Beijing, June 10, 2006 (Reporter Zhou Wei) "Finding out our family background" is a topic often mentioned by experts and scholars when talking about cultural heritage protection. Reporters learned from the Chinese Opera Types Protection Exhibition that opened at the China Academy of Arts on the 10th that there are 267 existing types of operas in my country, half of which are only performed by amateurs, and more than 60 existing types of operas have no audio-visual materials preserved.
According to reports, a survey in the 1950s showed that there were 368 types of operas nationwide. By the time the "Encyclopedia of China Opera Volume" was compiled in 1982, survey data showed that there were 368 types of operas nationwide. ***There are 317 opera types. From the drastic "shrinkage" of opera types, we see the difficulties faced by the inheritance of opera art, and feel that the protection of opera types has a long way to go.
Common types of opera
1. Kun Opera
Kun Opera, also known as "Kun Opera" and "Kun Opera", is an ancient type of opera. It originated from Kunshan, Jiangsu Province and became popular after the mid-Ming Dynasty. At that time, most of the legendary plays were sung with Kun opera. In addition to Nan Kun Opera, which maintains the characteristics of early Kun Opera, many branches have also formed across the country, such as Kun Yi, Xiang Kun, Sichuan Kun, etc. in the north. Kun Opera's style is clear, soft, delicate and lyrical, with singing and dancing performances and rigorous routines. It is a representative of Chinese classical opera. (Figure 332, Figure 333, Figure 334, Figure 335)
2. Gaoqiang
Gaoqiang is a general term for an opera vocal system. It was originally called "Yiyang Tune" or "Yi Tune" because it originated in Yiyang, Jiangxi. It is characterized by simple performance, popular lyrics, high-pitched and exciting singing, one person sings while others sing along, and only golden drums are used to beat the music without orchestral accompaniment. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it began to spread from Jiangxi to all parts of the country, and different styles of Gaoqiang were formed in various places, such as Sichuan Opera Gaoqiang, Hunan Opera Gaoqiang, Gan Opera Gaoqiang, etc. (Figure 336, Figure 337)
3. Bangzi tune
Bangzi tune is a general term for a system of opera tunes. It originated from the "Shanshan Bangzi" at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi. It is characterized by high-pitched and exciting singing and wooden bangs. Then, it developed eastward and southward, forming different forms of Bangzi tune in different regions, such as Shanxi Bangzi, Hebei Bangzi, Henan Bangzi, Shandong Bangzi, etc. (Picture 338, Picture 339, Picture 340)
4. Peking Opera
Peking Opera, also known as "Pihuang", consists of two basic tones of "Xipi" and "Erhuang" He also sings some local tunes (such as Liuzi tune, blowing tune, etc.) and Kunqu opera tunes. It was formed in Beijing around 1840, became popular in the 1930s and 1940s, and was sometimes known as "national drama". It is still a major opera with national influence. With its comprehensive range of skills, mature performances and magnificent momentum, it is a representative of modern Chinese opera. (Picture 341, Picture 342, Picture 343)
5. Pingju Opera
Pingju Opera was formed in the late Qing Dynasty on the basis of the ditty "Counterpart Lotus Falls" in Luanxian County, Hebei Province. It was first popular in rural areas of Hebei Province. , and later entered Tangshan, known as "Tangshan Luozi". It became popular in the Northeast around the 1920s, and a number of actresses emerged. After the 1930s, the performance of Pingju Opera became increasingly mature under the influence of Peking Opera, Hebei Bangzi and other operas, and schools such as Bai Yushuang, Xicailian, and Ailianjun emerged. After 1950, plays such as "Liu Qiaoer", "Flower as Matchmaker", "Third Sister Yang Complains" and "Qin Xianglian" had a great impact across the country, and famous actors such as Xin Fengxia, Xiaobai Yushuang and Wei Rongyuan appeared. Ping Opera is still popular in Hebei and Beijing. (Picture 344, Picture 345)
6. Hebei Bangzi
Hebei Bangzi is a Bangzi opera popular in Hebei and Beijing. It originated from Shanshan at the junction of Shan and Shaanxi. Bangzi was spread to Hebei via Shanxi and was formed by combining the dialects of Hebei and Beijing. It maintains the characteristics of bangzi tune that uses bangs to strike verses. The singing tune is high-pitched and exciting, and it is good at performing tragic plots. Famous plays of Hebei Bangzi include "Butterfly Cup", "Yuanmen Zhanzi", "Du Shiniang", etc.
