Definition: Force is the interaction between objects. Size, direction and acting point are the three elements of force.
International unit: Newton, abbreviated as cow, with symbol N, is named in memory of British scientist isaac newton.
Nature:
Materiality: Force is the action of one object on another. When an object is acted on by a force, another object must exert this force on it. Without objects, forces cannot exist independently.
Reciprocity: the interaction between any two objects is always mutual, and the object that exerts force must also be the object that exerts force.
Vector: Force is a vector with both magnitude and direction.
At the same time: the action of force is simultaneous.
Independence: The action of one force does not affect the action of another.
Measuring tool: spring scale (dynamometer)
Description of force:
Force diagram: the three elements of force are accurately represented by a directed line segment. The size is expressed by the length of the scale line segment, the direction is indicated by the arrow, the point of action is indicated by the arrow or the tail of the arrow, and the straight line along the direction of the force is called the line of action of the force. Trying to be used in the calculation of force.
Schematic diagram of force: it is not necessary to draw the scale of force, but only use the line segment with arrow to indicate the magnitude and direction of force. The schematic diagram of force is used for force analysis.
Classification of forces:
According to the nature of force, it can be divided into gravity, elasticity, friction, molecular force, electromagnetic force and nuclear force.
2) According to the function of force, it can be divided into pulling force, pulling force, pressure, supporting force, power, resistance, centripetal force and restoring force.
3) According to the research object, it can be divided into external force and internal force.
Influence of force:
1) force can deform an object.
2) Force can change the motion state of an object (speed, direction of motion, both at the same time). [Edit this paragraph] Units and conversion units of force.
newton
Kilogram force
Dynamic (dynamic)
convert
1N= 1kg*m/s^2
1kgf=9.80665N
1dyn= 10^-5N
1Nā0. 10 197 kgf
1N= 10^5dyn
formula
F=ma
G = mg (g = 9.8 N/kg)
gļ¼ It means that the force on an object with a mass of 1 kg is 9.8 n.
mechanics
A branch of physics. It studies the law of mechanical motion and balance of objects and its application. Mechanics can be divided into three parts: statics, kinematics and dynamics. Statics focuses on the conditions under which an object maintains balance under the action of external force. Kinematics is a description method to study the mechanical motion without interaction between objects. It has nothing to do with the cause of exercise. Dynamics is to discuss the relationship between force and motion of a particle system under pressure. Mechanics can also be divided into particle mechanics, rigid body mechanics and continuum mechanics according to the nature of the studied object. Continuous media are usually divided into solids and fluids. Solids include elastomers and plastomers, while fluids include liquids and gases.
From16th century to17th century, mechanics began to develop into an independent and systematic discipline. Galileo put forward the law of inertia through the study of throwing objects and falling objects, and used it to explain the motion of objects and celestial bodies on the ground. /kloc-At the end of 0/7th century, Newton put forward three basic laws of mechanical motion. The theory that makes classical mechanics form a system. According to Newton's three laws and the law of universal gravitation, the laws of falling bodies and the orbits of planets on the earth are successfully explained. After two centuries of research and popularization by many scientists, it has finally become a classical mechanics with perfect theory. In 2005, Einstein put forward the special theory of relativity. For objects moving at high speed, classical mechanics must be replaced by relative mechanics. Because classical mechanics is only an approximate theory that the speed of an object is much less than the speed of light, quantum mechanics developed in the 1920s. According to the duality of particles and photons, it explained the microscopic phenomena that classical mechanics could not explain, which limited the application scope of classical mechanics in the microscopic field.
classical mechanics
The basic laws of classical mechanics are Newton's laws of motion or other mechanical principles related to Newton's laws and their equivalents. It is mechanics before the 20th century, and it has two basic assumptions: one is that time and space are absolute, the measurement of length and time interval has nothing to do with the observer's movement, and the transfer of interaction between substances is instantaneous; Secondly, all observable physical quantities can be measured infinitely accurately in principle. Since the 20th century, due to the development of physics, the limitations of classical mechanics have been exposed. For example, the first hypothesis is actually only applicable to low-speed motion relative to the speed of light. In the case of high-speed movement, time and length are no longer considered to be irrelevant to the observer's movement. The second assumption only applies to macroscopic objects. In microscopic systems, all physical quantities cannot be measured accurately at the same time in principle. Therefore, classical mechanics.
