Classification of Shaanxi Opera
Shaanxi opera is a plate variant, which can be divided into two kinds: joyful sound and bitter sound. The former is good at expressing cheerful and joyful emotions. The latter is good at expressing grief and sadness. Choose to use it according to the plot and the needs of the characters in the play. There are flexible boards, 26, substitute boards, lifting boards, sharp boards, rolling boards, flower cavities and dragging cavities, which are particularly distinctive. The main musical instrument is banhu, with sharp and crisp pronunciation.
[Edit this paragraph] Performance characteristics
Form of performance
The lyrics structure of Qin Opera is seven-character style, with common seven-character sentences and cross-sentences, that is, the whole lyrics are arranged neatly like a seven-character blank poem. Corresponding to the lyrics is the tune, and the musical structure of Shaanxi Opera can be summarized as the process of "breaking the board-adagio-from the medium board to the urgent board-ending", that is, the rhythm of playing the board changes from slow to slightly fast and extremely fast, and then gradually slows down before ending, and finally ends. The singer unfolds the story layer by layer according to this step-by-step rhythm. So how to change the rhythm? This is precisely the role played by the "Luban" who sings in the Shaanxi Opera. Shaanxi opera belongs to a variety of plate-type operas, and there are six plates, namely, 26 plates, adagio, ribbon plate, backboard, two-inverted plate and curling plate. 26 boards are two "six boards", and a six board needs to knock six bangzi, all of which are strong shots. Other kinds of plates are made by acceleration, deceleration and free rotation. In this way, artists can express their feelings in different rhythms according to the needs of the plot.
Another feature of Shaanxi opera singing is "color tone", which is sung in falsetto and octave, and is often used in places where the characters are emotional and the plot is ups and downs. Among them, Tuqiang must be classified as "An" rhyme, which is full and vivid, and it is also obviously different from other operas. In addition, the singing of Shaanxi Opera can be divided into joyful sound and bitter sound. As the name implies, Yin Huan is good at expressing cheerful emotions; Bitter sounds are suitable for expressing grief and sadness. All these require the performer to grasp the script, in order to better express the emotion of assisting singing.
The accompaniment of Qin opera is divided into two fields: sub-field and Wu field. The instruments used are banhu, erhu, flute, sanxian, pipa, dulcimer, suona, sea flute, pipe, tuba (trumpet) and so on. There are drums, dry drums, hall drums, sentence gongs, small gongs, horse gongs, cymbals, hinges and bangzi in the martial arts field. Of course, the most important musical instrument in Qin Opera is Banhu, and its sharp and crisp pronunciation can best reflect the characteristics of the changes of Qin Opera plates.
The role of Shaanxi Opera is divided into four students, six Dan, two clean and one ugly, and there are thirteen doors, also known as "thirteen nets". When you sing, you must sing duets from many angles, such as Sheng, Tsing Yi, Lao Sheng, Hua Lian. Therefore, it is also called "disorderly singing". Some people praise the Qin Opera for its "exciting sounds and sour ears, which makes people's blood and blood turbulent", precisely because of the characteristics of its performance. The performance of Shaanxi Opera is simple, rough, delicate and profound, touching and full of exaggeration. After the Revolution of 1911, Yi Sushe was founded in Xi 'an, specializing in Shaanxi Opera, determined to reform, and absorbed the nutrition of Peking Opera and other operas. His singing changed from high-pitched and passionate to soft and beautiful, which not only retained the original style, but also incorporated the new style.
Artistic feature
It is characterized by high excitement and extreme haste. In particular, the singing voice of Hua Lian is even louder, and the locals call it "earning a broken head." Foreigners joke: "singing Shaanxi opera, first, the stage should be strong to avoid collapse;" Second, actors should be healthy and avoid getting sick; Third, the audience should be bold and not be scared. "
Folk songs as evidence: the folk customs are simple and tough, and the face of Shaanxi opera is piercing. The audience was so happy that they were not afraid that the stage shed would turn over.
The aria of Shaanxi Opera consists of "Lu Ban" and "Cai Qiang", and each part is divided into joyful sound and bitter sound. Bitter tune can best represent the characteristics of Shaanxi opera, which is deep, sad and impassioned, and is suitable for expressing grief, resentment, nostalgia and sadness; Yin Huan is cheerful, lively, full of energy and strength, and is good at expressing joy, cheerfulness and heartfelt feelings. There are six basic types of plank road: board 26, flexible board, arrow board, inverted board, belt board and rolling board. Color cavity, commonly known as two tones of an octave, is often used in places where the characters' feelings are agitated and the plot development is ups and downs. It can be divided into four categories: slow board cavity, double-inverted board cavity, substitute board cavity and back board cavity. All plate vocals are voiced by real people; They all use falsetto. Xu Sheng, Tsing Yi, Lao Sheng, Lao Dan and Hualien all sang in Shaanxi Opera, which is called "disorderly singing". There is a folk saying that "Dong 'an Anxi Adagio, xi 'an sings well at will". Before the end of the Qing Dynasty, Qin Opera, also known as Xi Luantan, was named after its two people. Some big boards have horns, which are dozens of sentences long. For example, in "The West Wing", Xian Di's crying sounds are all sweeping the strings, and he has to sing more than 50 sentences, paying attention to the natural and beautiful singing, which is called "crisp board sweeping the strings" by the people. Forty-eight tones in Lower Hedong should be sung in rows; Seventy-two lines of "Chop Li Guang" can no longer be sung. Hualian pays attention to "Jiang Yin" and "Ao Yin" in singing. If it is difficult to sing when raising, those who can become famous. Qinqiang Qupai can be divided into six categories: strings, suona, Haidi, Guan Sheng, Kunqu opera and divertimento, mainly strings and suona Qupai. The musical accompaniment of Qin Opera is called the "bravery" of Qin Opera. The pianist plays an important role in the Shaanxi Opera Troupe and often sits in the middle of the stage. Accompaniment music is good at playing the old tune, and the pitch is "three-eye tone", which was changed to the tone change (that is, pull down) after the 1930s.
