This long history of folk dance, there are generally two forms of performance: one by the protagonist of the four performers, performers wearing masks such as crowns, dressed in animal skins, hand-held goshdang, the mouth issued "Nuo, Nuo" sound. The other is composed of twelve people, each Zhu hair painted skin, hand-held several feet long hemp whip, fluttering for sound, and called a variety of special eating evil spirits, beasts of God's name, dance each music accompaniment.
Edit the long history
1, Overview
Nuo dance has a long history, the Yinxu oracle bone divination has been recorded Nuo sacrifice. Nuo dance for the Zhou Dynasty, "State Nuo" "Nuo", the countryside is also called "countryman Nuo"; according to the "Analects of Confucius - Party" records, when Confucius saw Nuo dance performance team came, was wearing a dress standing on the steps to meet respectfully (countryman Nuo, and the steps of the door in the steps). This allusion is derived from the Qing Dynasty, many literati, more than the annual meeting of the various folk songs and dances, also known as the "township Nuo", and for some places and temple inscriptions cited.
Nuo sacrificial customs, since the Qin and Han to the Tang and Song dynasties have been inherited, and continue to develop, to the Ming and Qing dynasties, Nuo dance, although the ancient meaning of still exist, but has developed into an entertaining customary activities, and to the development of opera, some areas of the "Nuo Tang opera", "ground play". So far, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi and other places in rural areas, still preserves the relatively old form of Nuo dance, and added some new content. For example: Jiangxi's Wuyuan, Nanfeng, Le'an and other counties, "Nuo dance", there is a performance of Pangu open heaven and earth, "open mountain god", the legend of the "and two immortals", "Liu Hai play Golden Toad"; drama fragments of "Meng Jiangnu", "White Snake" and reflect the labor life of the "performance of the hemp dance" and so on. Nuo dance performance form and mask production, the dance of many ethnic minorities have an impact, such as Tibetan "Qiangm", Zhuang, Yao, Maonan, Mulao and other ethnic groups, "Shi Gong dance", is absorbed by the Nuo dance many cultural factors and performance techniques, and the development of their own unique form of dance.
On the Nuo dance, scholars explain a lot, China Nuo Opera Society Qu Liu Yi and Mr. Qian, co-author of the first Nuo opera in Jiangxi, China Nuo culture, said: "Nuo is a multifaceted religious culture, folk culture, art and culture of the fusion of the body, is a space and time across the ages, cross-social, cross-ethnic, transnational and mysterious complex of culture. In the long history, it is a favorite in traditional culture." The origin of Nuo is related to the primitive hunting, totem worship, witchcraft consciousness. Nuo in the Zhou Dynasty into the national ritual system. Pre-Qin literature records, Nuo rituals are hoping to regulate the four seasons of yin and yang, in order to seek the appropriate cold and heat, the wind and rain, grains and cereals, human and animal peace, the country's wealth and people's livelihood. Han and Tang dynasty court Nuo ceremony is grand, and spread to Vietnam, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. The end of the Northern Song dynasty court Nuo rituals using the new system, Nuo entertainment direction. Yuan Meng due to different beliefs, Nuo ceremony was excluded. The Ming Dynasty restored the Palace Nuo, the Qing Dynasty court is no longer held. But the "Analects of Confucius - township party" recorded in the "township Nuo" has been in the folk continuation, and with religion, literature, folklore and other combinations, the derivation of a variety of forms of Nuo dance, Nuo theater, is still popular in our country's vast rural areas, in Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Anhui, Shanxi, Hebei and other provinces have more remains.