Newtonian mechanics
It is based on Newton's law of motion and developed after17th century. It studies the motion of particle system directly from Newton's law of motion, which is Newtonian mechanics. It takes particles as the object and focuses on the concept of force. When dealing with the problem of particle system, it is necessary to consider the force on each particle separately, and then infer the motion of the whole particle system. Newtonian mechanics holds that mass and energy exist independently and are conserved separately. It is only applicable to the range where the moving speed of objects is much less than the speed of light. Newtonian mechanics mostly adopts intuitive geometric methods, which is more convenient and simple than analytical mechanics in solving simple mechanical problems.
analytical mechanics
Classical mechanics is divided into Newtonian mechanics and analytical mechanics according to different historical development stages and research methods. 1788, Lagrange developed the work of Euler D'Alembert and published Analytical Mechanics. When dealing with problems, analytical mechanics takes the whole mechanical system as the object and describes the configuration of the whole mechanical system with generalized coordinates, with the emphasis on the concept of energy. When the mechanical system is subject to ideal constraints, the motion problem of the system can be solved without considering the binding force.
theoretical mechanics
It is a combination of mechanics and mathematics. Theoretical mechanics is an integral part of mathematical physics and the basis of various applied mechanics. It generally uses calculus, differential equations, vector analysis and other mathematical tools to elaborate Newton's mechanics and systematically introduce analytical mechanics. Because mathematics is more deeply applied in the field of mechanics, mechanics is more theoretical.
Motor functionalism
Using pure analytic and geometric methods to describe the motion of objects can ignore the physical reasons of this motion, that is, studying the changes of relative positions between objects with time from the geometric aspect, without involving the reasons of motion.
mechanics
In this paper, the relationship between the force acting on the particle system and the forced motion is discussed. Based on Newton's law, various basic principles of dynamics are put forward according to different needs, such as D'Alembert's principle, Lagrange's equation, Hamilton's principle, canonical equation and so on. According to the current state of the system, the interaction between internal components and the interaction between the system and its surrounding environment, the future motion can be predicted.
elastic mechanics
It is a subject that studies the stress, deformation and displacement caused by external force or temperature change in elastomer, so it is also called elasticity theory. Elasticity usually discusses the linearity of an ideal elastic body. Its basic assumptions are: the object is continuous, uniform and isotropic; Objects are completely elastic; There is no initial stress in the body before the load is applied; The deformation of the object is very small. According to the above assumptions, the mathematical derivation of the relationship between stress and deformation is often called mathematical elasticity. In addition, there is application flexibility. If the deformation of the object is not very small, it can be studied by nonlinear elastic theory. If the internal stress of an object exceeds the elastic limit, the object will enter an incomplete elastic state. At this time, plastic theory must be used to study.
continuum mechanics
It studies the motion law of deformable objects with continuous mass distribution, and mainly discusses the mechanical laws that all continuous media generally follow, such as mass conservation, momentum and angular momentum theorem, energy conservation and so on. Elasticity and fluid mechanics are sometimes called continuum mechanics.
force
The interaction between objects is called "force". When an object is acted on by other objects, it can obtain acceleration (change of speed or momentum) or deformation. It is an important basic concept in physics. In the scope of mechanics, the so-called deformation refers to the change of the shape and volume of an object. The so-called change of motion state refers to the change of object speed, including the change of speed or direction. That is to say, there is an acceleration. Force is the interaction between objects (or substances). When an object is subjected to a force, another object will inevitably exert this influence on it. The former is the stressed object and the latter is the applied object. As long as there is a strong role, there must be a stressed object and an applied object. Generally speaking, an object is emphasized without specifying an application object, but the application object must exist. Whether it is direct contact with the force between objects or indirect contact. No matter the force between macroscopic objects or microscopic objects, they can't exist alone without objects. Force, like the movement of matter, is realized through time and space. Moreover, the motion state of an object or the change of its shape depends on the cumulative effect of force in time and space. According to the definition of force, for any object, the force is in the same direction as the acceleration it produces, and its magnitude is proportional to the acceleration it produces.
