extent in Zheng He's west to the ocean trade activities driven by the emergence of. It is not through the official, but by the merchants or folk spontaneous development. Zheng He went to the West to eliminate pirates, maintain maritime security, opened up routes, promote and stimulate the folk trade. According to some scholars' research, Zheng He's mission did not forbid the officers and soldiers to bring some Chinese goods for exchange along the way. The people of Southeast Asia were very fond of Chinese silk, porcelain and tools, and when Zheng He's fleet arrived, they all scrambled to row their boats or went to the wharf to trade, and some of them also invited the officers and soldiers to set up stalls in the local market. At that time, China's main output of porcelain, silk, tea, lacquer, metal products, copper, etc., China for the return of the main jewelry, spices, herbs, rare animals, etc., when China imported from overseas 100 pounds of pepper, the local value of 1 two, back to the domestic sale of 20 two, lucrative.
Zheng He's trade activities in the West Ocean have political behavior of trade, there are also economic behavior of trade.
Zheng He not only conducted overseas trade, but also spread the advanced Chinese culture. At that time, some countries and regions in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Africa were relatively backward in social development, and they were very eager for the Chinese civilization. Zhu Di sent Zheng He to the West Ocean with the mission of "spreading Chinese civilization to the overseas countries, teaching them manners and changing their barbaric customs". Zheng He was outstanding in spreading Chinese civilization overseas and wrote a new chapter in the history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The contents of Chinese civilization spread by Zheng He in the West Ocean are mainly in the following aspects: Chinese etiquette and Confucianism, calendar and weights and measures system, agricultural technology, manufacturing technology, architectural and sculptural technology, medical science, navigation and shipbuilding technology, and so on.
There are still many stories of Zheng He circulating overseas. In Malaysia, there are Sanbao Mountain and Sanbao Well, and in Indonesia, there are Sanbao Rang and Sanbao Temple, which leave the relics of Zheng He and express the local people's respect to this pioneer of spreading Chinese civilization.
4, the development of marine business, paving the way for Asia and Africa
The ocean is the cradle of life, occupying 70.8% of the earth's surface area, with rich resources. Since ancient times, it has been a space for human production and life, and has had an important impact on human society, and is also closely related to the survival, development and prosperity of the Chinese nation. Our ancestors created the Longshan and Baiyue marine culture in the early days, and in the early 15th century, Zheng He's large-scale voyage activities, ancient China's marine business to the peak of development, and made an important contribution to the marine civilization of mankind. Mainly manifested in:
First, opened up the intercontinental routes in Asia and Africa, paving the way for the great voyages of the West in Asia and Africa. When the Portuguese navigator Dagama rounded the Cape of Good Hope along the west coast of Africa and arrived at the East African coast, the locals told us that the Chinese had been here several times a few decades ago. With the help of Arab navigators, they followed the route opened by Zheng He's fleet to India.
Secondly, some marine expeditions were conducted to the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and a lot of marine scientific data were collected and mastered. This kind of oceanographic survey is more than 400 years earlier than the world's earliest record of oceanographic survey conducted by the British ship Challenger in 1872-1876.
Third, the strategic layout of the navigation area. According to his mission and knowledge of the sea, Zheng He chose Chamchung, Mannaraja, Old Harbor, Guri, and Kurumos as the key areas for marine development, which was conducive to expanding the scope of overseas transportation and trade.
Zheng He's voyages to the West had many other contributions to the maritime industry. Zheng He's achievements were glorious, belonging to China and the world. He devoted himself to the sea for 28 years since he was in his 30s, and he was already 60 years old when he went to the West Ocean for the last time. For the sake of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and the sea voyage, he led the fleet of ships to go on the mission, and this time, he did not come back again, and he died in Ghori, India at the age of 62, and slept forever in the path of peace that he opened up.
Among the star-studded Chinese heroes, Zheng He not only received attention from the international community for his sailing skills, but also for his ability to navigate before and better than the West; I think the main concern and study of him is a kind of cultural spirit represented by Zheng He: a kind of value tendency of the Chinese to conquer nature without fear of difficulties and dangers, and a kind of determination to open the door of the country and go to the world to carry on the exchange of cultures.