2, Jiangxi Nuo dance history
Jiangxi is one of the birthplaces of Chinese Nuo culture. Shang and Zhou in the Gan River and Poyang Lake Basin inhabited by the descendants of the three Miao (or Yang Yue), created a brilliant Jiangxi Bronze Culture. Xin Gan County Tai Yangzhou Shang tomb unearthed bronze two-horned god masks, revealing the Gan Nuo goblet of information. Records of the earliest Gan Nuo is Nanfeng County, "Jinsha Yu genealogy - God Nuo discernment," which said that the early Han Changsha King Wu Rui was ordered to conquer Fujian and Yue, stationed in Nanfeng Junshan. In order to avoid the "disaster of the sword", cautioned the townspeople "to pass the exorcism of the demonic atmosphere". Tang Dynasty cultural heyday, "Kaiyuan Rites" on the state and county Nuo rituals of the unified provisions of Jiangxi 8 state 37 counties, "country Nuo" spread, such as Nanfeng, Pingxiang, Xiushui Tang Dynasty have built Nuo temple, Nuo God for the legend. Liang Zong懔 "荆楚岁时记 "注引《宣城记》提到三国吴时，庐陵郡岁末有丐傩讨钱的习俗。
Two Song Jiangxi economic and cultural development, Gan Nuo prevalent. Nanfeng "Jinsha Yu genealogy" records, Yu's to avoid the end of the Tang war, migrated from the Yu Gan Nanfeng, early Song ancestors in Sichuan for the official revered Xichuan irrigated mouth Erlang Qingyuan Zhenjun statue relocated to the Jinsha (now the town of Zixiao Huangsha Village), "set up a temple dedicated to the age of incense, the legacy of the system is said to be 'driven away from Nuo'." Pingxiang test, Taiping Xingguo years began to build the stone source of the temple of the Immortal Emperor, enshrined Nuo God Tang Hong, Ge Yong, Zhou Wu three generals. Song south ferry, Longyou Meng empress bi bi Nanfeng Jueyuan Temple, a large number of Zhao's clan members living in Nanfeng, Jiale Kabuki gathered, a century of "scenes of prosperity". Nanfeng hermit Liu Boring made "Nuo Guan" ancient poem: "drums sound abyssal pipe sound brittle, ghosts and gods change for the drama ......." The poem has 48 lines, describing in detail the "Nuo Nuo". The poem 48 lines, a detailed description of the Southern Song Dynasty Nanfeng Nuo dance drama performance, for the study of China's early Nuo opera provides a specimen.
The Ming and Qing dynasties is Gan Nuo boom period, more than 30 counties and cities in Jiangxi countryside Nuo records or remains: Gan Dong to Nanfeng for the most, the end of the Qing Dynasty so far more than 180 villages have set up Nuo class, now there are still "jumping Nuo", "Jumping Bamboo horse", "Jumping Hehe", "Jumping Eight Immortals," such as 113 classes. Le Ann has "rolling Nuo God", "play drums" and "play hi", Chong Ren has "face tithe public" and "jump eight immortals", Yihuang has "jumping Nuo", Guangchang has a "Meng play" and "jump Kui Xing", Lichuan has "jumped and" jump "and" jump eight racks, "Fuzhou, Nancheng, Jinxi also recorded Nuo customs. Ganxi number of Pingxiang most, Nuo dance called "Yang Nuo God" or "play Nuo case", Nuo temple, Nuo face, Nuo dance is called the "three treasures". Wanzai said "jumping mandrill" or "moving case", divided into "closed mouth Nuo" and "open Nuo" two schools. Yichun also have "closed mouth Nuo", "open Nuo" and "Nuo Nuo" points. Suichuan popular "bullfighting dance". North Gan has recorded a lot, Nanchang and New Construction said "large Nuo", Gao'an and Shanggao have "by the epidemic", Jing'an and Fengxin name "Shan Nuo", Xiushui called "line Nuo", Wuning sing "Nuo song", De'an "Nuo rituals", Ruichang has "God Nuo", Du Chang said "by the epidemic", Pengze "catching the cat" is the Nuo custom. Gan in the countryside is Nuo active area, the Qing dynasty xiajiang Lantern "have Nuo", Qingjiang and Fengcheng Nuo opera spread to the clouds and Guizhou. Northeast Gan to Wuyuan famous, Nuo dance called "jumping ghosts", the Qing dynasty has 36 Nuo class, 72 lion class said. Furang has "five lifting theater", first jumped Nuo, after the lion dance. In Gannan, Ningdu Nuo dance remains, Ruijin Nuo popular records. Around the countryside Nuo constitutes a Gan Nuo cultural group with Jiangxi characteristics.