(Picture 346, Picture 347)
7. Jin Opera
Jin Opera, also known as "Zhonglu Bangzi", developed from Shanxi Bangzi at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi to Shanxi, and combined with Shanxi language formed by characteristics. It is now popular in central Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Hebei. It maintains the characteristics of bangzi tune that uses bangs to strike the rhythm. The music style is not only high-pitched, but also has a soft and delicate side. The performance is plain and simple. Famous plays include "Striking the Golden Bough", "Small Banquet", "Selling Paintings and Hacking the Door", etc. (Picture 348, Picture 349)
8. Pu Opera
Pu Opera, also known as "Puzhou Bangzi", was developed from Shanshan Bangzi at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi. It is said that this is the original Shanshan Bangzi. It is now popular in southwestern Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. The tone is similar to Qinqiang, and the language is also in Shaanxi dialect. Famous plays include "Hanging Pictures", "Killing Dogs", "Killing Station", etc. (Figure 350, Figure 351)
9. Shangdang Bangzi
Shangdang Bangzi, one of the four major Bangzi in Shanxi, was developed from the "Puzhou Bangzi" in southwest Shanxi Cheng, popular in Shangdang area in southeastern Shanxi. In addition to Bangzi tune, he also sings Kunqu, Pihuang, Luoluo tune, etc. The repertoire includes "Three Passes Banquet", "Dongmen Hui", etc. (Picture 352)
10. Yanju
Yanju, also known as "Beilu Bangzi", developed from "Puzhou Bangzi" and is popular in northern Shanxi and Zhangjiakou, Hebei , Inner Mongolia area. It is said that it had a great influence on the formation of Hebei Bangzi. The repertoire includes "Blood Handprint", "Golden Water Bridge", etc. (Picture 353)
11. Qin Opera
Qin Opera, a local opera in Shaanxi Province, also called "Shaanxi Bangzi", is the earliest Bangzi opera and was formed around the middle of the Ming Dynasty. His performance is rough and simple, his singing is high-pitched and exciting, his voice is like a roar, and he is good at expressing tragic plots. The repertoire includes "Butterfly Cup", "Guishan Tour", "Three Drops of Blood", etc. (Picture 354)
12. Errentai
Errêtai is a type of opera popular in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Zhangjiakou, Hebei. It was formed on the basis of Inner Mongolia folk songs and Shanxi folk ditties, and was later absorbed The performance elements of Jin Opera gradually matured. The performance has a strong sense of life and the lyrics are popular. The repertoire is mostly short plays showing rural life, such as "Walking to the West Exit", "Fifth Brother Herding Sheep", etc. (Pictures 355 and 356)
13. Ji Opera
Ji Opera is a popular type of opera in Jilin Province. Developed in the 1950s on the basis of the "Errenzhuan" in Northeast China, it has brisk tunes, popular lyrics, and simple and popular performances. Its repertoire includes "Yan Qing Selling Lines" and "Bao Gong Apologizes" and so on. (Picture 357)
14. Longjiang Opera
Longjiang Opera was popular in the Heilongjiang area. In the 1950s, "Errenzhuan", Lachang opera, shadow play and local folk songs were performed in Northeast China. The performance is light and humorous, and the lyrics are popular. The repertoire includes "Double Lock Mountain", "Huangtang Baoyu", etc. (Picture 358, Picture 359)
15. Henan Opera
Henan Opera is also known as "Henan Bangzi". At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was developed from Shanshan Bangzi introduced to Henan, combined with Henan dialect and folk tunes, and is now popular in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and other provinces. There were originally four major schools of Yudong Diao, Henan West Diao, Xiangfu Diao and Shahe Diao, but now Henan East Diao and Henan West Diao are the main ones. There have been famous female actors such as Chang Xiangyu, Chen Suzhen, Cui Lantian, Ma Jinfeng and Yan Lipin. The repertoire includes "Mu Guiying Takes the Command", "The Matchmaker", "Flowers in the Palace", "The Flower Gun" and the modern drama "Chaoyanggou", etc. (Picture 360, Picture 361)
16. Yue Diao
Yue Diao, a local opera in Henan Province, is popular in Henan and northern Hubei because it uses "four string strings" as the main accompaniment instrument. , so it is also called "four-strand string". The music is mainly in banqiang style, and also includes singing tunes. Famous actors include Shen Fengmei and others. The repertoire includes "Recruiting Jiang Wei", "Li Tianbao Recruiting a Marriage", "Zhuge Liang Pays Filial Piety", etc.