Zheng He's spirit of dedication and devotion to serve the country is everlasting, uniting the Chinese nation's excellent virtues of openness and enterprise, peace and friendship, exchange and cooperation, maritime strategy and daring to be the first in the world, which is a valuable spiritual wealth worthy of being inherited and carried forward by the future generations to advance the civilization of mankind.
[Edit paragraph]Zheng He seven to the West Ocean Introduction
July 11, 1405 (Ming Yongle three years) Ming Chengzu ordered Zheng He led a huge more than 240 ships, 27,400 crew members of the fleet voyage to visit more than 30 in the Western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, deepening the Chinese and Southeast Asia and East Africa's friendly relations Zheng He to the West Ocean road map system. The route of Zheng He's voyages to the Western Ocean is summarized in the following table. Each time by suzhou liujiagang departure, until 1433 (ming xuande 8 years), he a **** voyage has as many as seven times. The last time, Xuande 8 years in April when the return trip to Guli, on board the ship due to illness passed away.
Zheng He's first voyage to the West Ocean
Yongle three years June 15 (July 11, 1405) from Nanjing Longjiang port set sail, through the Taicang out to sea, Yongle five years in September the first two (October 2, 1407) to return home. The first time to the West China Sea people data contained 27,800 people
Zheng He the second time to the West China Sea
Yongle five years September 13 (October 13, 1407) set sail, arrived in Brunei, Thailand, Cambodia, India, etc., in Ceylon mountain welcome Buddha's teeth, brought back with the ship, Yongle seven years in the summer of 1409 (1409) back to the country. The data of the second voyage to the West contained 27,000 people.
Zheng He the third time to the West Ocean
Yongle seven years in September (October 1409) from Taicang Liu Jiagang sailed, Yao Guangxiao, Fei Xin, Ma Huan and other people will go, arrived in Vietnam, Malaysia, India, etc., on the way back to visit Ceylon Hill, Yongle nine years, June 16 (July 6, 1411) to return home.
Zheng He's fourth voyage to the West China Sea
Yongle eleven years in November (November 1413) set off, accompanied by an interpreter Ma Huan, around the Arabian Peninsula, the first voyage to Malindi, East Africa, Yongle thirteen years in July, the first eight (August 12, 1415) to return to the United States. In November of the same year, Malindi envoys came to China to present "unicorn" (i.e. giraffe). The fourth voyage to the West contained 27,670 people.
Zheng He's fifth trip to the West China Sea
Yongle fifteen years in May (June 1417) set off, accompanied by Po Shougeng's offspring Po Rihe, via Quanzhou, to Chamchung, Java, and as far as the East African Mukongduzuo, Brahmaputra, Malin, etc., Yongle seventeen years in the seventeenth month of the seventeenth (1419, August 8) to return to the United States.
Sixth Zheng He to the West
Yongle nineteen years on the 30th day of the first month (March 3, 1421) departed, to the Punggol Prick (Bengal), the history of "in the town of the East China Sea, the official boat was a gale, overturned to drowning, the boat in the clamor and sobbing, urgent knocking God to seek blessing, the words are not finished, ...... The wind and waves are quiet", the middle way back, Yongle twenty years in August 18 (September 2, 1422) back to China. Yongle twenty-two years, the death of Emperor Chengzu of Ming, Renzong Zhu Gaoqi took the throne to the economic emptiness, ordered to stop the action of the Western Ocean.
Zheng He seventh trip to the West China Sea
treasure ship from the Longjiang Pass out of the water Xuande five years on the sixth day of the leap December (1431 January from the Longjiang Pass (today's Nanjing Shimonoseki) set sail, after the return voyage, Zheng He due to overworked in Xuande eight years (1433) in early April on the west coast of India in the Guru, the flotilla by the eunuch Wang Jinghong led return voyage Xuande eight years on the sixth day of the leap December (1433, July 22) returned to Nanjing. (July 22, 1433) returned to Nanjing. The seventh voyage to the West contained 27,550 people.