Edit section majestic
As Nuo dance circulated in different areas, the performance style is different, both the complexity of changes in the scene, the performance of meticulous and rigorous, strong flavor of life, dance beautiful and moving "Wen Nuo" school; there is a majestic momentum, the mood of the open and cheerful, the rhythm of the potential strong and bright, strong and powerful action "Wu Nuo" school. The flower of this ancient traditional Nuo dance, still popular in Jiangxi, De'an, Wuning, Wuyuan, Nanfeng, Duchang and other counties of the stage, halls and villages, towns and fields. Nuo dance performance are generally wearing a role in the mask, which has a mythological image, there are secular characters and historical figures, which constitutes a huge Nuo God genealogy, "take off the mask is a person, wearing a mask is a god". Nuo dance accompanied by simple musical instruments, generally drums, gongs and other percussion. Perform Nuo Nuo dance organization called "Nuo class", members generally have eight to more than ten people, often with strict class rules. Nuo dance often in the Nuo ritual process of the climax of the part and the program performance stage, around the Nuo dance program is rich, both ritual and entertainment of the double effect.
Edit this section of the inheritance and development
Nuo is the product of the ancient period of primitive religion, "is the earliest play of the spirit of mankind, the use of sorcery means to the extremely poor natural environment for the minimum living conditions, expanding the living space, two interrelated production activities - the production of material and the reproduction of the population, thus demonstrating the early days of mankind. population reproduction, thus demonstrating the value of early human life." ("Chinese Nuo culture") Nuo life flaunted, mainly reflected in the Nuo rituals with the power of the gods, drive away natural disasters (such as drought, flood, fire, insects, etc.) and human disasters (such as plague disease, etc.).
Nuo God temple is the gods (masks) habitat, but also the main place to hold Nuo rituals. Pingxiang now exists 17, Nanfeng also exists 17, of which the Northern Song Jinsha Village Nuo God Temple recorded the earliest, Ming Yongle years (1403 ~ 1424 years) moved to build the Gan Fang Village Nuo God Temple well-preserved, the Qing dynasty Qianlong Xinchou years (1781) moved to build the village of stone post Nuo God Temple folklore flavor is the most intense, the temple door stone columns engraved on both sides of the couplet: "Nearly the play is not a real play, the country Nuo Nuo carry forward to Nuo is a big Nuo Yan", sums up the features of the Nuo culture! Nuo culture. Nuo altar enshrined the main God around different, Nanfeng Nuo Nuo Nuo Nuo for the Qingyuan true gentleman and the male, Pingxiang is Tang, Ge, Zhou three generals, Wanzai is the Ouyang Jinjia generals, Yihuang and Le Ann East Lake Village is also a clear source of the true gentleman. In order to show respect for God, some places to be held regularly "out of the marshal" ceremony, modeled on the travel of dignitaries, spare Allied ceremonies, flags, gongs and plaques, Nuo sedan chair umbrellas, drums and music blowing, before and after the clusters, very spectacular.
Nuo instrument is Nuo basic form. Gan Nuo ceremony follows the ancient rituals, there are up Nuo (open box, out of the hole, out of the case), acting Nuo (jumping Nuo, jumping mandrill, jumping ghosts), driving Nuo (in addition to the search, sweeping the hall, line Jing), round Nuo (closed box, closed hole, case) and other basic procedures. Time generally from the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar, to the end of a few days after the Lantern Festival (a few Nuo class in February at the end)." exorcise" is the focus of the entire ceremony, exorcising people wearing hideous masks, holding a weapon, illuminated by torches along the door to drive away the epidemic, will endanger the human evil chimera drive away. This kind of ceremony everywhere performance is not the same: Nanfeng stone post village "search and exorcise", open the mountain holding iron chain and Zhong Kui, small god into each family hall, room search, retained the ancient exorcism "room exorcise epidemic" of the original form characteristics. Wuyuan long path village "chasing the king", villagers along the field path chasing "eighty big king", please its "open mountain axe" in the head scrape a few times to get rid of the evil and expel the epidemic, expressed people's thirst for health and longevity. Le'an Liukeng village to drive the epidemic, while Nuo people dressed as gods into the room to search for "line Jing", while the villagers cleaned the lanes, clean up the dirt, and sprinkled with lime and sulfur and other things "line net", reflecting the increase in the degree of civilization of the townspeople.
