Keywords: urban green space; environmental ecology; ecological benefit; population
Abstract: Because municipal pollution exceptionally serious, to expands the green space area the request to be getting higher and higher, but in the city the land intense is impossible to satisfy this request, therefore while is expanding the green space limitedly, enhances on the green space the ecological benefits of the city. Therefore while is expanding the green space limitedly, enhances on the green space the ecological benefit to become improves the city ecological environment the important means. This article proposed that begins from the following three essential aspects, namely " the coverage fraction ", " the green space establishes the position in the city " and " enhances in the unit green space and " enhances in the unit green space area the ecological benefit ", can display the urban green space fully the biggest ecological benefit.
key word: Urban green space; Environment ecology; Ecological benefit; Population
Preface
Because of the rapid economic development in recent years, the negative effects brought to the city - environmental pollution, has reached an unacceptable level. -environmental pollution, has reached a point that cannot be ignored. Various kinds of toxic gases that endanger human beings have increased in large quantities, and oxygen has been consumed in large quantities; soot, dust, radioactive substances, and strong carcinogens are flying all over the sky; photochemical smog has appeared in many cities in our country; the mortality rate of lung cancer in the cities of more than one million people in our country has risen to the first place in the mortality rate of cancers; in some cities, due to the influence of the topographical conditions, the polluted atmosphere is not easy to disperse, and the situation is even more serious; due to the sudden increase of the number of automobile Due to the sudden increase in the number of automobiles in the city, the pollution of automobile exhaust adds fuel to the fire. All this makes the urban residents suffer greatly, not only makes the labor productivity lower, but also makes the human labor and life expectancy shorter. This city-centered environmental pollution is still spreading, and the scope of ecological damage is still expanding. If we do not resolve to carry out comprehensive remediation, the effects of rapid economic development will be offset by the consequences of pollution. The fundamental solution to the problem is to reduce and ultimately eliminate the sources of pollution, but due to economic and technological constraints will take some time and a process.
Currently, China's economy is in a period of rapid development, the level of urban pollution at the same time in the peak, the poor ecological environment not only poses a threat to the survival of people, but also will seriously affect the investment environment, in turn, hindering the development of the economy. In this conflicting emergency, only all walks of life *** with the same into this struggle to form a full range of synergies, it is possible to curb the continued deterioration of the environment, so that sustained economic development.
Landscaping workers to improve the urban ecological environment in the work to also have a "conceptual update" leap. This struggle to improve the living environment of mankind is the need for the development of the current situation, so far there are still some leaders and greening workers to urban greening work as a purely ornamental and as a subsidiary nature of the decoration of the city, can not help but have become obsolete. As a matter of fact, urban greening has been listed by the state as the infrastructure of urban construction and sustainable urban development. Urban greening has been to improve the city's ecology, to improve the public living, working and living environment is an indispensable part.
It is well known that plants are the original creators of the human living environment, without plants there would be no human beings. Now, plants and as an important tool to improve the urban environment is indispensable, urban greening in various industries is the only "natural renewal" way to purify the environment in an effective way. Urban greening workers should take the initiative to invest in this great cause of national economy and people's livelihood.
In summary, today's urban greening must be from the point of view of maintaining the ecological balance of the city to consider all the problems of urban greening, only in this way can give full play to the ecological benefits of the whole urban greening, to reduce pollution, improve the environment, beautify the city. Urban greening workers should establish a sense of mission and responsibility. Not only to build the city's greening scale, but also to tap the potential to increase the efficiency of building the most essential connotation of urban greening, that is, good quality of the environment and the quality of life, rather than the form, in order to give full play to the fullest urban greening to improve the city's ecological role, there are three major keys as follows.