The fleet of Zheng He's voyage to the West China Sea
The fleet of Zheng He's voyage to the West China Sea was a large-scale fleet, which was organized in accordance with the sea navigation and military organization, and it was called a strong mobile fleet at sea in the world at that time. Many foreign scholars claimed that Zheng He's flotilla was a task force, and that Zheng He was the commander of the navy or the commander-in-chief of the navy. The famous international scholar, Dr. Joseph Lee of Britain, after a comprehensive analysis of the world history of this period, came to the conclusion that "the Ming navy was probably superior to any Asian country in history, and even any European country of the same time, so that all the European countries united, it can be said that they could not compete with the Ming navy." A large number of people, well-organized Zheng He went to the West China Sea flotilla, is based on the sea voyage and the task, the use of military organization.
Zheng He went to the West and the development of overseas trade
The overseas trade developed by Zheng He's voyage to the West included the tribute trade, the official trade and the private trade. As an envoy of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He, on behalf of the Ming Emperor, met with the local kings or chiefs and exchanged gifts with them to show them the sincerity of trade and friendship. Zheng He also exchanged goods with merchants of different countries, traded on an equal footing, and bought back local specialties such as ivory, precious stones, pearls, coral, and spices.
Zheng He went to the West China Sea, the navigation equipment - treasure ship
According to the Ming History "Zheng He biography" records, Zheng He navigation treasure ship **** 63, the largest length of 44 feet four feet, 18 feet wide, was the world's largest ship, equivalent to the present day length of 151.18 meters, 61.6 meters wide. The ship has four layers, the ship 9 masts can hang 12 sails, the anchor weighs several thousand pounds, to use two hundred people to sail, a ship can accommodate a thousand people.
The Ming Dynasty? Bing Zhi" and recorded: "treasure ship tall as a building, the bottom tip on the broad, can accommodate thousands of people.
In Zheng He's flotilla to the West, there are five types of ships. The first type is called "treasure ship". The largest treasure ship is 44 feet long, 18 feet wide, and has a capacity of 800 tons. This type of ship could accommodate thousands of people and was the largest ship in the world at that time. Its size was so imposing that it was unrivaled. It had an iron rudder, which required two or three hundred men to move. The second type is called "horse ship". The horse ship was thirty-seven feet long and fifteen feet wide. The third type is called "grain ship". It was twenty-eight feet long and twelve feet wide. The fourth type was called the "sitting ship", twenty-four feet long and nine feet four feet wide. The fifth is called "war ship", 18 feet long, 6 feet 8 feet wide. It can be seen, Zheng He led the fleet of ships, some for cargo, some for food, some for combat, some for living. The division of labor was meticulous and more varied. We can say that Zheng He's fleet was a magnificent one composed of treasure ships as the main body, together with assisting ships. Affirmation that the Ming history is basically correct, because the Jinghai Temple in Nanjing Zheng He remnants of the monument recorded "two thousand material sea ship", not "treasure ship", but a smaller "war seat ship".
The archaeology of the Nanjing Zheng He shipyard, unearthed a rudder about 15 meters long, and the Ming history of the size of the treasure ship. Nanjing Zhenghe shipyard dock width of 20 feet. Ibn Battuta (ibn Battuta) Ibn Battuta's (1304-1377) travelogues have long documented China's huge 12-sailed sea ships that could carry thousands of people. Battuta's record serves as circumstantial evidence for the 12-sailed, 1,000-person ship. Skeptics argue that the strength of the wood was limited, and that the oversized hull was too large to be watertight for long voyages. According to the remnants of a stele erected by Zheng He at the Jinghai Temple in Nanjing, Zheng He's first sea voyage was "2,000 materials", which, according to their inference, translates to a length of about 15 to 20 feet in length, and a width of about 6 to 8 feet. The weight of the ship was about five thousand tons. So far, no one has been able to replicate the actual voyage of the forty-four zhang "treasure ship". Currently the replica of the treasure ship in the majority of skeptics say. Even with the skeptics' claims, Zheng He's treasure ship was still one of the world's largest at the time.