Praying for human reproduction is an important purpose of Nuo Nuo rituals. Li Jonas in the Tang Dynasty, "Qin in the year record": "In addition to the year into the Nuo, are made in the shape of ghosts and gods, within the two old man, whose name is Nuo Nuo male, Nuo mother." This two Nuo God is Nanfeng Nuo reproductive worship God, jump Nuo must jump "Nuo Nuo mother". Some married people, but also in the new room plus a jump, in order to have children. Props Nuo cubs holding red eggs, under the plastic phallus, usually as a god of joy for the altar. As a god of reproductive worship and irrigation mouth Erlang. Shanggan Village, "solve Nuo" to jump "Erlang bow" ritual dance for children. Similar programs, Yihuang Shengang have "high source to send children", Le'an Liukeng have "the scholar Dong Yong and the seven fairies". The masks of the marriage god Yue Lao and the midwifery gods Jin Hua and Yin Hua, which have survived in Pingxiang, are also apparently related to the seeking of heirs.
Protection of children is the focus of Nuo rituals. Wanzai jump Nuo big bodhisattva "group will be", the viewers hold children with their children to hide under the umbrella, in order to seek Nuo God protection. Ningdu village in September Nuo dance "superstitions", the villagers put the Chongyang Festival and children full moon, the old man life are placed on this day, hoping that the child life high heavy nine. Nanfeng Nuo jump not only to congratulate the birth of a child, "happy Nuo" program, and there are still wishing, worship, playing off the children to avoid evil and disaster Nuo custom. Stone Post Village Nuo Temple "search Nuo", boys can mount the altar and Nuo God Prince squeezed together to watch, the villagers said: "Prince to protect children watching Nuo, not afraid of the gods and ghosts.
Pray for agricultural harvest is another important purpose of Nuo Nuo ceremony. Nanfeng Nuo God Xichuan irrigation mouth Erlang, originally derived from the God of agriculture and water God Li Bing father and son; and Nuo God temple are shaped land God statue, especially on the Gan Village Nuo temple of the land God is even taller than the real thing, robes before the belly painted with "white rabbit peach branch" pattern. Rabbit can be productive, peach can avoid evil, this symbol expresses the townspeople's prayers for a good harvest and prosperity. Nuo pray for a good year is also expressed in the spring ceremony held to welcome the spring. Qing "Jianchang Province" records: welcome to the spring after the plowing ceremony, "and then there are bamboo horses, Nuo, and the lion's play, wearing colorful clothes, wearing masks and dance." Nanfeng under the jurisdiction of Jianchang Province has survived the above types of Nuo dance, and the first jump of the "bamboo horse" dance is a foot jump, there are ancient rain dance - Shang Yang dance "Qu its a foot dance" features. Otter catching carp "is based on" Rituals - Monthly Order "spring weather" otter sacrifice fish "created Nuo dance, artists will be carp Jing masks painted full of hemp dots, emphasizing that it is male, expressing the townspeople in the spring does not hurt the mother of the awareness of environmental protection. Pingxiang in the Qing Dynasty also have Nuo dance to meet the spring records.
Gan Nuo exorcise the ghosts and epidemics, seeking children praying for abundance of the ceremony was later extended to pray for blessings, Naji, wealth, prosperity and other content. Such as God's words in praise of the poem, "I wish to celebrate the family auspicious, I wish couples are safe, I wish the field ripe, I wish the pigs and cattle prosperous, I wish the five grains, I wish the masses of the six thousand years"; "heir, early birth"; "readers, smart and intelligent, seeking early success on the gold list; farming, a seed down to the mud, ten thousand seeds harvested; to do the skills, the upper home please, the lower home to welcome; do business with, a money for the present, ten thousand money for the profit," and so on.