1, efforts to improve urban greening coverage
The first condition of urban greening is land. China's government to protect the environment, greening the motherland as a basic national policy, the Ministry of Construction has formulated the "urban greening planning and construction indicators", which stipulates that the rate of urban green space in 2000 to reach 25% in 2010 to reach 30%; the rate of urban greening coverage in 2000 to reach 30% in 2010 to reach 35%, the requirements of the national city to prepare and revise the green space system planning, indicating that our government on the green space in the city indicator. This indicator is based on a large number of research materials at home and abroad to prove that, regardless of a city or a region, under normal circumstances, 30% to 50% of the greening coverage of its ecological balance has a critical range of significance, that is, to reach or exceed this range, the ecological environment is expected to the development of a benign cycle, and if it fails to reach or decline, the ecological environment will inevitably tend to deteriorate. At present, many cities in our country environmental pollution is very serious, not in the regular state, in order to make the ecological as far as possible tend to balance, its green coverage is only much higher than the critical range in order to effectively improve the urban environment. With expanding the green area to improve the urban ecological environment is a very important, effective way, however, at present our country urban land is very tense, this way in the current said is obviously very limited, can not meet the ecological balance required by the green area, but also because of this, in the limited area of green area tapping the potential to increase the efficiency of the change of ecological benefits of the growth of the way to become the current urban greening work faced with an important topic. However, this is by no means the same as saying that the built-up area is not a green area. But this is by no means equal to say that the built-up area is absolutely no possibility to increase the area of green space, there are some large and medium-sized cities in the long term, in the city center area relocated buildings, construction and expansion of the green square. And many urban greening planners have repeatedly advocated the means of greening the roof is not lost to increase the green coverage of the city's effective move.
Now, the city's permanent tall buildings more and more. From a high place to see down the roof covers the city. Roof area occupies at least 1 / 3 of the built-up area of the city, the composition of these roof texture of the deterioration of urban ecology plays a big role, especially in the summer hot weather, the roof of a large number of absorption and release of solar radiation, increasing the indoor and outdoor temperature. Some countries have included green roofs in the modernization of cities, undoubtedly also from the ecological environment. Localities only need to further study the policy and conduct pilot promotion in accordance with the situation of their respective cities. Rooftop greening is not only fast, low-cost, good greening effect, of course, is an effective way to improve urban green coverage, especially to improve the city's ecological benefits are obvious, it not only reduces the area of deterioration of the environment, but also increase the same area of green plants.
2, scientific and rational planning of the location of green space
The existence and size of urban green space, although in the improvement of the ecological environment, such as the role of the first place, but the green space in the city of the planning of the location of its role in the play of the same plays a vital and even decisive role. Such as Jinan is a prevalent northeasterly and southwesterly winds of the city, in addition to the wind direction in the city to plan out a large area of green space, but also in the urban area was staggered in a line from the northwest to the southeast to plan out a few pieces of larger green space, which will play an important role in the improvement of the ecological environment of the city of Jinan. Because Jinan City, more northeasterly and southwesterly winds, so living in the Botanical Gardens to the southwest and northeast of the residents can enjoy the Botanical Gardens green filtered by the fresh and clean air, if there is a larger area of green space in the city center, the ecological benefits will be more pronounced, the impact of the surface is greater, regardless of what the direction of the wind, the green space around the residents can benefit. Green space in the city center can also improve the urban heat island effect to a greater extent, in the hot summer, so that the temperature of the city has been reduced. If a large piece of green space is planned in the northwest direction of the city, the green space will have little effect on the ecological improvement of the city. If for the sake of a certain aspect of the needs of the city center of the green space moved to the suburbs, or the city's green space for other purposes and then the green space in the suburbs to make up for the Ministry of the greening standard indicators, so that although the indicators reached, but its ecological benefits for the urban areas produced by the very low. From this point of view, the importance of green space in the city to set the location of the more important than the green coverage indicators.
3, improve the efficiency of the ecological benefits of green space
As mentioned above, a city's first step really reached the national urban greening indicators, the second step in the green space planning and layout of the scientific and reasonable, is the ecological benefits of the green space will certainly give full play to it? Actually not. As a result of the unit of green space on the plant configuration and growth conditions, etc., the ecological benefits of the difference is very large, digging potential efficiency articles can be done.
3.1 Area
The ecological benefits of garden plants, such as photosynthesis to absorb carbon dioxide to release oxygen, absorb a variety of toxic gases, transpiration of water to increase air humidity, hot summer to reduce the temperature around the plant, absorbing noise and stagnant dust, etc. basically rely on the area of the leaf to complete the ecological benefits of the unit of green space with the area of the leaf in direct proportion. In this sense, to increase the ecological benefits to increase the leaf area. Trees, shrubs and lawns have leaf area is very different. Leaf area of trees, can reach its crown projected area of about 20 times, shrubs only 5 to 10 times, lawn is even smaller. The ecological benefit of tall trees is higher than shrubs higher than lawn; by trees, shrubs and lawns combined with the construction of the ecological benefits of the cladding structure of the green space is significantly larger than the double or single layer structure of the green space, the same area of urban green space, its structure is different, by the combination of trees, shrubs and grasses to produce ecological benefits for the single layer of lawn a few times, a dozen or even dozens of times. So to give full play to the ecological benefits of urban green space, we must build complex communities, thus improving the efficiency of the ecological benefits of green space, not unrealistic to win the lawn.
