Major events from the Opium Wars to the peaceful liberation of China in chronological order?

Modern China (1840-1949 A.D.) Modern Chinese history began in 1840 and ended in 1949. From the Opium War in 1840 to the eve of the May Fourth Movement in 1919, it was the Old Democratic Revolution; from the May Fourth Movement in 1919 to the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, it was the New Democratic Revolution. The whole modern history of China is the history of China being reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Modern Chinese history began with the outbreak of the Sino-British Opium War in 1840 and ended with the fall of the Kuomintang regime in 1949 in Nanjing, passing through the late Qing Dynasty, the period of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, the period of the Beiyang Warlords, and the period of the Nationalist Government, and it is the history of the gradual formation and disintegration of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. In the middle of the 19th century, Britain, France and other Western powers launched successive wars of aggression against China, China's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity were constantly undermined, and the contradictions between the Western powers and the Chinese nation intensified. after the 1970s, the aggression of the Powers against China intensified, and the crisis of the Chinese nation became more and more serious. Before the Opium War, China was still an independent and autonomous feudal state. However, due to the decadence and arrogance of the Qing Dynasty, the feudal landlord regime, the feudal system was at stake. As a result of Lin Zexu's Humen Smoking Suppression, Britain took the opportunity to invade China, but in essence, it was to open up the Chinese market for the sale of opium.In 1842, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking, and China was henceforth relegated to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. After the Opium War, the Western capitalist powers exported a large amount of commodities and capital to China through unequal treaties, which gradually impacted the Chinese feudal economy. In 1840, foreign capitalists opened the door of ancient China with their ships and cannons. The Opium War, the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War, and the invasion of China by the Eight-Power Allied Forces were all disasters imposed on the Chinese nation. In the past hundred years almost all the capitalist countries in the world have waged one or even more wars of aggression against China. There were open invasions and undeclared wars; there were individual invasions and even joint plundering, forcing China to sign thousands of unequal treaties. By means of these unequal treaties, the capitalist powers fostered feudal forces as a tool for ruling China; they encroached on and swallowed up Chinese territories; they sent troops to control and steal China's military strongholds; they divided up their spheres of influence; they controlled the important trading ports and set up leased territories; they imposed consular jurisdiction and unilateral most-favored-nation status; they extorted huge sums of indemnities by means of wars; and they engaged in the dumping of commodities and the exportation of capital in China. The colonialism practiced by foreign capitalist powers caused great political, economic and cultural upheavals in Chinese society, and China was gradually reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Since then, the Chinese people have been engaged in a long and indomitable struggle to free themselves from the oppression of foreign capitalism and their own feudalism. Since 1840, the crisis of the demise of the country and the destruction of the race has been threatening the ancient country for a thousand years. At the time of the Chinese nation's crisis, a generation of national elites awakened: Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan's "learn from the barbarians to curb the barbarians"; Hong Xiuquan led the anti-Qing peasant revolt; Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao's "change the law to strive for strength"; Sun Yat-sen's National Revolution. It is they in the critical juncture of the survival of the nation, stepped forward to oppose foreign aggression, for national independence and liberation, the same enemy, heroic struggle, the front and the back, fighting endlessly, writing a sad chapter in modern Chinese history. In 1851, Hong Xiuquan led the peasants in Jintian to declare an uprising, the name "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom". 1853 spring, the Taiping Army occupied Nanjing, Nanjing renamed Tianjing, as the capital, the formal establishment of the peasant regime, with the Qing Dynasty confrontation. 1856, the Taiping Army destroyed the Jiangnan camp, lifted the siege of Tianjing. In the summer of 1864, Hong Xiuquan died of illness. Soon after, Tianjing fell and the Taiping Rebellion failed. In 1856, Britain proposed to revise the Treaty of Nanjing, which was rejected by the Qing government. Britain used this to provoke the Second Opium War, in which the British and French allied forces invaded China with the help of the United States and Russia. Although the Second Opium War had nothing to do with opium, it was in essence the same as the Opium Wars, hence the name. In 1860, the British and French forces captured Tianjin again, burning and looting all the way, the Xianfeng Emperor fled to the summer residence in Chengde, let his brother Prince Gong Yi Xin as a minister of peace, stay in Beijing. Then the British and French forces ransacked and burned down the world-famous Yuanmingyuan Royal Garden in the western suburbs of Beijing and occupied the city. They forced the Qing government to sign the Treaty of Beijing. In the 1860s and 1890s, the foreign affairs movement, led by Yixin. The Chinese bourgeoisie arose and grew as a result of the development of the Chinese military, civil affairs, and education. 