Nuo's rituals can not be separated from the form of song and dance and mask costumes and other related artifacts. In order to increase the entertainment, expand the mass base, Nuo constantly adsorption of other artistic nutrition, rich Nuo art form, enriching the Chinese folk art treasure trove. Gan Nuo is an important part of this treasure trove.
Nuo dance is the main form of performance of Gan Nuo, known as China's dance "living fossil" said. Existing more than 200 traditional programs, including more than 90 Nanfeng. Ceremonial dance is "driven away from Nuo" when the dance, dancers running and jumping, dancing fiercely crafty, the atmosphere is mysterious and majestic. Entertainment dance programs, content from myths and legends, folk stories, classical novels and secular life. Due to the circulation of the years and teacher relationship is different, different performance styles, both writing-based, action stretching, elegant dance, ancient Nuo rhyme still exists in the "Wen Nuo" school, there is also a realistic-based, strong action, rhythm, fusion of martial arts skills, "Wu Nuo" school. The same Nuo class, but also due to different program content, performance has its own characteristics.
Gan Nuo heroes and generals around the program is very much, such as the "headline", "Prince", "three generals", "two kings on the mace", "twelve on the sword", "Pioneer", "Green Products", "Yang Shuai", "on the off off than martial arts", "Seki war Yanliang", "Zhang Fei sacrificial gun", "Sun Quan beat Zi Lie", "heavenly soldiers and earthly will bet on the knife", "beat the battle-axe, axe", "Spear Tzha drilling", "Rolling Group card" and so on. Gan Nuo also have a lot of Nuo opera programs, such as Wuyuan dance drama "dance flower", performing Qin Ershi Hu Hei for the throne poisoned his brother Fusu's historical story, by the "Night Fork flag", "Marshal manipulation of soldiers", "Prime Minister to send wine", "Prince of heaven" and several other programs, the scene is spectacular, magnificent. Wanzai's opening Nuo "Hua Guanxuo and Bao Sanniang", performances of flowers Bao love each other's folk stories, the two sing content, and Ming Chenghua, "Rap Words" in the "Hua Guanxuo biography" is largely the same. Guangchang Meng opera singing the legend of Meng Jiang female, with the southern opera imprints, the original mask performance, and Nuo opera features.
Nuo masks are symbols of Nuo culture, in Nuo instrument is the carrier of God, in Nuo dance is the role of dress up, there are masks, statues, holy phase, helmets, ghosts, face shells and other names. Gan Nuo existing masks about 400 kinds of more than 3,000. Pingxiang Nuo simple and thick, Wuyuan Nuo Nuo exaggerated strange, Nanfeng Nuo bright colors, can be called Gan Nuo masks three major features. Nanfeng existing Nuo Nuo 120 kinds of more than 2300, gods, ghosts, people and animals, different shapes. To open the most distinctive features of the mask, man and beast, fierce and ferocious, horns, fangs, fire eyebrows, golden eyes, tattooed face, sword sideburns and bronze mirrors and other imagery symbols styling, reflecting the legend of the Chi as a square phase of Nuo Nuo cultural evolution traces. Nuo masks of the original material copper, after more camphor or poplar wood carving, color vulgar, showing the old and new folk artists of superb craftsmanship and national aesthetic interests. Some Nuo class mask carving, but also held a ceremony to open the light, so that it is full of the spirit of God.
