Chapter 1 Vast Territory
1. From the east and west hemispheres, she is located in the eastern hemisphere, and from the north and south hemispheres, she is located in the northern hemisphere. 2、From the position of continents and oceans, she is located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean in eastern Asia. 3, from the latitudinal position, most of which is located in the mid-latitude region belonging to the northern temperate zone, a small part of the south is located in the tropics, there is no frigid zone. 4, China's land territory covers an area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, second only to Russia and Canada. 5, China's land boundaries up to more than 20,000 kilometers, neighboring countries have 15. 6, China's mainland coastline is more than 18,000 kilometers long, and our country across the sea there are six countries, respectively, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia 7, China's bordering the sea from north to south is the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea. 8, the Bohai Sea has China's largest salt field Changlu salt field, the East China Sea has China's largest fishery Zhoushan fishery. 9, the country's administrative regions, basically divided into provinces, counties, townships three levels. 10, China *** there are 34 provincial line area, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities and 2 special administrative regions. 11, China's total population of 1.295 billion, population is characterized by a large population base, population growth rate. 12, in order to make the population growth, with socio-economic development and resources and environmental conditions in line, my government to the implementation of family planning as a basic national policy. 13, China's population distribution is uneven, the population density of the eastern region, especially the southeast coast is greater; the population density of the western region is small. 14, China's population demarcation line is Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province to Tengchong City, Yunnan Province. 15, China's most populous Henan Province, the largest area of Xinjiang Province. 16, among the 56 nationalities in China, the Han nationality has the largest population, and the most populous of the minority nationalities is the Zhuang nationality. 17, the distribution of Han Chinese throughout the country, to the east and central most concentrated, the main distribution of ethnic minorities in the southwest, northwest, northeast. 18 The distribution of various ethnic groups is characterized by large mixed settlements and small settlements. 20 China implements regional ethnic autonomy in areas inhabited by various ethnic minorities, setting up organs of self-government and establishing autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties, ethnic townships, and so on.
Chapter 2: China's Natural Environment
21, China's western terrain is dominated by mountains, plateaus, basins, and the eastern part of the country is dominated by plains and hills, the terrain is characterized by: high in the west and low in the east, a three-tier ladder-like distribution. 22, the first step of the Tibetan plateau in the southwest, the average elevation of 4000 meters above sea level, known as the roof of the world. 23, a second step of the demarcation line is the Kunlun Mountains, Qilian Mountains, Hengduan Mountains; two or three steps of the demarcation line is the Daxinganling, Taihang Mountains, Wushan, Xuefeng Mountains . 24, the four plateaus are: Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; four major basins are: Sichuan Basin, Qaidam Basin, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin; the three plains are: the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain, the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain. 25, Loess Plateau is characterized by loose texture, lack of vegetation cover the place of serious erosion, gullies and ravines, Inner Mongolia Plateau is characterized by the ground is flat, endless, Tibetan Plateau is characterized by glaciers, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is characterized by the rugged ground. 26, common natural disasters in mountainous areas are collapse, landslides, mudslides. 27. When utilizing mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to the construction of ecological environment. 28. Mountainous areas include mountains, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about 2/3 of the country's land area. 29, winter, China's north and south of the temperature difference is very large, summer, most places generally high temperature. 30, January 0 ℃ isotherm roughly along the Qinling - Huaihe River line distribution. 31, the coldest place in winter is the Qinling - Huaihe River. 31, the coldest place in winter is Heilongjiang Mohe , the hottest place in summer is Xinjiang Turpan . 32, known as China's "three hot furnaces" is Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing. 33, divided into temperature zones is the main indicator of the activity of the cumulative temperature. 34, China from north to south is divided into five temperature zones are cold temperate, mesothermal, warm temperate, subtropical, tropical. There is also a high land and cold days, the area of the vast plateau climate zone. 35, the general trend of annual precipitation in China is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. 36 China's highest precipitation is Taiwan's fire Liu, the place with the least precipitation is the Turpan Basin Torkun. 37. The relationship between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the degree of wetness of the climate of that place. 38, the division of wet and dry areas is based on the degree of wet and dry climate, China's four wet and dry is wet areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid areas, arid areas. 39, China's north-south temperature difference is mainly due to the location of latitude, winter winds 40, monsoon area and non-monsoon area of the demarcation line is the Daxing'anling, Yinshan, Helan Mountains, Bayanqara Mountains, Gundishan. 42, the biggest advantage of monsoon climate rain and heat at the same time, is but it will bring some disastrous weather such as cold wave, drought, typhoon. 43, China's largest inland river, the Tarim River, the river water mainly from the Kunlong Mountain, Tianshan Mountain ice melt water. Outflow rivers such as the Yangtze River, the river water mainly from natural precipitation. 44, the world's longest, the earliest excavated artificial river is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. 45. The Yellow River originates from Ba Yan Ka La Mountain and injects into the Bohai Sea. 46. Ningxia Plain is known as the "South River on the Seas". 47. The boundary of the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River is Hekou, and the boundary of the middle and lower reaches is Mengjin. 48. The lower reaches of the Yellow River gradually raise the riverbed and become "ground river". 49. The Yellow River produces the most sediment after flowing through the middle reaches of the river because the terrain through which it flows is the Loess Plateau. 50. The Yangtze River, which originates from the Tanggula Mountain Range and injects into the East China Sea, is the longest river in China with the largest volume of water and the widest river basin area, and is known as the "Treasure House of Hydraulic Energy" and the "Golden Waterway". 51. Yichang is the boundary of the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and Hukou is the boundary of the middle and lower reaches. 52. The Yangtze River's hydro energy resources are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches of the river. Yibin The river is navigable in all seasons below the city.