The performance of Shaanxi Opera is unique, and the role system has four lines: life, Dan, purity and ugliness, and each line is divided into many kinds, which are collectively called "Thirteen Nets". Generally speaking, a three-way role system with "four beams and four pillars" as the backbone should be established according to the business. The main characters include Xu Sheng, Hua Lian, and the secondary roles include, Uncle Sheng, Lian, and the clown. The other roles Lao Dan and Laosheng are all three roles. The best of all roles can be top grade, and the others are supporting roles. Troupe with superior conditions often pay big money to invite famous actors. All walks of life can, Wen; Martial arts, Kunming and Chaos are all generalists, who are good at dealing with them, that is, the so-called "drama burden" or "full stomach". The performance skills of Shaanxi Opera are very rich, with all kinds of characters and stunts, such as riding a horse, pulling a shelf, spitting fire, jumping down, sweeping snuff, playing with fire sticks, carrying a gun, holding a dome light, grinding teeth and turning a chair. The performance skills of fairy drama are more peculiar and colorful. For example, The Yellow River Array uses five magic props. Measure the sky ruler, turn over the sky, can cast a long string of fireworks, and gold scissors can fly out of butterflies. In addition, Hualien pays attention to scaffolder to show its heroic spirit and is called "shelf" by the masses.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On June 8, 2007, Shaanxi xi Qinqiang Theatre won the first Cultural Heritage Day Award from the Ministry of Culture.
The lyrics structure of Qin Opera is seven-character style, with common seven-character sentences and cross-sentences, that is, the whole lyrics are arranged neatly like a seven-character blank poem. Corresponding to the lyrics are tunes, and the musical structure of Shaanxi Opera can be summarized as follows
Shaanxi opera
The process of "loose board-adagio-from medium board to urgent board-final board" means that the rhythm of playing the board changes from slow to slightly fast, to extremely fast, and gradually slows down before the final board, and finally ends. The singer unfolds the story layer by layer according to this step-by-step rhythm. So how to change the rhythm? This is precisely the role played by the "Luban" who sings in the Shaanxi Opera. Shaanxi opera belongs to a variety of plate-type operas, and there are six plates, namely, 26 plates, adagio, ribbon plate, backboard, two-inverted plate and curling plate. 26 boards are two "six boards", and a six board needs to knock six bangzi, all of which are strong shots. Other kinds of plates are made by acceleration, deceleration and free rotation. In this way, artists can express their feelings in different rhythms according to the needs of the plot.
Another feature of Shaanxi opera singing is "color tone", which is sung in falsetto and octave, and is often used in places where the characters are emotional and the plot is ups and downs. Among them, Tuqiang must be classified as "An" rhyme, which is full and vivid, and it is also obviously different from other operas. In addition, the singing of Shaanxi Opera can be divided into joyful sound and bitter sound. As the name implies, Yin Huan is good at expressing cheerful emotions; Bitter sounds are suitable for expressing grief and sadness. All these require the performer to grasp the script, in order to better express the emotion of assisting singing.
The accompaniment of Qin opera is divided into two fields: sub-field and Wu field. The instruments used are banhu, erhu, flute, sanxian, pipa, dulcimer, suona, sea flute, pipe, tuba (trumpet) and so on. There are drums, dry drums, hall drums, sentence gongs, small gongs, horse gongs, cymbals, hinges and bangzi in the martial arts field. Of course, the most important musical instrument in Qin Opera is Banhu, and its sharp and crisp pronunciation can best reflect the characteristics of the changes of Qin Opera plates.
The role of Shaanxi Opera is divided into four students, six Dan, two clean and one ugly, and there are thirteen doors, also known as "thirteen nets". When you sing, you must sing duets from many angles, such as Sheng, Tsing Yi, Lao Sheng, Hua Lian. Therefore, it is also called "disorderly singing". Some people praise Qin Opera for its "exciting sounds, warm and sour ears, and turbulent qi and blood", precisely because of the performance characteristics of Qin Opera. The performance of Shaanxi Opera is simple, rough, delicate and profound, touching and full of exaggeration. After the Revolution of 1911, Yi Sushe was founded in Xi 'an, specializing in Shaanxi Opera, determined to reform, and absorbed the nutrition of Peking Opera and other operas. His singing changed from high-pitched and passionate to soft and beautiful, which not only retained the original style, but also incorporated new styles.