Nuo music, Nuo clothing, Nuo is an important part of Gan Nuo culture, the shape varies, each with its own characteristics, and Nanfeng more colorful: from the accompaniment of music, Nuo instrumental music retained "to music through the God", "drums against the epidemic", "to music to send the God" of the ancient rites of music system; Nuo dance music is absorbed from folk music and opera music has been a great development, in addition to drums and gongs accompanied by music, there are also drums, drum music, blowing music, music, music, music, music, music, music and music, music, music, music and music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music and music. form, there are dozens of songs to choose from, the musical expression is very rich. From Nuo dance costumes, on the one hand, inherited the ancient Nuo "red conical cap" (red bandana), "Zhu Shang" (red skirt), "green title clothing" (green sleeve) old system, on the one hand, but also the development of the Song Nuo "embroidered paintings of color clothes" features, there are red flower clothing system, red robe vest system, red pants system, red pants system, Huxu clothing Phi Jia system, opera clothing system and other styles. Nuo from the Nuo apparatus, there are weapons and military equipment, legal instruments, lamps and candles, food offerings, living utensils, five categories of hundreds of species, both extending the ancient Nuo armed epidemic props, but also reflects the ancient civilization and etiquette, and more reflective of the changes in social life. In addition, around the exorcism and exorcism folklore, stories, God words, hymns, happy songs, auspicious words, couplets, plaques, amulets, incantations, is also an indispensable part of Gan Nuo culture.
Edit this section of the cultural treasures
Nuo in the long process of inheritance and development, the integration of anthropology, sociology, history, religion, folklore, theater, choreography, aesthetics and other disciplines, has accumulated a rich cultural heritage.
Nuo absorbed the cultural factors of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. First, absorbed their deity system, growing Nuo altar power. Gan Nuo God (masks) have Zi Wei Da Di, Taibai Jinxing, Zhenwu Da Di, the Eight Immortals, Liu Hai, Zhang Tianshi, Ma (Lingguan) Zhao (Lang) Guan (Gong) Wen (Qiong) four days of the generals, six six armor and other Taoist gods and protectors of the gods and goddesses, but also Rudraksha Buddha, Maitreya Buddha, Guanyin, King Kong, Yanluo, Meilian, the eighteen Luohan, the four heavenly kings, humming Haha two generals of the Buddhist Bodhisattvas and God of the Guardian; there are also Han tackles, Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Pao Ching, There are also Confucian figures and heroes such as Han Tou, Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Bao Zheng, Qin Shubao, Yuchi Gong, Hua Tuo, Sun Simiao, etc. The second is to borrow their rituals. Second, borrow their ritual systems, enriching their own exorcism and epidemiological rituals, such as Gan Nuo in the Taoist jiaojiao rituals and incantations, Nanfeng Nuo in the Confucian norms of behavior and etiquette and music system. Third, the expression of their ideological content, expanding Nuo dance Nuo opera entertainment function, such as Gan Nuo Taoist God exorcism and demonic programs and Taoist concept of the five elements, the Shi family of the program and karma for all living beings, Confucianism, reading into the program and the "Shen Dao set up teaching" ideas. Gan Nuo eclectic, multi-religious cultural characteristics.
Nuo fusion of ancient myths and legends. Some of the myths directly related to Nuo, such as Zhuanxu exorcise epidemic ghosts of the son of myths, Shentan Yu base bound ghosts feeding tiger myths, the Yellow Emperor to kill Chiyu in the form of its disgusting evil myths, the Yellow Emperor to the second consort of ugly women for the square phase of the protection of the funeral myths, and so on. Some myths reflect the ancient human and natural struggle and social struggle, such as Gan Nuo in the "open sky and earth" Pangu myth, "Houyi shoot the sun" Yi shot ten myths, "Nuo Nuo Nuwa" Fuxi Nuwa creation of myths, "Erlang bow" of high for the son of the myths, "jumping white" of the White Beasts of Bai Ze said the myths of the matter of the ghosts and gods, "jump judgment" of the different origins of the myths of Zhong Kui, the irrigation mouth of the Erlang God Department of the "solution to the Nuo epidemic" by the Li Bing water myth, as well as "monkey hanging beam", "monkeys and toads", "catching apes", "Monkey King" to reflect the ape and monkey totem myths and so on. Nuo Gan in the myths and legends, reflecting the ancient Chinese historical and cultural images.