Force is a vector, and the magnitude, direction and point of action of force are important characteristics to express the effect of force, which are called the three elements of force. The composition and decomposition of forces follow the parallelogram law. In the international system of units (SI), it is stipulated that the acceleration of an object with a mass of one kilogram is 1m/s, and the force is 1 Newton, with the symbol n .(65438+).
There are many kinds of forces. According to the action of force, there are pressure, tension, supporting force, buoyancy, surface tension, repulsive force, attraction, resistance, power, centripetal force and so on. According to the nature of force, there are gravity, elasticity, friction, molecular force, electromagnetic force, nuclear force and so on. Middle school is generally divided into field force (including gravity, electric field force, magnetic field force, etc.). )
The energy possessed by ontology is called strength, and the energy output by ontology is called skill.
Skill comes from strength. Force is the noumenon of technology, and technology is the application of technology. Power is transformed into skill through scientific movement.
The process of transforming strength into skills is called strength. Strength such as capital, strength such as investment operation, skills such as investment income. If the investment technology is smart, ordinary capital can also generate considerable income. But there is no doubt that the same excellent investment technology, the more capital, the more significant the benefits. Similarly, if the strength is excellent, ordinary strength can also produce considerable skills. But there is no doubt that the same excellent strength can produce considerable skills.
It can be seen that skill is the product of strength and launch technology, and strength and launch technology are directly proportional.
Capital is the premise of investment. Strength is the premise of strength. There is no investment without capital, and there is no strength without strength. Some people lose all their money in business because they can't invest. This doesn't mean that they don't need funds to do business. Similarly, some people's amazing strength and poor performance in actual combat can only show that their successful skills and strength are poor, so they can never deny their strength!
Doing business requires capital and actual combat requires strength. For enterprise operation, capital is not everything, but without capital, it is absolutely impossible. Similarly, for boxing, strength is not everything, but you can't do anything without strength!
There are two ways to produce power, one is natural power, and the other is artificial power. Natural forces, such as children growing into young adults, naturally have certain forces. Man-made strength, such as training patients to be strong, is created through practice. Because almost everyone is not satisfied with natural forces, artificial forces have become one of the necessary forces in boxing. Strength is produced by muscle contraction. The quantity and quality of muscles have a direct influence on strength. The thickness of the muscle bundle is directly proportional to the strength. The number of muscles can be seen from the thickness of muscles, and the quality of muscles can be seen from the degree of elasticity. As we all know, people with developed muscles have large manpower, and people with good muscle elasticity have high speed, so people with developed muscles and elasticity must have strong strength. Therefore, in order to create powerful strength, we must increase the number of muscles and improve their quality. So what is certain is that anyone can make muscles.
In traditional Wushu, there are many ways to increase strength, such as freehand prone pile, one-leg flexion and extension, iron bridge, etc., which can develop muscles; Candlelight, cloth and water can exercise flexibility. For example, playing with stone locks, lifting heavy stones, lifting weights, rubbing stone balls, twisting vats and hanging thongs can all exercise muscles. Shake a big pole, shake a small pole, shake a pimp, shake a whip, shake heavy objects, play cotton balls, pile up boards, etc. These can improve flexibility. Dumbbells, barbells, kettlebells, rings, ribs, fitness equipment, speed balls, etc. In modern sports equipment, it is indeed reliable in enhancing the elasticity of developed muscles. So those who are interested in strength correction can practice at their convenience, not necessarily.
The growth of strength is quite slow, so don't rush for success. Don't believe the myth of quick skills, it's impossible. It takes seven days for beans to grow into bean sprouts! Can muscle grow faster than bean sprouts? Sudden acrobatics will lead to excessive fatigue, and continuous excessive fatigue will affect physical and mental health. If you exercise too much, you may exert too much force, resulting in visceral injury, muscle strain or joint injury. Those with minor injuries will have to stop training until you recover, while those with serious injuries may ruin this person's sports career. Therefore, strength training must be gradual, measured and persistent.