1883-1885, Sino-French War, signing of the Sino-French New Treaty, marking the opening of the gateway to southwest China. In 1894, China lost the Sino-Japanese War. In 1895, the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki greatly deepened the semi-colonization of Chinese society. In 1900, in order to suppress the Boxer Rebellion and safeguard their interests in China, the imperialist countries launched the War of Eight Allied Forces against China.In 1901, the signing of the Treaty of Xinchou marked the formation of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China. The 1911 Xinhai Revolution, a bourgeois democratic revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, was the first anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution in the history of China, which overthrew the Qing Dynasty, ended the monarchical system that had lasted for more than 2,000 years in China, and established a bourgeois democracia***y and state. It made the concept of democracy **** and y rooted in people's hearts, and dealt a bitter blow to the colonial rule of imperialism. The Chinese people fought valiantly against the invasion of the great powers and for national independence, and began the quest for salvation and survival. The foreign affairs movement, which aimed at "self-improvement" and "wealth", objectively stimulated the emergence and development of Chinese capitalism. The bourgeois reformists carried out the Reform and Reform Movement in order to save the nation and develop capitalism. The Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty and put an end to more than 2,000 years of monarchical dictatorship in China, creating a modern national democratic revolution in the full sense of the word. The New Culture Movement attacked the ideology, morality and culture of feudalism and opened the floodgates of intellectual emancipation. China was subjected to the bullying of foreign powers and forced to open up to economic, political, ideological and cultural changes. China's modernization began with difficulty, and the social structure began to gradually transform from a traditional society to a modern one. The May Fourth Student Patriotic Movement broke out in May 1919, and in early June, it developed into a nationwide patriotic movement with the working class as the main force. The May Fourth Movement was the beginning of China's new democracy. In 1921, Mao Zedong, Dong Biwu, Chen Tanqiu, He Shuheng, Wang Asomei, Deng Enming, Li Da and others, representing the ****proletarian groups from all over the world, held their first national congress in Shanghai, and the Chinese ****proletarian party was born. The May Fourth Patriotic Movement, which broke out in 1919, marked the end of the old democratic revolution led by the bourgeoisie and the beginning of the new democratic revolution led by the proletariat. 1921 saw the founding of the C***proletarian Party, and the face of the Chinese revolution was given a new look. The First National ****ociation gave impetus to the upsurge of the National Revolutionary Movement. After the breakup of the Kuomintang Cooperation, the CPC began the difficult exploration of the path of the Chinese revolution by carrying out the armed revolution of the workers and peasants in order to resist the rule of the Kuomintang. In 1931, the Japanese imperialists launched the September 18th Incident, the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis, and the national anti-Japanese salvation movement continued to rise. 1935, Japan launched the North China Incident, and the Sino-Japanese national conflict rose to become the main national conflict. 1937, the Japanese imperialists launched the July 7th Incident, and the Chinese nation's all-out war of resistance began. After eight years of bloody struggle, the Chinese people finally won a complete victory in the war against aggression for the first time in modern times. After the victory in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, China was faced with a duel between two destinies and two futures. The C***nese Communist Party made great efforts to strive for peace and democracy, but the Kuomintang government, with the support of U.S. imperialism, blatantly started the civil war. The CPC led the people in the liberation war for more than three years, overthrew the Kuomintang's rule in mainland China, and achieved a great victory in the new democratic revolution. The CPC led the Chinese people through the four stages of the Northern Expeditionary War, the Land Revolutionary War, the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of National Liberation, finally overthrowing the rule of the Kuomintang government headed by Chiang Kai-shek in 1949 and achieving the victory of the New Democratic Revolution.In 1949, the First Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) was convened, which marked a great victory of the Chinese people's democratic revolution. Editor's Revelation China, like other countries in the world, was constantly moving forward in accordance with the laws of human social development. By the late feudal society, the development of the commodity economy had already given birth to the germ of capitalism. However, in the 1840s, this process of independent development was interrupted when the capitalist powers opened the gates of China with cannons, opium and cheap commodities, and gradually colluded with the Chinese feudal rulers to realize their aim of monopolizing China. In this