Zheng He's voyages to the West and navigational technology
According to Zheng He's Voyage Chart, Zheng He's use of the Haidao needle scripture (24/48 compass navigation) combined with trans-oceanic astrological (astronomical navigation) was the most advanced navigational technology at the time. Zheng He's fleet of ships navigated by compass during the day, and kept their course at night by watching the stars and compasses and orienting themselves by water. Due to the reasonable solution to the problems of storing fresh water on board, the stability of the ship and anti-submergence, Zheng He's fleet was able to "keep the sails high, day and night" and seldom had any accidents under the dangerous conditions of "flood waves catching up with the sky and huge waves like mountains". In the daytime, they hang and wave various colors of flags in an agreed way, forming the corresponding semaphore. At night, they used lanterns to reflect the situation when sailing, and when encountering foggy and rainy days with poor visibility, they were equipped with gongs, horns and conch horns, which were also used for communication. Reflect Zheng He's voyage to the West Ocean navigation technology, mainly in three aspects: 1, astronomy and navigation technology in China can be observed by the sun, the moon and the stars to determine the position and the position of the ship sailing. Zheng He fleet has been the navigation of astronomical positioning and navigation compass application combined to improve the determination of the accuracy of the ship's position and heading, people called "the star". The method of observing and positioning with the "star-drawing board" was to judge the position and direction of the ship and determine the course by measuring the height of the sky. This technology represents the world's advanced level of astronomical navigation in that era. 2, geographic navigation technology Zheng He went to the West China Sea geographic navigation technology, is based on marine scientific knowledge and charts, the use of navigation compass, range meter, depth sounder and other navigation instruments, according to charts, needle book records to ensure that the ship's navigation routes. When sailing to determine the line of navigation, called the needle road, the error of the compass, not more than 2.5 degrees.3, "Zheng He Nautical Chart" "Zheng He Nautical Chart" to be passed down, thanks to the late Ming Dynasty author Mao Yuan Yi included in the "Wu Bei Zhi". The original chart was a long scroll, the inclusion of "military records" changed to book-style, from right to left, 20 pages of charts, **** 40, and finally attached to the "over the ocean star map" two. There are more than 530 geographical names in the chart, among which 300 are foreign geographical names and 16 are from the farthest East African coast. Cities, islands, navigational signs, beaches, reefs, mountains and shipping routes are indicated. The Nansha Islands (Wansheng Shitangyu), Xisha Islands (Shitang) and Zhongsha Islands (Shixing Shitang) are clearly indicated, and in 1947, the Ministry of the Interior of the R.O.C. government named the islands and reefs in the South China Sea in honor of Zheng He and other great navigators. Zheng He's Voyages is the earliest surviving collection of nautical charts in the world. Compared with the Portland charts, which were the most representative charts in the West in the same period, Zheng He Nautical Charts had a wide range of charting and rich content, and although the mathematical accuracy was lower than that of the Portland charts, the practicality of Zheng He Nautical Charts was better than that of the Portland charts. The British Joseph Lee in the "history of Chinese science and technology" book pointed out: on the accuracy of the Chinese charts, Mills (Mills) and Blagdon (Blagdon) had made a careful study, both of them are very familiar with the entire Malay Peninsula coastline, and they made a very high evaluation of the accuracy of the Chinese charts. Zheng He's voyage to the West reflects the light of China's advanced navigational science and technology, and demonstrates the great wisdom of the ancient Chinese, which created the great voyage of Zheng He to the West.