People with capital should attach importance to investing in technology, otherwise it will be difficult to make a fortune by capital. Powerful people should attach importance to power technology, otherwise it will inevitably be useless.
Power depends on the scientific, reasonable and correct movement of the human body, and a scientific understanding of the human body is helpful to explain the human movement.
The human body is made up of many cylinders. The two cylinders are connected by a joint, which is the fulcrum and joint surface of the cylinder, and the fulcrum and joint surface determine the motion form of the cylinder. There are five basic motion modes of cylinders that can be confirmed, namely:
All kinds of circular motions with fulcrum as the center and column length as the radius.
The second is all kinds of linear sliding, circular sliding and circular sliding based on the joint surface.
3. Axial telescopic movement with joints as the medium.
Fourth, the rotation movement centered on the pith center of the cylinder.
5. Rotate along the free axis with a point in the middle of the cylinder as the center and the length of the cylinder as the diameter.
If many pillars of the human body are relatively unified and coordinated in local self-discipline, various human movements will occur, which will be ever-changing. There are only five basic forms, namely: flexion and extension, swing, rotation, swing and convex-concave movement. The straight extension and flexion of legs and arms are typical flexion and extension, and the arbitrary swing of legs and arms is a typical swing action. The twisting of legs and arms and the twisting of the body from left to right are typical rotating movements, and the circle of waist, shoulders and buttocks (hollow circle) is typical swinging movements; The protrusion of chest, back, waist, hip, hip, elbow and knee is a typical convex-concave movement.
Once the above five actions run at an extraordinary high speed, they become the primary stress actions. Flexion and extension come from ejection force, swing and rotation come from rotation force, and swing and rotation come from ejection force. These are three basic force modes, also known as single-layer force mode.
Single-layer stress mode becomes double-layer and multi-layer stress mode after compound superposition. For example, shoulder ejection and arm ejection are combined to form a double-layer ejection force; Coupled with the projection of the chest and back, it is a three-layer projection force; Coupled with the projectile of the abdomen, it is a four-layer projectile force, plus the projectile of the buttocks, it is a five-layer projectile force; Coupled with the ejection of the leg, it is the six-layer projectile force-this is the overall force mode of straight boxing. If the swing of the shoulder is combined with the swing of the arm, the ejection of the chest, abdomen and buttocks is superimposed layer by layer, supplemented by arc footwork, which is the overall force mode of flat boxing, namely swing boxing and flat hook boxing. Other punches can be compared. The mechanical model of ejection force is bow, and the force is like bow and tension.
The mechanical model of projectile force is gear transmission and pulley transmission. The force is tangent to the parabola, and the angle between the force and the circumference is about 45 degrees. In boxing strength, projectile force is a key. Without the support of projectiles, the power output of the body will be greatly reduced only by ejection and rotation. In view of the flexion and extension force and swing force, most people can do it. Therefore, it is important to break through the difficulty of projectile force. The trajectory of the projectile force is random, that is, the vortex circle in any direction is a spiral circle on the plane. The shape of the vortex ring is six, which is called centripetal ring from outside to inside and centrifugal ring from inside to outside. The whole process of throwing force consists of two opposite vortex rings, one is centrifugal ring and the other is centripetal ring. Therefore, the complete pattern of elastic force is 1l8l, in which two small perfect circles and one long narrow flat circle are ellipses. The small circle is close to the body, and the ellipse is biased towards the target. The whole process can be completed in less than half a second, and the projectile is successful.