(Picture 362)
17. Henan Opera
Henan Opera, a local opera in Henan Province, is popular in Henan Province and northwest Hubei. It was developed from the folk art "Henan Opera". The singing style is soft and melodious, and it is known for its tragic content. The repertoire includes "Rolling Mat", "Chen Sanliang", "Flower Pavilion", etc. (Picture 363)
18. Shandong Bangzi
Shandong Bangzi, a local opera in Shandong Province, is popular in the Heze area of ??Shandong Province. Because the place was called "Caozhou" in ancient times, it is also called "Caozhou" Bangzi". This Bangzi system was introduced from Shanshan and Shaanxi Bangzi via Henan and then to Shandong, and was formed after undergoing changes. The main plays include "The Story on the Wall" and so on. (Picture 364)
19. Lu Opera
Lu Opera is a local opera in Shandong Province, popular in central Shandong, Jiangsu and Henan. It was developed from the folk rap art "Shandong Qinshu" in the early 20th century and was named "Lu Opera" in 1950. Lu opera performances are full of life style, popular and simple, with simple singing tunes and easy to learn and sing. Therefore, Lu Opera has a great influence in the vast rural areas. The repertoire includes "Wang Dingbao borrows money", "Little Sister" and the modern drama "Li Ersao remarried", etc. (Picture 365, Picture 366)
20. Huai Opera
Huai Opera, a local opera in Jiangsu Province, is popular in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and other regions. It originated from Jiangsu folk opera, and later absorbed the artistic elements of Anhui opera and gradually developed and matured. His performance is rough and simple. The repertoire includes the traditional plays "Female Judge", "Three Women Seizing the Board" and the new play "The Golden Dragon and the Mayfly". (Picture 367)
21. Shanghai Opera
Shanghai Opera is a local opera popular in Shanghai. It originated from folk songs in Pudong, Shanghai, and later formed Shanghai Tanhuang tune, and was influenced by Suzhou Tanhuang tune. influence. In the 1930s, it was performed in Shanghai in the form of civilized drama and named Shanghai Opera. The repertoire mostly has modern themes, such as "The Laughing Marriage", "Arhat Money", "Ludang Fire", etc. (Picture 368)
22. Burlesque
Burlesque is a popular type of opera in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang and other places. It originated as a "one-man show" in Shanghai and later developed into a farce, with mixed tunes and funny performances. The main repertoire includes "San Mao Learns Business", "One, Two, Three, Walk Together", etc. (Picture 369)
23. Yue Opera
Yue Opera is a local opera popular in Zhejiang. It originated from the "De Du Ban" in Sheng County, Zhejiang Province. It entered Shanghai around 1916 and was performed under the name of "Shaoxing Literary Opera". At first, it was mainly male actors, and then it became mainly female actors. After 1938, the name "Yue Opera" was used. In 1942, Yue Opera actresses led by Yuan Xuefen reformed their performances and singing, absorbing the performing arts of Kunqu opera and drama, and forming a soft and delicate performance style. There are many art schools such as Yuan (Xuefen) School, Yin (Guifang) School, Fan (Ruijuan) School, Fu (Quanxiang) School, Xu (Yulan) School and so on. The Yue Opera repertoire includes "Xiang Lin's Wife", "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai", "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Five Daughters Birthday Wishes", "The Romance of the West Chamber", etc. (Picture 370, Picture 371)
24. Wu Opera
Wu Opera is a local opera popular in Jinhua, Zhejiang, also known as "Jinhua Opera". It is a multi-voiced opera. Its vocal tunes are composed of Gaoqiang, Kunqu Opera, Tanhuang Opera, Huizhou Opera, etc., each with its own repertoire and performance characteristics. The repertoire includes "Meeting of Monks and Nuns", "Peony Duo", "Broken Bridge", etc. (Picture 372)