way, China fell step by step into the abyss of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. From then on, the Chinese nation became an oppressed people. First, in June 1840, Britain invaded China by force and started the Opium War. The British invasion army burned, killed, looted and plundered their way through the territory of China, and in August 1842, the British invaders forced the Qing government to sign China's first unequal treaty in modern times, the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking. In the following year, Britain again forced the Qing Government to sign the annexes to the Treaty of Nanjing. Just after the Opium War, the United States and France, under the threat of force, forced the Qing government to sign the unequal Sino-American Treaty of Wangsha and the Sino-French Treaty of Whampoa, expanding their rights and interests of aggression. After the Opium War, China gradually changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The main contradiction in Chinese society began to change from the contradiction between feudalism and the people to the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation. From then on, the Chinese people began the struggle against foreign invaders and at the same time against the feudal rulers of their own country; the history of China entered the period of the old democratic revolution. In the Opium War, the Qing government spent a lot of military expenses, which greatly increased the burden of the people. Thereafter, a massive Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan broke out. in 1853, the Taiping Army captured Nanjing and set its capital at Tianjing. the Taiping Rebellion promulgated the "Heavenly Mulberry System", and also sent two groups of men on separate northward and westward expeditions. Later, the Xiang army frantically counterattacked and the Taiping army suffered successive defeats. in 1855, Shi Dakai commanded the Western Expeditionary Army and defeated the Xiang army. the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom entered its military heyday, and when the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had achieved a great victory militarily, a sharp internal war broke out between the leaders. in June 1864, Hung Hsiu-chuen died of an illness. in July, the Xiang army stormed into the capital city of Tianjing, which fell, and the vigorous Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, which was the first of its kind in China, was overthrown. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed due to the joint stranglehold of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom persisted in fighting for 14 years and developed its power to 18 provinces. It was a great anti-feudal and anti-invasion peasant movement in modern Chinese history. It established a regime, promulgated the "Tianchao Tianmu System" and dealt a heavy blow to the Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, which was the highest peak of Chinese peasant wars in thousands of years. Next, Britain and France launched the Second Opium War; in 1858, Russia, the United States, Britain and France forced the Qing government to sign the Treaty of Tianjin, and in late October, Britain and France forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British and Sino-French Treaties of Beijing. After the Second Opium War, China lost more territory and sovereignty, and the foreign invaders] expanded their power to the coastal provinces and penetrated into the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The semi-colonization of Chinese society was further deepened. After the two Opium Wars, the Qing government established the Yamen for Premier's Affairs of Various Countries in 1861. After the Second Opium War, the Foreign Affairs Sect initiated a foreign affairs movement. With "self-improvement" as the slogan of the foreign affairs movement did not make China embark on the road of wealth and power, but it objectively stimulated the emergence and development of Chinese capitalism, opened the way for the modernization of Chinese capitalism; the expansion of China's economic power, but also played a role in some of the resistance. At the end of 1883, the French army attacked the Qing army in Vietnam and the Sino-French War broke out. The Qing army killed the enemy in unison and routed the French army, achieving a great victory at Zhennan Pass. The brilliant victory of the Chinese and Vietnamese soldiers and civilians in the war against France forced the French cabinet to fall. However, the Qing government hastened to sign a treaty with French representatives in Tianjin, agreeing to open up the border between China and Vietnam for trade and China to appoint French people to build railroads and other conditions. From then on, the French invasion forces extended to the southwestern part of China. China "not defeat but defeat", France "not victory but victory". In 1894, the Sino-Japanese War broke out, China was defeated and forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Shimonoseki with Japan. The semi-colonialization of Chinese society was greatly deepened. At the end of the 19th century, the Boxer Rebellion broke out. However, due to the corruption of the Qing government, the Boxer Rebellion failed under the suppression of reactionary forces in China and abroad. In 1901, the Qing government was forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Hsin Chou with Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Japan, Italy, Austria and other countries. The Xin Chou Treaty added a new heavy burden to the Chinese people and seriously jeopardized China's sovereignty. The Qing government became a tool of imperialist rule over China. China was completely plunged into the abyss