Nuo contains the drama and development factors. Song Dynasty Zhu Xi said, "Nuo although ancient rituals and close to the theater." In Nanfeng, the Southern Song Dynasty, not only the "Nuo" poem describes the early Nuo opera performances, as well as the earliest transplantation so far "Yongjia opera" records; Nanfeng Song Dynasty imported Qingyuanzhen Jun Nuo God, is recorded by Tang Xianzu in the Ming Dynasty Yihuang opera God; Nanfeng widely popular Nuo dance and Xintian Meng opera, and Guangchang Ming Dynasty circulated Meng opera has a thousand relations; Gan to open a new theater ceremony, absorbed the Gan Nuo sacrificial rituals; local theater performances Before the "plus official", "Kuixing", "Lingguan", clearly from the Nuo dance; Gan Nuo's "Meilian save mother", "Ancient City will", "Tianmen array", "Waterman San Francisco" and other programs, but also cited from the opera or puppetry. These, for the Nuo opera art research provides living material.
Nuo adsorbed Chinese folk culture. Township Nuo and folklore combined to form Nuo customs. Gan Nuo customs, including material Nuo customs, social Nuo customs, spiritual Nuo customs and other cultural phenomena, such as Nuo temple decoration, house exorcism, Nuo clothing for children, Nuo rice sacrifice, Nuo name of the epidemic, Nuo dance birthday, Nuo taboos, party phase mourning and so on. Gan Nuo more activities during the Spring Festival, folk culture is stronger. In Nanfeng, hundreds of Nuo class jumped out of Nuo, sending blessings to welcome the auspicious, entertaining the gods and people, contact people, and harmonious neighbors. Before and after the Lantern Festival, the villagers will be Nuo dance, Nuo Yi and opera performances, lanterns, folk rituals and other combinations, indulge in joy, venting emotions, to meet the masses of the hope for a better future.
Nuo also created their own inheritance system. Nuo is a product of farming culture, participants are farmers, only Nanfeng has more than 3,000 farmers artists, according to the village situation composed of Nuo class, village community class, private class. Disciples are not limited, both 5 people in a class, there are 24 people in a class, we live in harmony and treat each other as equals. The head of the promotion or according to the capital, or the people elected, or determined by lot, there is a big uncle, the seal, the head of the first, sit on the case, the old seat, Nuo long and other names. Management methods according to local conditions, there are hereditary family name, take turns to be responsible for, *** with participation in a variety of forms. Self-financing, income sharing. Gan Nuo artists to create the management model and inheritance methods, reflecting the extraordinary wisdom of farmers.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, May 20, 2006, Nuo dance approved by the State Council included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
Long history
Lean is located in the summer mountains in eastern Jiangxi, the remaining veins, surrounded by mountains, the ancient transportation is closed, the abundance of food is difficult to export, farmers will be fed to the remaining grain pigs, and thus the pigs thin skin and tender meat, become the royal tribute. Because of the surplus grain, chicken farming is also very popular. In order to ensure the prosperity of six animals, the Qing Dynasty Le'an will have a chicken mouth God and pig mouth God exorcism activities, where there is a plague, please East Lake Village to "roll Nuo God", with the chicken mouth God, pig mouth God and Goose King together with the epidemic. Lean in the form of animal God exorcism, can be traced back to the Han dynasty court exorcism. Ancient lack of scientific knowledge, the weather, grass, trees, insects, six animals, the anomalies are ominous signs. After the Warring States doctrine of yin and yang, more chickens, dogs, sheep, boars, cows suffering from plague and mass deaths or five animal anomalies attached to personnel disasters, known as the "five evils", with the "five elements" said to explain. To subdue the plague of the six animals with the god of chicken mouth and the god of pig's mouth is the continuation of the expulsion of the gods and animals in the Han Dynasty.
Schools of thought
Lean Nuo dance has strong local characteristics, broadly divided into three schools: Zengtian Township, Donghu Village, "rolling Nuo God", by the ancient villagers praying for the gods to bless the peace of a sacrificial rite gradually evolved; the ancient village of Liukeng, "play Nuo", generally in the first month of each year to focus on performances or days of festivities selective on the floor to dedicate the show, the main program has "Zhong Kui sweeping the stage", "Tian Guan Zhi Fu", "Walking", "the first day of the year", "the first day of the year", "the first day of the year", "the second day of the year", "the first month of the year". Tianguan Zhifu", "walk the board", "monks loaded incense", etc.; Ao Xi Town, Luo Shan Nuo dance, the performance, there are eight across the masks wearing ancient generals or mythological characters artists, accompanied by the rhythm of the drums and gongs, combined with the identity of the characters, or holding a sword, dancing, or military, fierce fight, race dance competition, lively and extraordinary.