25. Shao Opera
Shao Opera is a local opera popular in Shaoxing and Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. It was formed in the late Ming Dynasty. With "San Wu Qi" and "Er Fan" as the main vocal tunes, he is good at martial arts performances, with a rough and simple style. The repertoire includes "Three Strikes of White Bone Demons", "Dragon and Tiger Fight", "Diao Wuchang", etc. (Picture 373)
26. Hui Opera
Hui Opera is a type of opera popular in Anhui, Jiangsu and other regions. It was formed in the mid-Qing Dynasty. It is a multi-voiced drama with the main tunes He performs Bazi, Chuqiang and Erhuang, and also sings Kunqu, Gaoqiang and Xipi.
In 1790, the Hui Troupe came to Beijing to celebrate Qianlong's birthday, and later evolved into Peking Opera. Most of the plays are historical themes, such as "Seven Flooded Armies" which is based on "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". (Picture 374)
27. Huangmei Opera
Huangmei Opera is a type of opera that originated in Anhui and is popular in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei. Its predecessor is the tea-picking tune in Huangmei area. It formed a folk opera after the middle of the Qing Dynasty, called "Huangmei tune", and is sung in Anqing dialect. In the 1950s, under the reforms of Yan Fengying and others, the performance became increasingly mature and developed into a local drama in Anhui. Famous plays include "The Match of Heaven", "The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl", "The Consort", etc. (Picture 375, Picture 376)
28. Fujian Opera
Fujian Opera is a popular type of opera in Fujian. It arose in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and had been basically formed by the Qing Dynasty, but on a smaller scale. At the beginning of the 20th century, the influence of Peking Opera gradually increased, and the tunes were basically complete, including five types of tunes, foreign songs, Jianghu, minor tunes and bange. The repertoire includes "Seal Refining", "Swan Banquet", etc. (Picture 377, Picture 378)
29. Puxian Opera
Puxian Opera is a local opera in Fujian, formerly known as "Xinghua Opera". It was fully mature in the middle of Ming Dynasty and popular in Putian and Xianyou areas. . The music is in the style of Qupai, and the performance is quite ancient, elegant and lyrical. The repertoire includes "Zhang Xie's Number One Scholar", "After the Reunion", "Spring Grass in the Hall", etc. (Picture 379)
30. Liyuan Opera
Liyuan Opera, a type of opera with a long history, can be regarded as the "living fossil" of opera. It preserves many southern operas from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as "Zhu Wen Zou Gui", "Jing, Liu, Worship, Kill" and so on. After the 1950s, he also compiled and performed plays such as "Dong Sheng and Li" and "The Song of the Chaste Woman". (Picture 380)
31. Gaojia Opera
Gaojia Opera is popular in Jinjiang and Longxi areas of Fujian Province. It originated in the mid-Qing Dynasty and later absorbed the performance factors of Liyuan Opera. And the repertoire gradually became large-scale. In the 1920s, it was influenced by Peking Opera and gradually matured. It is based on clowning as its main occupation, and the performance is like a puppet on a string, which is very distinctive. The repertoire includes "Upgraded to Three Levels", "Jin Kuixing", etc. (Picture 381)
32. Gan Opera
Gan Opera is a type of opera popular in the northeastern part of Jiangxi Province. It developed from Yiyang Opera in the Ming Dynasty and is composed of Yiyang Opera, Qingyang Opera and Kun Opera. A variety of operas composed of various vocal styles such as , Luantan and so on. The repertoire includes "The Injustice of Dou E", "The Story of Jing Chai", "The Story of Pearl", "Return of the Soul", etc. (Picture 382, ??Picture 383)