of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Under the initiative of Sun Yat-sen, in 1905, the Xing Zhong Hui, together with some members of the Huaxing Hui, Guang Fu Hui and other revolutionary groups, formed the China League in Tokyo, Japan. on October 10th, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out. under the leadership of the revolution, the revolutionary army fought bravely and invincibly, and rapidly occupied the city of Wuchang. The revolutionaries changed the name of the country to the Republic of China (ROC) and elected Dr. Sun Yat-sen as the Provisional President of the ROC. However, the victory of the Xinhai Revolution was stolen by Yuan Shikai, who was inaugurated as the provisional president of the Republic of China in March 1912 in Beijing. The Xinhai Revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen was a great bourgeois democratic revolution in our modern society, which overthrew the feudal monarchical autocracy that had ruled China for more than 2,000 years. It was a great transformation and progress of our society! Although this revolution did not change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, it opened the way for the development of new revolutionary struggles in the future. On May 4, 1919, more than 3,000 students in Beijing demonstrated in front of Tiananmen Square. The May Fourth Patriotic Movement was a patriotic movement that was thoroughly opposed to imperialism and completely opposed to feudalism. In this movement, the Chinese proletariat began to enter the political arena and showed great strength; the advanced intellectuals of China played an important role. The May Fourth Patriotic Movement, which took place after the October Socialist Revolution in Russia, was part of the proletarian world revolution and contributed to the propagation of Marxism. On April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek staged a counter-revolutionary coup d'état, which led to an open rupture of the First National **** Cooperation, and on July 15, Wang Ching-wei put forward the slogan of "It is better to kill a thousand people in vain than to let a single person fall into the net" to massacre the proletarians and the revolutionary masses. On July 15, Wang Ching-wei put forward the slogan "Better to kill a thousand people in vain than to let one person fall into the net" for the purpose of massacring the ****-producers and the revolutionary masses. Since then, civil war has replaced unity and dictatorship has replaced democracy. The sensational National Revolution failed. The failure of the National Revolution was due, on the one hand, to the fact that the international imperialists jointly supported the rightist faction of the Kuomintang in staging a revolt, and that the force of the counter-revolution greatly exceeded that of the revolution; and, on the other hand, to the fact that the Chinese ****production party was still in its infancy and lacked experience in the struggle. At the later stage of the National Revolution the leader Chen Duxiu again made the mistake of right-leaning capitulationism and gave up the leadership of the revolution, so that he could not effectively organize the people's resistance when the enemy launched a sudden attack. Finally, under the leadership of the Chinese ****anization Party, the Chinese people overthrew the three great mountains of imperialism, capitalism and bureaucracy and won a great victory. History should not be forgotten, and history should not be forgotten. Since my early childhood, what has been repeated in my ears is the moral logic that good will surely triumph over evil, but when I look at history as if it were nailed to the board, more often than not, it is a tragedy that is not quite consistent with what I have been taught for so many years. In order to where can not say white drug smuggling, even openly fighting on people, the world's most evil, can be ranked as the first; to the robbers who want to harm the lives of people outside the country, should be the most natural and legitimate action, but the result is always the evil carries the occupation of land to claim the money of the treaty in triumph, the righteous licked the trauma of bloodshed in humiliation. The majority of peasants in order to obtain the space for survival, food and clothing, uncovering the world's first family, *** enjoy the peace of the flag of righteousness, but also in accordance with the call of the sky and the call of the people; and for the sake of a few people's extravagance and luxury, thousands of living beings brutally killed in a pool of blood, which is contrary to the justice of the world, but the logic of morality still does not show the spirit of the light. Why is this so? When history reveals the ruthless facts to us, it also hides the answer. If we learn that the Daoguang Emperor raised ignorant questions to his ministers at the time of the Sino-British confrontation; that the Daoguang Emperor, upon learning that the Queen of England chose her own spouse, laughed at the barbarians who did not understand that marriage requires compliance with parental orders; and that the general in charge of the army against the British asked a sorcerer to teach him how to break the British army's "sorcerous art" (i.e., the new guns) by using the toilet in which the women peed, then we will We will be inspired by the fact that a nation whose destiny is in the hands of its ignorant and corrupt rulers cannot even win a just war. Similarly, when we see the constraints on soldiers divided into male camps, female camps, not to live in conjugal life of Hong Xiuquan, but their own concubines; the failure of the Northern Expedition, the Western Expedition did not achieve the desired purpose, and