The practice method of throwing power is to draw three kinds of circles in the positive and negative directions, namely, flat, vertical and oblique, and then draw a big circle and a small circle, and then quickly draw a triple circle of "small, big and small" or a continuous circle of "small, big, small and big". Pay attention to the sudden stop of three laps. Take a second between the two forces. Omitting one of the circles āā When continuous projectile force acts, the pattern of each force is a small circle and a narrow ellipse with a continuous angle of 720. Keep the elbow arm angle unchanged and drive the arm and shoulder to draw a circle; Stick the wrist of one hand on the chest and drive the palm to circle with the chest and back; Stick the wrist of one hand on the lower abdomen, and stick the wrist of one hand on the straddle to drive the palm to turn around-you can correct the projectile force of shoulder, chest, back, abdomen and buttocks in turn. The single-layer stress principle is "trajectory tangent" and the composite stress principle is "trajectory composite tangent".
The principle of trajectory compounding is "consistent trajectory and interactive conduction", that is, the trajectories at all levels belong to the same circle, and the trajectory at the grass-roots level creates power, provides power and provides support for the surface trajectory. For example, when the straight fist moves forward, the trajectories of shoulders, chest, abdomen and buttocks are all forward vertical circles; The trajectory of shoulder, chest and back, abdomen and buttocks are all left flat circles when flat boxing is applied, and other boxing methods are analogized. This is the relationship between the motor and the driving wheel when the trajectory is the same, and the grass-roots movement and the ground movement are the relationship between the motor and the driving wheel. No matter how precise the connection between them is, the starting point of their movement is always different. The motor must be started first, and the gear must follow. When multi-level force is exerted, the center of gravity at the grass-roots level moves forward first and the trajectory starts first, which will make the surface action lighter and more powerful. The double-layer trajectory starts from the front and back, which also leads to the regression. This situation causes the double-layer trajectory to cross back and forth briefly, and the first turn of the base trajectory forces the surface trajectory to change direction sharply, so huge energy can be switched. This is "conduction interaction"
Middle-level power is called local power. Local force plus physical force is called main force. The main force plus the driving of footwork, that is, the multi-level force of the whole action, is called the whole force. The whole effort needs the footwork of "swinging hips and swinging hips and opening backwards". Hips and hips are used to create power for the strength of the body. The purpose of back drive is to put all qualities into operation, and the purpose of back drive is to promote the dislocation of levels, forcibly turn around and switch the overall strength, thus leading to multi-level energy gathering effect. Thereby producing a continuous impact effect. Continuous impact produces oscillation effect, echo effect, * * * vibration effect and * * * moire effect, while the location of the impact point causes irregular movements such as * * * vibration disorder, * * * economic sub-tone, noise ringing and ripple disorder. Because the human body can't adapt to the chaotic stimulation and the terrible destructive power produced by various irregular movements. The body should maintain the "bow state", that is, the state of the bow grasping the strings. The state of the bow can make the body have a good and solid structural state. Because the shape value is stable, you can make full use of the body's mass, and the transmission of forces at all levels is smoother, and it is easier to concentrate on one stress point. At the same time, the pre-stress formed in the bow state can make the body have the function of non-directional resistance, which eliminates the worries when focusing on the target and makes the implementation of hand power more simple and effective.
Since Gong Zhuang can correct his body posture, it is necessary to affirm Gong Zhuang's academic value and keep Gong Zhuang in the chain of boxing predecessors.
With the arrival of the new century, the "Gong Zhuang Universal Movement" has been legendary in China for more than half a century, in which Gong Zhuang replaced strength, strength, success and movement, which was finally proved to be exaggerated by the hard practice of millions of people in the second and third generations, and was the result of identifying the truth through practice. This is not surprising, so it is understandable that some people who are superstitious about Gong Zhuang and disappointed have made some negative remarks about Gong Zhuang. Gong Zhuang's role will not be boundless because of some people's wanton exaggeration, nor will it be omnipotent and infinitely deified because of some people's resolute denial. Although it is unreasonable to completely deny Gong Zhuang's behavior, it is also unwise. The correct attitude can only be to deny Gong Zhuang's artificially imposed function on Gong Zhuang, and at the same time affirm Gong Zhuang's objective academic function.
The main conclusions of grasping power are as follows:
Exerting strength is the operation process of transforming strength into skill. The principle of applying force is tangent to the trajectory. The mechanical way of applying force is 540 scroll. The perfect mode of play is 1080 for three consecutive turns. The continuous application mode is a series of 720 consecutive double circles. This is the general formula for exerting force.