33. Tea-picking opera
Tea-picking opera is a popular type of opera in various parts of Jiangxi. It is mainly developed from the songs and tunes sung by local tea farmers when picking tea, combined with folk songs and dances. Become. Jiangxi tea-picking opera is divided into east, south, west, north and middle routes, each with its own characteristics in performance. The repertoire includes "Sun Cheng Drinking" and so on. (Picture 384)
34. Han Opera
Han Opera generally refers to the type of opera popular in Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi and other places. It originated from the Hubei area and was formerly known as "Chu Diao" or "Chu Diao". "Han Diao", the main singing tune is Xipi tune, and Erhuang tune is also sung. It has a history of nearly 300 years. The main repertoire includes "Universal Front", "Second Plum Blossoms", "Shen Tao Da", etc. In addition, there are also Han operas in Changde, Hunan and Guangdong, both of which are multi-temperament operas, which are completely different from Hubei Han operas. (Picture 385)
35. Hunan Opera
Hunan Opera, a local opera in Hunan Province, is popular in Changsha and Xiangtan areas. It originated from Yiyang Opera in the Ming Dynasty, and later absorbed Kun Opera and Pi Huang and other vocal tunes form a multi-voice opera genre including high tune, low tune, Kun tune and Luantan tune. The repertoire is mainly high-pitched and random, such as "The Story of the Pipa", "The Story of the White Rabbit", "The Story of Worshiping the Moon", etc. (Picture 386)
36. Qi Opera
Qi Opera, also known as "Qiyang Opera", is popular in Qiyang and Shaoyang, Hunan Province. It originated from the Yiyang tune of the Ming Dynasty, and the tone is mainly high-pitched. , and also sings Kunqu opera and plays Chinese tunes. The repertoire includes "Mu Lian Zhuan", "Jing Zhong Zhuan", "Fuzi Opera", "Guanyin Opera", etc.
(Picture 387)
37. Hunan Flower Drum Opera
Hunan Flower Drum Opera is the general name for flower drum and lantern operas in various places in Hunan, including Changsha Flower Drum, Yueyang Flower Drum, Changde Flower Drum, Hengyang Flower Drum, and Shaoyang Flower Drum. Flower drums, etc., each have different stage languages ??and form their own styles. The performance of Huagu Opera is simple, cheerful and lively. The main professions are niche, dan, and clown, and they specialize in the use of towels and fans. The repertoire includes "Fighting Birds", "Chopping Woodcutter with Liu Hai", etc. (Picture 388, Picture 389)
38. Cantonese Opera
Cantonese Opera is popular in Cantonese language areas such as Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia. It was formed in the early Qing Dynasty and was formed by combining Gaoqiang, Kunqiang, Pihuang, Bangzi and other tunes imported from other places with local folk music. The music is both banqiang and qupai. The repertoire includes "Sou Shuyuan", "Guan Hanqing", etc. (Picture 390)
39. Teochew Opera
Teochew Opera is popular in Shantou, Guangdong, southern Fujian and Taiwan. Mainly influenced by the Yiyang tune, Kun tune and Han tune introduced from other places, it was formed in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Many works of the Song and Yuan Dynasties are retained in the repertoire, such as "Chen Sanwu Niang", "Window Sweeping Club", "Lulin Club", etc. . (Picture 391)
40. Gui Opera
Gui Opera is popular in northeastern Guangxi and southern Hunan. It was formed in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. The singing style is mainly Pihuang and Kun Opera. , high accent, blowing accent and other accents. The repertoire includes "Grabbing an Umbrella", "Picking Up a Jade Bracelet", "The Edge of the Cabinet", etc. (Picture 392)
41. Cai Diao