exhortations to others not to take over the fight to kill the members of the "family of God," but has been for the fight for long-lasting fame of the sword and gun; the late days of the Kingdom of Heaven's major political, mastered by the two elder brothers of Hong Xiuquan, greedy and cynical Hong Xiuquan, the late days of the kingdom of heaven, in the hands of the two elder brother and a woman official in chief, will recognize the truth: not to surpass their enemies, do not expect to get the favor of the god of victory, by the peasant leaders navigating the ship, can not break out of the feudal vortex, to the other side of the shore of liberation. Since the 1980s, many young people, with a sense of responsibility for the development of the country, have been interrogating the question of why the Chinese nation, which stands in the east of the world, and which, with its long and splendid culture, has exerted a great influence on the course of human civilization, has lagged behind in modern times, making the history of the last hundred years full of humiliations. When a people to heritage ceremonial prosperity of the "heavenly country", deep closed solid refusal, night arrogance, will make the past glory into a heavy burden, slowing down the pace of the nation to continue to move forward. Flowing history, not waiting for any nation, you delayed in the "ten full martial arts", "all countries to the chemical" of the old dream, but other people experienced the Renaissance industrial revolution and political change, when this latest stage of human development to win the favor of history, all the hobbling! When this newest stage of human development won the favor of history, all those who stumbled behind faced the fate of being conquered. But the proposition that history sometimes imposes on a people is not an option, that to escape from the slavery of its enemies, it must first be strong. However, when the nation realized this, it traveled a tortuous path and paid a heavy price. As Marx predicted: the Chinese people always realize and rise up only after they have suffered a tragedy. The good thing is that there are thousands of patriots, in search of the truth to save the country after the first, persistent search, they may be too rash but not lack of sobriety, they may still with uncivilized ignorance but not lack of wisdom, they may be too gullible but never afraid of sacrifice, they struggle in confusion, in the wandering in the exploration, in the twists and turns in the forward, so as to China towards modernization planted the opportunity. When we stand on the threshold of the turn of the century and review the history of Chinese people's struggle in the past hundred years, we can clearly find that there is almost no other period in the history of China that can be compared with this period - the intertwining of perplexity and hope, the reflection of filthiness and sublimity, and the struggle of darkness and light constitute a magnificent, dramatic, and tumultuous history of China's modern history. It is a magnificent, ups and downs and thrilling historical scroll in China's modern history. As the successor of the new century, we must from now on, with extraordinary efforts, extraordinary perseverance, to learn cultural knowledge; with a realistic attitude, pragmatic style, to participate in social practice; with pioneering ideas, innovative concepts, to explore the new realm of life, grow up for the motherland, for the community, for the people to make contributions. The two main themes of modern Chinese society Anti-invasion is the national conflict between the Chinese people (including the ****producers, the Kuomintang, the peasants, and the feudal rulers, etc.) and the foreign invaders (including imperialism, part of capitalism, and colonialism, etc.), which constitutes China's "semi-colonial society" in modern times. The quest for democracy was a class conflict between the Chinese people (including the peasants, workers, artisans, bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie, etc.) and the feudalism or forces (including the landlord class and the bureaucratic bourgeoisie, etc.), which constituted modern China's "semi-feudal society". Anti-invasion and democracy were the two major themes of modern Chinese society. National and class contradictions were the main contradictions in modern China. Through struggle, national contradictions were transformed into national independence, and class contradictions were transformed into the people becoming the masters of their own country. This led to the formation of New China. Editorial Overview of Modern Chinese History This period lasted from 1840-1949, when the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was held. The outbreak of the Opium War in 1840 was the turning point in the history of China from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and it was the beginning of China's modern history. In the following nearly one hundred years, taking the May Fourth Movement in 1919 as the boundary, it was divided into two periods: the first one was the old democratic revolution period, and the second one was the new democratic revolution period. But both belong to the category of bourgeois revolution. Throughout the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, the nature of Chinese society determines the main contradiction, the object of the revolution and the nature of the task. In modern history there were two main contradictions in Chinese society: the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, and the contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people, with the former being the most important contradiction. However, the two main contradictions have shown intricate relations and ups and