53, there are "nine curves back to the intestine" is known as the Jingjiang River, this section of the river management measures is to cut the bends to straighten. 54, the three main sources of the middle and lower plains of the Yangtze River are the dry tributaries above Yichang, the two water systems of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, and the Han River in the north.
Chapter 3 China's Natural Resources
55, for renewable resources, if the use of reasonable, and pay attention to the protection and cultivation , will be able to realize the sustainable use of non-renewable resources, we should cherish and use sparingly . 56, China's natural resources are characterized by the total amount of rich, insufficient per capita. 57, according to the use of land and land use status of land resources into arable land, forest land, grassland, construction land.
58, China's per capita land resources occupy a small amount, and all types of land resources accounted for the proportion is not reasonable, mainly, arable land is less, forest land is more, difficult to use the land is insufficient, especially reserve land resources and people and arable land of the contradiction is particularly prominent.
59, China's arable land and forest land is mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon area with a humid climate, and grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 400 millimeters.
60, the man-made destruction of land resources are soil erosion, land desertification, indiscriminate occupation of arable land.
61, a basic national policy on land resources is to cherish and rationally utilize every inch of land, and effectively protect arable land .
62, the earth's water, ocean water accounted for 97%, freshwater resources accounted for 2.5%
63, the earth's freshwater resources, the vast majority of the poles and high mountain glaciers, and most of the rest for the deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources utilized by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.
64, China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russia, Canada, the United States and Indonesia, is located in the world's sixth, if calculated on a per capita basis, it is only 1/4 of the world average.
65. In terms of time distribution, precipitation is concentrated in the summer season and less in the winter and spring. Effective measures to regulate the seasonal changes in runoff and water volume to build reservoirs;
66, from the spatial distribution of China's water resources in the south and north of the scarcity of water, especially in North China and Northwest China is the most serious water shortage, further aggravating the water shortage in the north. One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources is to transfer water across the basin.
67. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is to transfer water from the Yangtze River system to North China and Northwest China, where water shortage is serious.
68. In view of the serious shortage of water resources in China, it is especially important to conserve water.
Chapter 4: China's Economic Development
69. Transportation is the "first official" of economic development.
70. Historically, China's four famous "rice markets" were Wuxi, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Changsha.
71.Among all kinds of transportation lines, railroad transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China. The railroad passing through Tibet Province is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
72、Valuable or urgently needed goods but in small quantities are mostly transported by air.
73. Goods that are easy to die or deteriorate are mostly transported by highway.
74, large bulky goods, long-distance transportation, generally choose water transport, railroad transportation.
75. The production sectors of agriculture include planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.
76. Agriculture is a basic industry that supports the construction and development of the national economy.
77, the western region of natural grassland is widely spread, there are four major pastoral areas in China is Inner Mongolia pastoral area, Qinghai pastoral area, Xinjiang pastoral area, Tibet pastoral area.
78, forestry is concentrated in the northeast, southwest, southeast region. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most important areas for freshwater fishing in China.
79, grain crops in the rice, wheat published in the "southern rice, northern wheat" pattern.
80, oilseed production formed the Yangtze River rapeseed belt and the yellow and Huai peanut area of two major production areas.
81, sugar crops, on the other hand, showed a clear "south sweet and north sweet" distribution characteristics.
82, cotton production is mainly in the north, forming the southern Xinjiang, the Yellow River Basin, the Yangtze River Basin three cotton areas.
83, industry is the leading industry of the national economy.
84, Beijing's Zhongguancun is China's earliest established high-tech test area.
85, the main characteristics of the high-tech industry 1. employees, scientific and technological personnel accounted for a large proportion of the 2. sales revenue, the proportion of the cost of research and development, 3. the rapid renewal of products.
86. High-tech industry is the "leading" industry in electronics and information industry.
87, China's high-tech industry development area is mostly attached to the big cities, showing a large scattered, small concentrated distribution characteristics.
88, the development of agriculture in accordance with local conditions on the one hand, to take into account the differences in the natural environment, on the other hand, to take into account the constraints of socio-economic conditions.