Cai Diao, formerly known as "Tiaozi" or "Tea Picking", is popular in Guangxi. It was formed on the basis of local folk songs and dances and has a history of nearly two hundred years. It was named "Cai Tiao" in 1955. His performances are free, lively and full of life. The most famous play is "Liu Sanjie". (Picture 393)
42. Zhuang Opera
Zhuang Opera is a type of opera popular in Zhuang inhabited areas such as Guangxi and Yunnan. It is divided into two schools: South Road and North Road. The former is derived from the local "bench opera", and its main repertoire is "Wenlong and Xiaoni"; the latter is derived from the "double act", and its main repertoire is "Treasure Calabash". (Picture 394)
43. Sichuan Opera
Sichuan Opera, a local opera in Sichuan Province, is popular in Sichuan and its surrounding areas. It consists of Kunqiang, Gaoqiang, Huqin, Danxi and Lantern Opera, each with its own repertoire. Sichuan Opera's singing is high-pitched and exciting, and its performances are humorous and full of life. The main repertoire includes the traditional plays "The Story of the Hosta", "The Story of the Willow Shade", "Capturing Wang Kui Alive", etc., as well as the new plays "The Wave of the Dead Water", "Changing Faces", "Gold", etc. (Picture 395, Picture 396)
44. Qian Opera
Qian Opera, a local opera popular in Guizhou Province, was developed from the folk art "Wenqin", mainly using Yangqin as the Accompanied by musical instruments and rich in local characteristics. The repertoire includes "The Beauty of the Pearl Lady", "The Lady of Luxurious Fragrance", etc. (Picture 397, Picture 398)
45. Dian Opera
Dian Opera is a local opera popular in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou. It was formed in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. It is composed of three foreign tunes: silk string, Xiangyang tune and Huqin opera, with the main tune being silk string. The repertoire includes "Niu Gao's Pursuit", "Invading the Palace", etc. (Picture 399, Picture 400)
46. Dai Opera
Dai Opera is popular in the Dai inhabited areas of Yunnan Province. It was formed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. It originated from local folk songs and dances and absorbed Peking Opera. , formed by the artistic nutrition of Yunnan opera. With the erhu as the main accompaniment instrument, the performance is simple, complete with singing and dancing. The repertoire includes "E Bing and Sang Luo" and so on. (Picture 401)
47. Tibetan Opera
Tibetan Opera is a type of opera popular in Tibet, Qinghai and other Tibetan-inhabited areas, and is sung in Tibetan language. It was formed in the seventeenth century and mainly uses Buddhist stories and folklore as its content. Actors often wear masks when performing. The performance is divided into three parts. The first part is the opening, called "Dun"; the second part is the play, called "Xiong"; the third part is the blessing at the end, called "Zhaxi".
The most famous play is "Princess Wencheng". (Picture 402, Picture 403)
48. Shadow puppet play
Shadow puppet play is also called "shadow play", "lantern shadow play" and "earth shadow play". Use light to illuminate human silhouettes carved from animal hide or cardboard to enact the drama of the story. The repertoire and singing styles mostly interact with local operas, and are performed by artists while singing, accompanied by music. Chinese film and television has a history of more than a thousand years. There are many categories and types of operas formed due to different popular regions, singing tunes and silhouette materials. The donkey skin puppets in Tangshan, Hebei and the cowhide puppets in the northwest are the most famous. Among them, Tangshan shadow puppetry has developed into a comprehensive art with exquisite carving technology, dexterous manipulation skills and lyrical singing music.