Donghu "rolling God" every year on the second day of January, "start Nuo", the end of the 16th. Beginning of the third in the village activities, the seventh out of Nuo jumping, generally go seven disciples, only jump "chicken mouth" and "pig mouth". Nuo class leader first led the crowd to the four directions of worship, praying for divine possession of the body to show power. The show began, the chicken mouth God solo dance "picking horse guns" and "to ring the knife", pig mouth God staged "playing the sword", "shooting bow and arrow" and "play stick and pestle", the two gods show their respective martial arts might. Then, the god of chicken mouth and the god of pig's mouth jointly perform the "Climbing Exploration", which seems to be like climbing on each other to look for the plague ghost. The most wonderful performance is the last "stepping on firecrackers", in the rapid and noisy sound of gongs and drums, the villagers will be lit strings of firecrackers thrown at the feet of the chicken mouth and pig mouth god (sometimes even a basket of loose firecrackers poured at the feet of the two gods, lighted on the fuse), a moment of dazzling flames, ringing sound ear-splitting, smoke filled the room. Performers take off their shoes and socks, barefoot on the constantly exploding firecrackers, while reciting prayers, while rolling the hands of equipment. The viewer is thrilled, the dancers are calm, the plague in the two God's drive and firecrackers scared sound far away, the villagers were solace. If the village invited to exorcise the epidemic class, 12 disciples are all out, perform all the programs: "seven saints", "collect the little ghosts", "Bull Demon King", "Night Fork", "Training Scholar", "Chicken Mouth", "Pig Mouth", "stepping on firecrackers". Finally, the goose king guarding the door, chicken mouth God and pig mouth God with a battle-axe into the house searching for ghosts and epidemics will be expelled out of the door, as if the ancient Nuo Fang Xiang's "Suo room by the epidemic".
"Rolling Nuo God" masks worn with other Nuo dance is different, not the whole face, but by the forehead under the mouth of the two pieces of the combination of the mouth, there are pig mouth, chicken mouth, goose king, Dongyue, judges, white tiger, crooked-lipped granny and so on 18 faces. The accompanying music is a drum and a gong, and the rhythm is inverse 3/4 beat, with the weak beat in the front and the strong beat in the back.
This Nuo dance both solo and duo dance, more than holding props during the performance, the dance action is simple and rugged, just soft, there are "kicking crouching crotch", "rebound arrows", "whisking the face of the hand", "sink step" and other action techniques. In the event of plague disaster, all 18 Nuo God, go to the village to search for exorcism, the whole process appears to be more primitive, few traces of artificial processing.
Precious heritage
"Rolling Nuo God" in the "pig mouth", "chicken mouth" modeling action and performance style in our country Nuo dance is rare, is so far the only survivor of the oldest Nuo and Nuo dance, need to be carefully protected and passed on.
Three streams of the village of stone post, may be the place you say.
From Hangzhou, take the train to Nanchang, then take the car to Nanfeng. Or take a train to Yingtan, then take a bus to Nanfeng. The latter is a shorter distance!
When you get to the county town you can look for a place to stay! I really don't know if there are any hotels in that village. I'm from Nancheng, a county next door to Nanfeng!
Route: Hangzhou take the train to Shangrao city under, the station hit 20 yuan to take the lake road bus station to take the Shangrao - wuyuan bus, about 3 hours to arrive at wuyuan county town, qiu kou town from the county town is very close to the Li keng scenic spot near.
Wuyuan County is China's most beautiful countryside, is also a famous tourist scenic area, the whole county everywhere is the scenery, in the enjoyment of wuyuan Nuo dance style at the same time, you can also turn around, but rainbow bridge, jiangwan, xiaokei, li keng, jiangkou, lingyan cave, yuanyang lake, place name mountain and other attractions to feel the ecological beauty of wuyuan.