There are Houyang, Xiwu, Xi'an, Songyang. Houyang Gaoqiang was popular in the area of Dongyang and Yiwu, and some people think that it may be a derivative of Yiwu Gaoqiang, which is good at performing martial arts. Xi-Wu Gaoqiang was named after the opening of a class in Xi-Wu Village in the north of Jinhua, and its singing was more euphemistic and simple than that of Xi'an Gaoqiang, with more rolls sung, which was related to the Hui Chi Ya tune. Xi'an Gaoqiang is popular in the area of Quzhou, which was called "Xi'an" in ancient times, hence the name. It is rumored to be closely related to Yiyang Cavity, and some people think that it may be the legacy of Xiping Cavity. Its tunes are characterized by many words and few cavities, and have the characteristic of a single vent. The above three kinds of songs are sung by one person, with the help of many people and gongs and drums, and the tones of the songs are sung from the heart.
Most of the high cadences are characterized by gongs and drums, no matter what the strings are, one person starts to sing, and all the people are in agreement with each other, and the tone of the voice is high and exciting. But the West Wu and Songyang Gaoqiang has a band accompaniment, which is a unique form of Gaoqiang in China. There are a lot of high-cavity songs, and different plays have prescribed "sets". At the beginning, it used long and short sentences. The repertoire is rich, such as the "Sophora", "Hapu", "White Rabbit" and so on.
Kunqu, commonly known as "Grass Kun", "Jin Kun", is a branch of the Kunqiao circulating in the Jinhua area. Because of the long-term mobile performance in the rural grass platforms and temple fairs, to the farmers as the main audience object, so the language is more popular, the pursuit of plot twists and turns, the singing cavity is not bound to the four-voiced cavity, in order to perform martial arts theater, do the work of the play, the play is based on the big drama. After the Ming Dynasty, it has been regarded as the authentic Wu Opera. In fact, it is a tributary of Kunqu in Quzhou (now Qu County) and Jinhua, and the language and tunes are simplified or changed by combining with local customs, so it is called "Grass Kun". Now its repertoire has been less performed, and some of its tunes have been absorbed by the sound of chaotic bombing, such as the chaotic bombing tunes containing [Kun Tou] [Little Peach Red] [New Water Order] [Downhill Tiger] and other fragments.
The "messy bomb" is also called "Pujiang messy bomb" because the "messy bomb class" specializing in messy bomb is mostly from Pujiang County. To two Fan, three five seven, Luhua as the main singing tune. In addition to the popular areas of Jinhua, Quzhou, Yanzhou (present-day Jiande, Zhejiang Province), it is also often performed in the area of Changhua and Tonglu. Erfan has the characteristics of northern opera singing, and some people think that it originated from the West Qin cavity, and some people think that it originated from the Anhui blowing cavity and the Siping tune. Three five seven with the characteristics of the southern opera singing, belonging to the early blowing cavity. Some people believe that its formation is related to the Huizhou, Siping and Taiping cavities in southern Anhui. Luhua is derived from the blowing cavity, is a relic of the Hui opera.
According to "Dictionary of Chinese Opera and Songs": messy bomb in wu opera, refers to singing "three five seven", "reeds tune", "two van", "plucked" four voice cavity. The four vocal cadences of "Sanwuqi", "Luhua tune", "Erfan" and "Puzi". "Three five seven" "reed tune" by the Anhui "Shibei cavity" evolved, with the flute lead player, tunes gorgeous, smooth, stretching, singing the tune of the word less cavities, and later developed into more words less cavities of the "stacked plate". Later, it developed into a "stacked board" with more words and fewer cavities. The "Erfan" is the sound cavity evolved after the Qin cavity spreads to the south, and develops into "Shakuji", "Xiaogong", "Zhenggong" and "Fanji" in Wu opera. In wu opera, it develops into four kinds of tunes with different attributes, each with its own "inverted plate", "original plate", "running water" and "tight skin". There are four different tunes, each with its own style, such as "Backboard", "Original Board", "Flowing Water", "Tight Skin" and "Stacked Board", which are characterized by feelings such as excitement, exuberance, sadness and melancholy. There are also different styles of "plucking", such as "inverted plate", "back to the dragon", "original plate", etc. According to the nature of the tune, generally "plucking" is the most popular style. According to the nature of the tune, generally "Erfan" and "three, five, seven" associated, "reed" and "plucked" associated. The repertoire is more, such as "Lush Flower", "Gui Zhi Writing", "Plum in the Snow", "Pearl Shirt" and so on.