Ethnicity
origin
Shaanxi Opera, a folk song and dance originated in ancient Shaanxi and Gansu, grew up in Chang 'an, the ancient political, economic and cultural center of China, and gradually formed through the creation of generations. Since the Zhou Dynasty, the Guanzhong area has been called "Qin", hence the name "Qin Opera", which is a quite ancient drama. Because jujube bangzi is used as a percussion instrument, it is also called "Bangzi cavity", and because it makes a "dreamy" sound when hitting, it is commonly known as "Bangzi". Li, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said in Rain Village Drama: "According to legend, the Qian family has hundreds of books, which have a cavity." It started in Shaanxi, with the clapper as the board, and responded to it, but it was also tight and slow, commonly known as the clapper cavity, which Shu called a random bomb. The word "strumming" has many meanings in the tune of China traditional opera. In the past, all kinds of operas except Kunqu Opera and Gaoqiang Opera were called "random play", and some operas were called "random play". Some operas named after Luantan, such as Wenzhou Luantan and Hebei Luantan, are still regarded as the general name of Bangzi opera system based on Shaanxi opera.
Shaanxi Opera "was formed in Qin Dynasty, refined in Han Dynasty, flourished in Tang Dynasty, completed in Yuan Dynasty, matured in Ming Dynasty, broadcast in Qing Dynasty, and became a grand view after several evolutions". It is a very old drama, the originator of China opera, and a replica of the legendary Lotus in the Bowl during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1573- 1620).
develop
Because of its different popular areas, Shaanxi Opera has evolved into different schools: Donglu Shaanxi Opera is popular in Dali and Pucheng in Weinan, the eastern part of Guanzhong (namely Tongzhou Tiezi, also known as Laoqin Opera and Donglu Bangzi); Popular in Fengxiang, Qishan, Longxian and Tianshui areas in the west of Guanzhong, it is called West Road Qinqiang (also known as Xifu Qinqiang and West Road Bangzi); Popular in Yangxian, Chenggu, Hantai and Mianxian in Hanzhong area (actually, Lu Nan Qinqiang, also known as Diao Han Qinqiang and Xunxi); Popular in Ganxian, Liquan, Fuping, Jingyang, Sanyuan and Lintong, it is called North Road Shaanxi Opera (that is, Agong Opera, also known as Curbing Gongxi); Popular in Xi 'an, it's called Zhonglu Qinqiang (that is, Xi 'an's random play). After the random bombs from West Road flowed into Sichuan, they merged with Lantern Opera and Gaoqiang Opera in North Sichuan for a long time, and adopted Sichuan dialect, gradually forming a unique Sichuan Bangzi-Tanxi; East Road Random Opera also played an important role in the formation of Beijing Opera, Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Hebei Bangzi and other operas. Influenced by local dialects and folk music, each Shaanxi opera is slightly different in pronunciation, aria and music. In the past 50 years, the development of the east, west, south and north roads of Shaanxi Opera tends to stagnate and tends to be replaced by the middle roads of Shaanxi Opera.
range
The heyday of Qin Opera was during the Qianlong period (1736- 1795). During this period, there were many places in China where there were 36 Shaanxi Opera clubs, including Fu Bao Class, Jiangdong Class, Shuangzhai Class and Jinxiu Class.
Because of its different popular areas, Shaanxi Opera has evolved into different schools: Jidong Road Shaanxi Opera is popular in Weinan area in the east of Guanzhong; Popular in Baoji area in the west of Guanzhong, it is called Xifu Qinqiang; Popular in Hanzhong area, it is called Diao Han Qiang Qin; Popular in Xi 'an, it is called Xi 'an Luantan (that is, Zhonglu Qinqiang). Influenced by local dialects and folk music, each Shaanxi opera is slightly different in pronunciation, aria and music. In the past 50 years, the east, west and south roads have been underdeveloped, and the middle road has taken its place, occupying an absolute advantage in the whole northwest region.
[Edit this paragraph] Common tracks
According to the current statistics, there are about 3,000 repertoires performed by Shaanxi Opera, most of which are based on the legend of heroes's or tragic stories, as well as myths, folk stories and various case-solving dramas from Three Kingdoms, Yang Jiajiang and Shuoyue. Its traditional repertoire is rich, with 2748 copies.
The audience's favorite tracks are Spring and Autumn Pen Club, Eight Diagrams, Xia Zi Palace, He Shibi, Huifeng Fan, Jade Tiger Falling, Gu Lin Bed, Yuanyang North, Shooting Nine Suns, Crying at the Great Wall, Cutting Dong Zhuo, Legend of the White Snake and so on. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he also created many well-known masterpieces such as Huanghuagang, Han Palace Case and Qu Yuan.