downs in the course of history. The two main contradictions have stipulated that the historical theme of modern China is to overthrow the rule and oppression of foreign capitalism-imperialism, domestic feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism, and to strive for the liberation of the nation, the wealth and strength of the country, the progress of the society and the happiness of the people; or, in other words, the fundamental task of modern China In other words, the fundamental task of modern China is to completely oppose imperialism and feudalism and to realize the modernization of the country and to change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in modern times. Overview of the pre-colonial and semi-feudal society of China (1840-1919) This period is also known as the period of the old democratic revolution (the old democratic revolution was a bourgeois democratic revolution led by the bourgeoisie against foreign invasion and feudal rule in the country, with the political aim of establishing a bourgeois dictatorship of the country in a capitalist society, and with the development of capitalism as the ultimate goal). (Development of capitalism is the ultimate goal of the revolution, of which the Xinhai Revolution is an old democratic revolution in a more complete sense). This period began with the Opium War in 1840 and ended before the May Fourth Movement in 1919, ****about 80 years of history. According to the content of the textbook of various historical phenomena of the intrinsic links and interrelationships, the formation of a relatively complete and rigorous system of knowledge, not only reflects the characteristics of the development of this period and the objective law, but also covers the basic knowledge of the various aspects of social life in this period. It can be divided into the following three stages of development. 〈A〉 China began to fall into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society (1840s-early 1960s) The major historical events of this period include the two Opium Wars and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. The former was an unjust war of aggression launched by the Western capitalist countries, i.e., a war of national self-defense of the Chinese nation against the aggression, while the latter was a revolutionary movement of the peasantry, and the two were very closely related. In the early 19th century, Britain took the lead in completing the industrial revolution and became the number one capitalist power. In order to expand its overseas colonies and occupy the raw material production area and commodity market, Britain and other countries urgently demanded the opening of China's market and used war and violence as the main means to achieve their goal, while China's feudal society had already been in a period of decline at this time. By the Opium War, has come to the end of the road, the Qing government rule corruption, economic backwardness, the internal desperately suppress the growth of the bud of capitalism, stifle the development of new ideas, new technologies, cruel exploitation of the people, resulting in the intensification of class conflicts sharp, external adherence to the dignity of the dynasty and the closed-door policy, and ultimately led to the arrival of the disaster of the Chinese nation. Although in the Opium War, the Qing government was the organizer and leader of the national war, and the Chinese army and people put up a heroic resistance. However, due to the corruption and backwardness of the Qing dynasty and its policy of compromise and surrender during the war, the war ended in failure. Foreign invaders acquired a great deal of sovereignty from China through unequal treaties, and the gateway to China was opened by the great powers with their gunboats. Semi-colonial" refers to the loss of some but not all sovereignty; "semi-feudal" refers to the preservation of feudalism and the development of capitalism. Both have political, economic and cultural connotations). The Second Opium War was an attempt by the great powers to expand their invasion of China to the extent that they were not satisfied with the rights and interests of the invading powers, and to take advantage of the dilemma of the Qing government's civil war to create a pretext for failing to make a "treaty revision" and to launch it, with Britain and France as the main culprits, the United States as an accomplice, and Russia as a murderer following Britain and France and committing crimes on its own. China also lost much of its sovereignty, and the degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society further deepened. From the above, we can see that in the twenty years after the Opium War, Chinese society was mainly semi-colonial, and in the 1960s, it was semi-feudal. However, the Opium War did not solve the conflicts between China and foreign countries, but intensified the class conflicts, which led to the outbreak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, which was ultimately defeated due to the limitations of the times, especially of the class, but had great significance and assumed the dual task of anti-feudal and anti-invasion, and the development of capitalism by some of the leaders of the new era (determined by the nature of the society), which was unprecedented in the previous Peasants' War, and it was the highest peak of the Peasants' War in China. It was the highest peak of China's peasant wars. In short, the nature of Chinese society in this period has changed dramatically, and in the ideological community began to appear to the West to learn from the tide of thought, and the Qing rulers in the treatment of Western aggression, there is a confrontation to the attitude of the temporary "peace" in the suppression of the Chinese revolution on the basis of the collusion, thus beginning the history of collusion of reactionary forces in China and abroad. (2) The period when China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society was fully formed (1860s-early 1900s) The main historical facts of this period include the deepening of the national crisis, the foreign affairs movement, the emergence of capitalism, the imperialist wave of partition, the Hundred Days' Reform, and the Boxer Rebellion, and so on. During this period, China's social economy, class relations, political arena and ideological field underwent significant changes; from the point of view of social movement, there was both sinking and development; among the two main contradictions in Chinese society, the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation obviously took the most important position. Premier Yamen, in order to solve the internal and external problems, set off the foreign affairs movement, but the Sino-Japanese War defeat, the purpose of "learning from the barbarians to control the barbarians," the failure of the situation and end. With the victory of the capitalist system in the mid-19th century around the world, Britain, France and the United States of America have further developed capitalism, Russia, Germany and Japan also embarked on the rapid development of capitalism, and soon the major capitalist countries began the process of transition to imperialism. In view of this, the powers in order to expand overseas markets and account for more raw materials, especially the place of capital export, intensified foreign aggression, set off the division of the world frenzy, and both collusion and mutual competition between them. With the end of the Sino-foreign "peace" situation, by means of force and war to cause a general crisis in China's border areas, to control China's economic lifeline by massive capital export, political and cultural aggression is also deepening, has launched the Sino-French War to invade China, Sino-Japanese War of the First Sino-Japanese War, the partition of the tide of the frenzy, the Eight-Nation Allied Forces invaded China in a vain attempt to turn China into its colony. The Treaty of Shimonoseki was the symbol of the basic formation of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the Treaty of Xinjiao marked the complete establishment of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal order of rule, and the Qing government became a tame tool for the great powers to rule China. As the invasion of China continued to intensify, the Qing ruling group had to adjust its ruling policy, and also expanded its own division and formed new factions, but none of them could change the status of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. With the expansion of foreign invasion forces, the disintegration of China's feudal economy accelerated, China's modern capitalism arose and developed with difficulty, and at the same time produced a new class - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat grew in strength, and the emergence of China's capitalism, the characteristics of China's semi-feudal economy was already in place. The weak bourgeoisie formed two political factions, both of which advocated the development of capitalism and the salvation of the national crisis. After the Sino-Japanese War, with the deepening of the national crisis and the development of Chinese capitalism, the national bourgeoisie emerged as a new political force in the political arena. Both the Restoration and Reform Movement and the Boxer Rebellion Movement took salvation and survival as the main goal of their struggles, and the bourgeoisie Restorationists developed capitalism by learning the political system of the West (and the people of Pingguo towards the clue. This point of view, the historians called "two process theory". 2. "three revolutionary climax that". 1954 Hu Jiao in the "staging of modern Chinese history" (Historical Studies, 1954, No. 1) recognized, several conclusions, published since the mid-1980s textbooks and general history of modern China, Yu and the history of the struggle, that is to say, modern Chinese history is the history of the In other words, modern Chinese history is the history of the Chinese nation's struggle against imperialism and feudalism and for the realization of modernization, and as the basic thread of modern Chinese history, called the "two tasks theory. 6. Chen Xulu's "metabolism theory". Chen Xulu in the "thinking about the clues of modern Chinese history" (Historical Studies) colleague's approval and response. At present, many scholars followed the modernization paradigm", "modernization perspective" and "modernization of the main line" and other arguments, can be called "Modernization Theory". In the author's view, "the two process essence, is a particular historical stage of the theme, can be the complexity of historical phenomena unified under the essence of what it reveals; the second must be able to cover the content of different historical fields, can reveal the political, economic, cultural and ideological levels of the history of the put. In another sense, it is the world to China, China was forced to go to the world of history class foreign affairs school will "learn from the barbarians in order to control the barbarians," the idea of practice, thus forming a period of more than 30 years of the foreign affairs movement, opened the floodgates of China's modernization (modernization of the material level); Sino-Japanese War, the bourgeoisie to change modernity Three levels of social transformation. One is from the Opium War to the Sino-Japanese War, the theory of the world and the self-improvement movement