Hui opera, from the southern Anhui Province. Since the end of Qing Dynasty, a large number of people from Anhui moved to the area of Jinhua, most of them were doing business, and Anhui opera flowed in with the business road, and the local Anhui classes in Jinhua and Quzhou two provinces amounted to more than thirty, and there were more than ten local koban opened only before and after 1918. The wu opera Huiban was a self-contained style, with the old Huizhou tunes such as plucking, reeds, and blowing cavity as the main tunes. They sing Xipi and Erhuang, and their performance is rough, shrewd, simple and healthy, and their repertoire includes "The Second Palace", "The Temple of Fa Men", "The Green Dragon Society" and so on. Among them, "fire Zidu" "water capture Pound" and other performance styles, in the present Pihuang drama is less common.
Tanch spring, according to legend, originated in Suzhou Tanchu. During the Qianlong and Jiaqing years (1936-1820), Jinhua already had a singing class for the opera Tanya. Some people think that the beach spring is brought in by the flower boat lady who traveled to and from Quzhou and Lanjiang to sell her art, and there were amateur sitting and singing classes first, and then the wu opera artists derived it as an opera, and it became one of the wu opera's vocal cadences. It is divided into "Pujiang Beach Spring", "Lanxi Beach Spring" and "Dongyang Beach Spring". The repertoire includes "Monks and Nuns Meeting", "Broken Bridge", "Peony Lesson" and so on. After the liberation of the traditional repertoire of "Monks and Nuns Meeting" and "Broken Bridge", there are new creations in the scripts and performances.
The time tune is a collective name for small folk plays that have been in fashion since the Ming and Qing dynasties. Some of them come from the Ming and Qing dynasty popular songs, some belong to Nanluo, some are Youtan, and some originate from local ditties. Evolved from local folk songs, songs and dances, it is a kind of singing rural life of small theater voice, the repertoire of "Going to Guangdong", "selling cotton yarn", "the king's wife scolded the chicken" and so on.
The above six kinds of voice, in wu opera is not a play mixed use, but each voice has a group of specialized repertoire. At the beginning, the high voice, Kun voice and chaotic bombing formed a class independently, and then developed into a combined class with different combinations. High, Kun, chaotic singing theater class, commonly known as the "three classes". Later, Hui Opera was introduced to the Jinhua area, and some of the trio classes abandoned the high opera and sang Hui Opera at the same time, while some Hui classes sang chaotic bombing at the same time. Afterwards, they absorbed the tandan spring and the tune of the time. Tune The traditional repertoire of wu opera is very rich, and the more influential repertoire includes: "The Golden Seal", "Sun Bin and Pang Juan", "Three Invitations to Pear Blossom", "Broken Bridge", "Tears of Xi Shi" and the modern play "Peach Storm".
Wu opera's performance is exaggerated, vivid, image, strong, pay attention to the martial arts play Wen do, the literary play Wu do, so-called: "the martial arts play slowly, the literary play step on the broken platform". Due to the past clothing original no sleeves, performances in the fingers, wrists on the work, appearances, frame similar to the Dunhuang murals of the characters gestures, a unique style. And there are many stunts, such as face changing, playing teeth, rolling lamp, red fist, flying fork, playing beads, and so on.
The role of the line is divided into the old man, Lao Wai, vice end, the young man, the big flower face (net), two flower face (vice), small flower face (ugly), four flower face (Wu net), flower Dan, as Dan, Dan, Dan, the old Dan, Wu Xiaodan, the three Liang Dan, (the third flower Dan), miscellaneous (playing the gods, tigers, dogs, by the management of the "three boxes" of the part) **** Fifteen lines. Famous actors and actresses include Jiang Heyi, Xu Dongfu, Zhou Yuexian, Xu Ruying, Zhou Yuegui, Xu Xigui, Wang Jinlong, Ye A Gou, Zheng Lanxiang, Ge Suyun, Wu Guangyu and so on.
During the Tongzhi and Guangxu years (1862-1908), wu opera class society reached more than forty classes. after 1935, wu opera began to have female actors and actresses, and had successively organized women's section classes (huiban) such as Minsheng, Culture, Minle, and Small Culture, and each "triad class" and "chaotic bomb class" also passed through accompanying troupes.