Strength can be decomposed layer by layer, and skills can be added layer by layer. The above laws and formulas were discovered, invented and established by the founder of track boxing. The confirmation of these laws and formulas declared the unfathomable era of power to be history. From then on, the power in boxing has rules to follow, and it is no longer confusing. From then on, power is no longer the privilege and patent of a few people, but the martial arts that everyone can have.
The definition of "Li" in Chinese-English dictionaries;
Physical strength
2. Strength
3. motivation; force
4. Ability [Edit this paragraph] Four basic forces: strong interaction, weak interaction, electromagnetic force and gravity.
Strong interaction force: it binds quarks in protons and neutrons together and protons and neutrons in atoms together. It is generally believed that particles with a spin of 1 are called gluons, which carry a strong force. It can only interact with itself and quarks.
Weak interaction force (weak nuclear force): it limits the radioactive phenomenon and only acts on the matter particles with the spin of 1/2, but has no effect on the particles with the spin of 0, 1 or 2, such as photons and gravitons.
Electromagnetic force: acts between charged particles (such as electrons and quarks) and does not interact with uncharged particles (such as gravitons). Much stronger than gravity: the electromagnetic force between two electrons is about 10 42 times that of gravity. However, * * * has two kinds of charges-positive and negative. The forces between the same kind of charges repel each other, while different kinds of charges attract each other.
Gravity: This force is universal, that is, every particle feels gravity because of its mass or energy. Gravity is much weaker than the other three forces. It is so weak that we can't notice it unless it has two special properties. In other words, it will work over a very large distance and always be attractive.
"It was not until Aberdas Salam of Imperial College London in London and Steven Weinberg of Harvard University put forward the unified theory of weak interaction and electromagnetic interaction in 1967 that weak interaction was well understood. The vibration caused by this move in physics can keep pace with Maxwell's unified electricity and magnetism 100 years ago. According to Weinbergsalam's theory, besides photons, there are three other kinds of particles with the spin of 1, which are collectively called heavy vector bosons. They carry a weak force. They are called W+(W positive), W-(W negative) and Z0(Z zero). The mass of each particle is about 100 GeV( 1 GeV is 1 100 million GeV). The above theory shows a property called spontaneous symmetry breaking. It shows that at low energy, some seemingly completely different particles are actually different States of the same type of particles. At high energy, all these particles have similar behavior. This effect is similar to the behavior of roulette balls on roulette. But when the wheel slows down, the energy of the ball decreases, and finally the ball sinks into one of the 37 grooves on the wheel. In other words, the ball can exist in 37 different states at low energy. If for some reason, we can only observe the ball at low energy, we will think that there are 37 different types of balls!
"In the Weinberg-Salam theory, when the energy far exceeds 100 GeV, these three new particles and photons behave in a similar way. However, in most normal cases, when the energy is lower than this value, the symmetry between particles is destroyed. W+, W- and Z0 get great mass, which makes the force they carry very short. When Salam and Weinberg put forward this theory, it was rare. Because it is not yet possible to accelerate the particles to the energy of 100 GeV required to produce solid W+, W- and Z0 particles, other predictions and experiments of this theory are in good agreement with each other at low energy in the next decade. So they won the Nobel Prize in physics together with Sheldon Glashow, who was also at Harvard. Glashow put forward a similar theory of unified electromagnetism and weak interaction. Because 1983 found three quality companions at CERN, the Nobel Committee avoided the embarrassment of making mistakes. "
The explanation of the above four basic forces and the introduction of the unified theory of strong force, weak force and electromagnetic force are all quoted from Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time.
Note: 1, scalpers are legal units, and others are illegal units.
2. China used to use kilogram force as the unit. When an object is at rest or moving in a straight line at a constant speed, we say that it is subjected to a balancing force.
For example, when the car is driving in a straight line at a constant speed (ignoring other forces), we say that the traction of the car is equal to the resistance.