The significance of Zheng He's voyage to the West Ocean
Zheng He had reached more than 30 countries, including Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pahang, Zhenwax, Guri, Siam, Aden, Tianfang, Zofar, Kurumus, Mukdudu, etc., and the furthest distance was to the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, Mecca, and may have reached Australia. These records represent the peak of China's maritime exploration, 80 years earlier than the Western explorers such as Da Gama Columbus. At that time, the Ming Dynasty was ahead of the West at the same time in terms of navigation technology, fleet size, distance traveled, duration, and areas covered. There are many interpretations of the historical significance of Zheng He's voyages beyond navigation. "Zheng He era of China, is really assumed the responsibility of a civilized power: powerful but not hegemony, broadcasting benevolence and love in the friendly countries, declared the award, thick and thin to come. Zheng He archives were destroyed mystery: according to the "Shuji Zhou Consulting Records" records, Zheng He went to the West Ocean archives "Zheng He made a trip to the water course" originally stored in the Ministry of War. Ming Xianzong Chenghua years, the emperor ordered the ministry of war to check the old files of the three insurance, the ministry of war secretary Xiangzhong sent officials to check for three days can not be found, has been the car drive Langzhong Liu Daxia hidden in advance. Xiang Zhong asked the officials, library files, how can we lose? Liu Daxia, who was present at the time, said, "the three insurance to the West, hundreds of thousands of dollars, military and civilian deaths of ten thousand, even if we get the treasures of what good? Although the old archives, but also when the destruction, how to ask?". . Zheng He's water journey should include a lot of original information, such as the emperor's edicts, Zheng He's fleet of ships, lists, logs, accounts and so on. A large number of Zheng He archives have been destroyed by Liu Daxia or not, is still a mystery. The disappearance of a large number of Zheng He's archives has brought great difficulties and limitations to Zheng He's research. Zheng He Discovered America Theory: In the best-selling book 1421: China Discovers the World, published in 2002, former Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin? Menzies argued that detachments of Zheng He's fleet had circumnavigated the globe and discovered the Americas and Oceania long before the age of the great Western voyages, and on January 16, 2006, the National Maritime Museums in Beijing and Greenwich, London, simultaneously displayed a 1763 map of China's navigational history, annotated with the 16th year of the Yongle reign (1418), with detailed navigational information. The Chinese navigational map has detailed navigational areas and drawings of the Americas, Europe, and Africa in outline. It also includes depictions of the Native Americans (black and red, wearing feathers on their heads and waists) and the Australian Aborigines (dark, naked, and wearing bone work on their waists). The only drawback is the absence of the British Isles from the map. According to the map's collector, Chinese lawyer Liu Gang, he purchased the map from a Shanghai merchant in 2001 for $500 and learned of the map's historical importance and significance by reading the aforementioned 1421: China Discovers the World. Zheng He's voyage lasted 28 years and he visited more than 30 countries and regions. Everywhere he went, Zheng He gave thick gifts to the kings of the countries to show friendship, and the fleet brought silk, porcelain, copper and iron, gold, silver and other handicrafts in exchange for local specialties. The accompanying officials recorded the sights and sounds at any time. When the return voyage, the countries sent ambassadors to the same, gifts of treasures and specialties to the Ming Emperor, and exchanged with Chinese merchants. The friendly exchanges expanded trade and improved understanding. Zheng He accomplished his mission brilliantly, and the people of Nanyang and other places have been commemorating this messenger of peace and friendship, and in some cities, there are still temples and monuments commemorating Zheng He. Zheng He's seven voyages are a feat in the history of world navigation. European navigator Columbus, HuaGuoDa-Gama sea activities, are much later than ZhengHe, they several voyages, the number of people in about 100 people, ship three, four, the largest tonnage of only 120 tons. In terms of voyage, scale and organization, Zheng He surpassed these European navigators.
[edit]Countries and Regions Passed by Zheng He's Seven Voyages to the West
According to the Ming History - Zheng He Biography Zheng He's cities and countries that Zheng He has traveled to *** there are 36: Chamcham, Java, Chenla, Old Harbor, Siam, Guri, Mannaraja, Pernia, Sumatra, Aru, Kerzhi, Daglan, Koglang, Xiyangzori, Sulu, Gayil, Adan, Nanwuli, Gambari, Rangsan, Pahang, Rapid Randan, Kurumus, Slippery Hill, Sun Thorn, Mukdudu Beam, Malindi, Thornsar, Zufar, Drukbu, Slow Bassar, Tianfang, Lidai, Na Orphan, Sharivanni (present-day southern tip of the Indian Peninsula), and Bushwah (present-day territory of Somalia).