Early wu opera class society mainly performed in four townships bazaars and temple fairs (collectively known as catching up the venue), and only in the early 30s, it began to enter the city, taking Jinhua Chenghuang Temple, Xihua Temple and so on as the performance venues, and then gradually and often performed in Changle, Beishan, Jincheng, mass and other theaters. In the countryside, some of the early amateur groups were called "Prince Classes" (mainly composed of the "leisure class" in villages and towns). These organizations initially to sit and sing for their own amusement, every time to welcome the gods will be, then beat the gongs and drums along the streets from village to village to tour singing, and later began to develop for the masquerade performances on stage.
During the anti-Japanese war period, Jinhua was once lost, some outstanding actors such as Xiao Hua Mian A Yao, Shiaolan Ying, Hua Dan Zhangshu Milk, etc. died in the war, wu opera classes and societies were scattered, and this kind of drama was almost in ruins. After the founding of the nation, with the support of the relevant departments, the wu opera improvement association was formed (later changed to jinhua regional opera federation), and in 1953, zhejiang wu opera experimental troupe was established, and a number of "**** and class" were also established in various places. in 1955, the troupes jointly recruited more than two hundred trainees, and cultivated a number of talents. in 1956, on the basis of the Zhejiang wu opera experimental troupe, a group of "**** and class" was established. In 1956, on the basis of Zhejiang Wu Opera Experimental Troupe, Zhejiang Wu Opera Troupe was established, and carried out more systematic excavation record and inheritance reform work on the traditional art of Wu Opera. By the early 80's, wu opera **** had twelve troupes, among which seven of them were originally Hui class, two of Sanhe class, one of two-and-a-half class, and two of chaotic bomb class.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, and on June 8, 2007, Zhejiang Province Wu Opera Troupe won the first Cultural Heritage Day Award issued by the Ministry of Culture of the State. The character line of wu opera is called "thirteen and a half net towels" in the past, that is, four white faces: the small student, the old student (Zheng Sheng), the old foreigner, the deputy end; four flower faces: the big flower face (net), two flower faces (deputy net), three flower faces (ugly), four flower faces (Wu Jing); five Dan Tang: flower Dan, Zheng Dan, Zuodan, the old Dan, the Wu Xiaodan, which is the thirteen lines. Plus "three boxes" (tube masonry end, and play the gods, tigers, dogs) and miscellaneous feet, for "half a net towel". Later on, the three-liang dan was added (the Quzhou area called the flower dan the "daliang dan", and the three-liang dan the "erliang dan", meaning the third flower dan role) and the small dan (also called the "small bag head"). "small head", "worship Dan", specializing in the role of maids, courtesans and other seldom open), *** fifteen rows of roles. In the past, there were twenty-eight performers in a troupe (especially in the Huiban troupe). Counting the class master (also known as "foreman", in fact, the boss) a person, "head" (that is, "theater ants", the group to help invite the corner of the class to invite people, the group is mainly responsible for contacting the performance venues, 50 In the 50s has been canceled) a person, the band five people, backstage management head box (wardrobe box) a person, helmet box (hat, helmet, beard) a person, three boxes (laying the end of) a person, general affairs a person, the head of the two, plus fifteen rows of actors, **** twenty-eight people.
Performing arts, due to the long-term performance in the square, the formation of exaggerated, rough, strong, bright characteristics. Such as the martial arts general appeared, to quickly step back and light a high frame to highlight the character, and other types of theater stand after a step forward is different. Another example is that other kinds of dramas are all about roundness, and the movement is a continuous curve, but wu drama is often straight in roundness, and there are folding lines and straight lines in the curve to show the power of movement and the intensity of feeling. It pays attention to "martial arts play do, literary play do", that is, the so-called "martial arts play slowly, literary play step on the broken platform". Such as "Broken Bridge" is a literary play, but Bai Suzhen and Qing's "snake step" and a series of dance figures, Xu Xian's "hanging hair", "flying knee", "grab back", "pounce tiger" and other drop pouncing kung fu, the degree of its weight are not less than the martial arts theater. On the contrary, the martial arts theater "water capture Pound", but the slow move slow style, in the music of the fight, to dance movements to win.