There is also a special emphasis on protecting the role of large trees. First of all, green plants in the tall trees have a large leaf area coefficient, high purification efficiency itself; improve the ecology, climate function is significant, according to the German botanical determination of a plant of adult exuberant growth of large trees produced by the ecological benefits up to 1600 small trees, see the difference is huge, so "planting large trees, see the green, improve the atmosphere," the current urban greening is really an important guideline. Secondly, the tall trees increase the vertical height and volume of compound planting, thus increasing the leaf area per unit of green space, and ultimately increase the ecological benefits. Thirdly, due to the proliferation of tall buildings in cities, only large trees can match them, making the urban landscape more magnificent. But some cities on the protection of large trees is not optimistic, according to reason, in the early establishment of new China in the 1950s has begun urban greening work, now there should be many large trees, but the reality of large trees is not much, the reason is that do not pay attention to the protection of large trees, in the construction of the city and the transformation of the old city, more than cutting down the large trees and then planting small trees is in full view of all the people, so that some cities, including Jinan, few large trees in the landscape, it is a historical city is how much of the landscape, it is a great city, but it is a great city, it is a great city. A historical city is how disproportionate. On the existing large trees, its survival environment is also very dangerous, and the results of marketization, the green space, tree damage is also very large, therefore, "to protect the city's existing large trees and green space is to maintain the ecological balance of the city's minimum action.
3.2 to realize the ecosystem greening species selection
Different species of trees and their ecological role and benefits are not the same, and some of the difference is very large, so in order to improve the ecological benefits of the green space must be selected with a variety of pollutant gases corresponding to the resistance of the tree species and ecological benefits of the higher species. Such as absorption of sulfur dioxide strong tree species are cypress, juniper, stinking toon, acacia, willow, boxwood, ginkgo and so on. Absorption of chlorine strong tree species are acacia, boxwood, hedgehog, small-leaved privet, fuchsia and so on. Bellflower, acacia, privet, and boxwood can also absorb lead from automobile exhaust. For the sake of colonization choose shade-tolerant species such as fringe, berries, honeysuckle, pearlberry, boxwood, fuchsia, and creepers. In order to release as much oxygen as possible, carbon dioxide absorption should be planted photosynthesis strong species, such as willow in the tree category in the strongest ability to absorb carbon dioxide, evergreen trees in the strongest juniper, shrubs in the strongest yew, these plants are also strong oxygen release capacity of the tree species.
In North China and other large areas of the comprehensive ecological benefits of tree species are: willow, elm, ginkgo, poplar, poplar, bellflower, ash, acacia, acacia, acacia, stinking toon, cypress, juniper, and so on. In the case of serious air pollution, first of all, we must choose the anti-pollution ability of the tree species, in the case of can survive, more normal growth, in order to play the role of greening to prevent air pollution. If a large number of urban green space in the use of better ecological benefits of tree species, no doubt the city's ecological benefits can be on a stage.
City greening planning departments and construction management departments such as the above key issues to make efforts, implementation, urban greening ecological benefits can be maximized to play out the ecological benefits of growth from simply increasing the area (does not exclude the increase in the area; such as the aforementioned should be more efforts to increase the area) to digging for efficiency, the green space will be one for ten to achieve twice the result with half the effort.
3.3 Efforts to promote the robust growth of garden plants
Because of the serious pollution in the city caused by the city's plant foliage covered to varying degrees with a layer of pollutants, this layer of pollutants is not only directly on the plant toxic, but also impede the photosynthesis of the leaves and respiration, so that the plant loses the ability to self-regulation, its own ecological balance, coupled with poor management, the double impact of the ground and underground not only caused the plant, but also the plant, the plant, the plant, the plant, the plant, and the plant. The double influence of the ground and underground not only causes poor plant growth, but also can cause death, and its ecological efficiency is very low. In order to make plants grow normally and play their normal ecological functions, we should artificially help plants to restore its own balance, including fine and scientific management of plants in green areas, such as spraying the canopy with water (or researching foliar cleansing agents and other "green" substances) to rinse off pollutants on the foliage; at the same time, loosening the soil at the right time, applying fertilizers, irrigating, pruning, and controlling pests and diseases. Rapidly improve the level of green management, so that plants grow vigorously, which is to give full play to the ecological benefits of the green digging an important part of the efficiency.
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