[edit]Zheng He went down to the Western Ocean involved in the Chinese and foreign place names explained
1, the Western Regions
In ancient times, the narrow sense of the Western Regions refers to the Yumen Pass to the west, east of the Onion Ridge area; broadly speaking, the Western Regions refers to the landlords who can be reached by crossing the narrow sense of the Western Regions to the west, including Central Asia, West Asia, the Indian Peninsula, up to the eastern part of Europe, northeastern Africa. The "western region" in the phrase "west of the western region" refers to the western region in the narrow sense, and if it corresponds to the phrase "to the north" below, it seems to be "the western region"; the phrase "the western region" means the western region in the narrow sense. "The term "western region" in the phrase "the western region of Kurumus" refers to the western region in the broader sense of the word. In the present Indian Ocean.
2. The State of Champa
It was also called Champa, the name of an ancient state in the south-central part of present-day Vietnam. In Chinese history, it was called Lin Yi and Huan Wang. Local rice production, called "Chamchung rice", one of the good rice, Song Dynasty introduced into China; Zheng He went to the West, Chamchung rice in China's Yangtze River, Pearl River, Minjiang River Basin, large-scale introduction and promotion. Changle, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, the area called this rice for "Cham Valley" or "yellow Cham", until thirty years ago, are the local high stalks of a good variety of late rice.
3, Java
Also known as Makou Ruobache country, in today's Java Island, Indonesia (Java Island). Since the Tang Dynasty, the history of the place called "Hualing" "婆". The island north of the Java Sea, south of the Indian Ocean, an area of 126,000 square kilometers, the population of nearly 100 million people, is Indonesia's most densely populated, the most economically developed areas, the main cities are Jakarta (capital), Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya Surakarta), Surabaya for the Chinese Janglei people living in the area.
4, Sanfo Qi country
Also known as Murofo deceased country, Sanskrit Srivijaya phonetic translation, in today's Sumatra Island, Indonesia, the ancient country, at that time, are about in today's giant port (Baliinbang, Balenbang), is located in southeastern Sumatra on the banks of the Musei River.
5, Siam country
Thailand (Thailand) of the old name, is located in Southeast Asia in the central part of the Central and Southern Peninsula. In the middle of the fourteenth century, by Siam and Logan country merged into the south of the Gulf of Siam. The current capital is Bangkok, Thailand's overseas Chinese and the number of ethnic Chinese in the world's first South Asia.
6. South Geranium
Geranium is an ancient Indian nickname, and ancient books also called Geranium as the body poison. Tianzhu is divided into north, center and south parts, and South Tianzhu refers to the southern part of the Indian Peninsula.
7, Ceylon mountain country
Also known as Ceylon (Ceylan), or called the lion country, now known as Sri Lanka (Srilangka) for the southern Asian island, across the Bauk Strait and southeastern India, with an area of 65,000 square kilometers, one of the ancient countries for the Buddhists, the main nationalities for the Sinhalese and Tamils. The capital, Colombo, is located in the southwest of the island.
8, Guri country
Also known as "Guri Buddha", the native place in the present day southwestern Indian Peninsula, Kerala State, Kozekode (Koxhikode) area, for the maritime transportation hub. Ming Yongle five years (1407) Zheng He two times in the Western Pacific Ocean had to visit and set up a monument to commemorate.
9, Kerzhi country
also translated as "national chaste", the native land in the present day southwestern India Cochin (Cochin) area, is the main channel and an important port. In the early fifteenth century, there were friendly exchanges with our country.
10, Kurumus country
that is, Holemuz (Hormuz), also translated as and Ermus, the land in the southeast of present-day Iran Minab (Minab) near the Straits of Hormuz, the abolition of the site in the north coast of Hormuz Island, the Persian Gulf exit, for the ancient traffic and trade hub, now the opposite shore of the port of Bandar Abbas to replace.
11, wood bone all bundle country
Now translated as Mogadishu (Mogadiscio) is known as the Horn of Africa Somalia *** and the capital of the country, is located in southeastern Somalia, near the Indian Ocean. 13th century before the construction of the ancient city. Zheng He visited here twice on his voyages to the West.