The past wu opera has no water sleeves, so the wrist and finger kung fu is very prominent. Dan's opening the door, the whole suit, the whole face and so on action, all pay attention to the finger's trembling kung fu; The net, the raw and so on role's various cloud hand action, also pays much attention to turn the wrist, turns the palm plus the debut often bends the leg to light up the sole of the boot, and the exorcism dance and the Buddhist dance quite has the proximity place. In addition, when the character comes on stage, both elbows (lower arms) are flat and curved, thumbs are cocked, other four fingers are close together, when "starting to dominate", the body rotates, and the tip of the whip is always upward when the whip is lifted to urge the horse, etc., which is similar to the action of puppet theater. At the same time, many stunts are preserved in wu opera, such as the three changing faces through somersaults with color in "Fire Burning Zidu", the top light in "Rolling Lamp", the overturning beam and seventy-two hangings in "Big Mending Cylinder", the red fists and dancing forks in "Meat Dragon Head", the juggling of Buddha beads in "Monks and Nuns Association", the "upside-down flag of the wind" in "Water Capturing Pound", the "upside-down drinking water" in "Three Strikes on Wang Ying", and the "upside-down drinking water" in "Three Strikes on Wang Ying". The "Drinking Water Backwards" in "Water Catching Pound", "Flying Zombie" in "Sang Liang Stabbing Liang", and so on.
Characterization, some plays tend to understand the characters from the perspective of peasant life, even if the emperor and generals. Such as "nine tin palace" in the official has filled the seal of nine thousand years old Cheng Bite Jin, in the people for him to wish him a birthday, but also self-conscious to eat up jujube. Another example is Liu Bei in the "Three Knot", but a good white food, smooth-talking dilettante.
The wu opera troupe performed in the past, must first point play: by the two dan color head decorated with beads and emeralds, face perfumed powder, wearing red and green men's guest clothes (pleats). One of them holds a toothpick and opens the name of the play, the other one holds a pen and asks the "head of the temple fair" to point the play with the pen. Before the performance, must first haunt the stage, called "haunted stage", generally only use percussion instruments to play a variety of gongs and drums, to take its lively, in order to solicit the audience, called "haunted stage". However, whenever the first performance is held, it will be "Huatoutai", in which four pieces of music played by large suona, small suona, flute and huqin are inserted into the gongs and drums, sometimes euphemistically and softly, sometimes violently and majestically ("Huatoutai" has become an independent folk music group), and the audience will be able to enjoy the performance through the "Huatoutai". The audience can evaluate the level of the band through the "Hua Tou Tai". After the "head stage" is finished, the "Eight Immortals" (there are various kinds of music such as "Eight Immortals Piling Up Flowers" and "Eight Immortals Chasing Peaches") will be performed. Peach Society Immortals to celebrate the birthday of the Queen Mother as the content), and then "jump Jiaguan" (commonly known as "jumping white face", "heavenly officials to give blessings"), "jumping Kuixing ", "Jumping God of Fortune", and then perform three to four "excerpts of the play" (folded drama), known as "open stage". Whenever the opening of the first stage, Huiban will perform "Hundred Longevity" ("Full Bed Wat", "Playing the Golden Bough"), chaotic bombing class will perform "Nine Sikong". Perform these two plays, one for its auspiciousness; two for the bright line; three because of the play in the line as a whole, singing and doing, reflecting the level of performance of the class society. The temple fair masters also accordingly decide the length of the play and performance period, the audience is accordingly choose to see which several plays. After the opening play, there is the "second stage", which is usually played with a big suona, accompanied by gongs and drums, and is relatively short, aiming to give the actors and the audience a short break. Then the opera begins, known as the "main program". After the performance of the main play, a small play is added, which is known as the "back to find". Such as "dumb back crazy", "scolding the chicken", "Wang Xiaoyi New Year" and so on. From the opening to find, a play takes about four or five hours or more.
The famous actors of wu opera are Jiang Heyi (excelling in old life), Xu Dongfu (ugly), Xu Xigui (old life), Ye A Gou (old life), Xu Ruying (Dan), Zhou Yuexian (Dan), Wang Jinlong (young student), Wang Jingchun (old foreigner), Zheng Lanxiang (Dan), Xu Fengxian (Dan), Wu Guangyu (ugly), etc.
Wu Opera is the most famous opera in China, and it is the most famous opera in China.