12, Nanjing Longjiang
The early Ming Dynasty set up "Longjiang shipyard" in this. The former site in today's Nanjing Shimonoseki Sancha River near the village of the area; waterway formerly known as the Dragon River, out of the Dragon River Pass through the Yangtze River, the Dragon River Shipyard had Zheng He went to the West China Sea to make a "treasure ship", so it is also known as "Treasure Shipyard", shipbuilding dock is called "ship as", the site still exists. ", the site still exists, like a huge pond. 1957 this place unearthed a large rudder pole, 1107 meters long, now hidden in the Museum of Chinese History, the rudder pole of the long, enough to prove that the scale of Zheng He treasure ship. According to "Longjiang shipyard", 1411 (Yongle nine years) the shipyard "change, make 247 sea ships, ready to make the Western countries". Dragon River, the original Tianfei Palace, has been destroyed.
13, Changle South Mountain
Named because it is located in Changle County, Fujian Province, south of the county seat, now Changle County, the city streets around the mountain. Elevation of only about forty meters, also known as Denggao Mountain; the mountain has Lan Ming, Xiangjie, Shilin three small peaks, it is also known as the three peaks, mountain Denggao Mountain; the mountain has Lan Ming, Xiangjie, Shilin three small peaks, it is also known as the three peaks of the mountain, there are pagodas on the mountain, known as three peaks of the tower (Sacred Shou Pagoda); there is a temple called the three peaks of the temple or three peaks of the Tower Temple; the temple next to the "Heavenly Princess Palace," the "Mazu," "Tianfei" Next to the temple, there is "Tianfei Xinggong", which is dedicated to Mazu, and the tablet of "Tianfei Lingying" is erected in the palace; next to the palace, there is "Sanqing Baodian", which was built by Zheng He, and the bells and drums in the palace are all ready, and the bells are the bronze bells of Zheng He, which were moved to Nanping City during the war. The original war moved to Nanping City. The above temples, palaces, halls have, bank, tower, tower, reinforced and refurbished in recent years, more spectacular. 1935, in the original temples, palaces, halls on the ruins of the Zhenghe Museum, "Tianfei Lingyin's record" monument Department of the main museum of cultural relics, Nanshan (Sanshuangshan) in the same year for the "Zhenghe Park".
14, Zigang
refers to the Changle Taiping Harbor through the Minjiang River. Located in Changle County, west of the western foot of Nanshan, to the north, narrowly refers to near the Changle County, Wu Hangtou area of the lower Dongjiang waters; broadly refers to the whole of the lower Dongjiang waters, the port was a wide river, the depth of the water can be moored huge boats, there is a "windless Miles grinding flat jade, there are a thousand waves of the moon ripples broken gold," said; port northeast and southeast of the screen facing the Shushi, the six flat mountains, can be sheltered from typhoon attacks, as a good harbor to avoid winds. It is a good harbor to avoid the wind. Changle County Records," "Changle Six Mile Zhi" are contained; three treasures eunuch Zheng He through the West, stationed in the ship division to build a huge ship in this, played to change the name to Taiping Harbor and other sentences. Due to the changes, now only a narrow waterway, through the small steamer, most of the original waterway has become fertile land, part of the new residential area, the main road in the residential area called "Taiping Harbor" Road, and Zhenghe Road hanging.
15, Sumatra
Also translated as Sumudurat (Samud'ra), Suwentarat, Suwentana. Originally located in Sumatra, Indonesia (Sumatra Island), near the northern Rock Shawmawe, now the whole island, the island north of the Straits of Malacca, south of the Indian Ocean, the equator across the middle, for the western island of Indonesia, covering an area of 434,000 square kilometers, the capital of Medan.
16, Manjunga country
The old translation is also known as Malacca, now translated as Malacca (Malacca) 14-16th century Malayan Peninsula on the feudal kingdom, is located in today's Malaysia, Malacca continent around the area of the Straits of Malacca at the hub, 1411 (Yongle nine years), the country's King Baili fans Sura ( Parmesvara) had a rate of his wife, ministers and other 540 people to visit China; Zheng He fleet repeatedly through its place, now half of the residents of Malacca State for the Chinese, its capital city of Malacca, three-quarters of the inhabitants for the Chinese; the city has a temple of Sambor, Sambor wells, Sambor City and other monuments.