the Roman Pantheon
the Roman Pantheon
Ancient Roman architecture is an architectural style in which the ancient Romans followed the architectural technology of Etruscans in Apen Peninsula and inherited the architectural achievements of ancient Greece, and made extensive innovations in architectural form, technology and art. Ancient Roman architecture reached its peak from/kloc-0 to the 3rd century, and reached the peak of ancient western architecture.
There are many kinds of ancient Roman architecture. There are Roman Pantheon, Venus and Roman temples, as well as religious buildings such as Baalbek Sun Temple, as well as public buildings such as palaces, theaters, arenas, baths, squares and rectangular halls (rectangular halls). Residential buildings include inner-chamber houses, houses combining inner-chamber houses with column houses, and apartments with four or five floors. The form of ancient Roman secular architecture is quite mature, and it is well combined with function. For example, in large theaters all over the Roman Empire, the audience plane is semicircular and rises in rows, with vertical aisles as the mainstay and horizontal aisles as the supplement. According to the ticket number, the audience arrives at the seats in each area from different entrances and stairs. People don't cross, so it's convenient to gather and disperse. The stage rises high, with the orchestra pit in front and the makeup building behind. The facade of the dressing building is the background of the stage, and both ends protrude forward to form the prototype of the podium, which is similar to the basic modeling of modern large-scale performance buildings.
The standard unit commonly used in ancient Roman multi-storey apartments. Some apartments have shops on the ground floor, and upstairs residents have balconies. This shape is similar to that of a modern apartment. Judging from the shapes of theaters, arenas, baths and apartments, the architectural design at that time was quite developed. The Ten Books of Architecture written by Vitruwei, an ancient Roman architect, is a summary of this science. Ancient Roman architecture can meet all kinds of complex functional requirements, mainly relying on high-rise arch structures to obtain wide internal space. The tubular arch in the main hall of Flavian Palace on Baladin Mountain spans 29.3 meters. The diameter of the Pantheon dome is 43.3 meters. In the middle of the first century, a cross arch appeared, which covered the square building space, concentrated the weight of the vault on the piers at the four corners, and there was no continuous load-bearing wall, so the space was more open. Combining several cross arches with cylindrical arches and domes can cover complex internal spaces. The royal baths of the Roman Empire are the representative works of this combination.
Constantine Cathedral, east of the central square of ancient Rome, has three cross arches in the center, with a span of 25.3 meters and a height of 40 meters. There are three cylindrical arches with a span of 23.5 meters on the left and right sides to resist the horizontal thrust, and the structural level is very high. The huge auditoriums of theaters and arenas are also built on complex arched ticketing systems. Because of the use of pozzolanic concrete with high strength, convenient construction and low price, the arch coupon structure has been popularized. Around the second century BC, this kind of concrete became an independent building material, and by the first century BC, it almost completely replaced the stone, which was used to build arches and walls. The concrete surface is usually protected by a layer of square cone stone or triangular brick, and then plastered with a layer of ash or pasted with a layer of marble slab; There is also the practice of building a stone wall in front of the concrete wall as a surface layer.
Colosseum Rome's Arena Of Death
The wooden structure technology of ancient Roman architecture has reached a considerable level, and the tie rod and compression rod of truss can be distinguished. Rome, Trajan, basilica and wood truss span 25 meters. The Colosseum in Rome, built in the first century A.D., can accommodate 50,000 spectators, and it took only 5-6 years to build. It was built on a filled lake, but the foundation did not sink significantly. The Baalbek Sun Temple, built in the middle of the 2nd century A.D., is surrounded by 45 pillars, each with a height of19.6m and a base with a diameter of 2m, all made of whole granite. At the height of 8 meters on the back wall of the temple, there are three big stones weighing about 500 tons each, which shows the great lifting capacity at that time. Public bathrooms generally have central heating equipment. Hot smoke and hot air in the burning room flow through the floor, walls and clay pipes under the vault of the hall, giving off heat. According to Vitruwe's ten books on architecture, a bronze urn was buried under the seat of the theater to improve the sound quality.
In addition, by the middle of 1 century at the latest, several tens of centimeters square high-transparency flat glass had been installed on the windows. In addition to concentrating the highest achievements of ancient Roman architecture in the capital city of Rome, there are various high-level and large-scale buildings all over the empire. The architectural art of ancient Rome has made great achievements, and the style of large-scale buildings is vigorous and dignified, and the composition is harmonious and unified, with various forms. The Romans opened up new fields of architectural art and enriched architectural technology. Among them, the most important ones are: the newly built internal space covered by arched vouchers, the single space of the solemn Pantheon, the sequential combination space of the royal baths with great changes at multiple levels, and the one-way depth space of the main hall. In some buildings, the artistic treatment of internal space is more important than the external image. The composition of ancient Greek columns has been developed, making it more adaptable. The most significant thing is to create a combination of pillar and arch coupons, such as pillar and continuous coupons, which are used for both structure and decoration. The Arc de Triomphe around the empire is mostly composed of coupons. There are concentrated buildings with plane and arch structure composed of various arcs. Hadrian's departure from this palace built on the outskirts of Rome in the first half of the 2nd century is a mature example.
Byzantium
Byzantine architecture is characterized by a small difference between the horizontal and vertical lengths of the cross, and a large dome at the intersection. The dome is on a square plane. It is a great contribution to the development of European architecture to build a covered dome and put the weight on four independent pillars. Hagia Sophia is a typical Byzantine building. Its foundation is rectangular like a Roman building, but the roof of the central part is composed of a huge circular vault and a semi-circular vault at the front and back.
In terms of architecture and interior decoration, the earliest achievement was in the Christian Church, which initially followed the basilica style. But in the 5th century, they created a new architectural form, that is, centralized form. The characteristic of this shape is that the dome is supported by four or more independent columns, and the sail arch is used as the middle connection. At the same time, groups of domes can be gathered together to form a broad and diverse new spatial image. Compared with the vaults of ancient Rome, this is a great progress.
Gothic
Gothic architecture is an architectural style that originated in France in the second half of the 1 1 century and was popular in Europe from 13 to15th century. Mainly seen in Catholic churches, it also affects secular buildings. Gothic architecture occupies an important position in the history of architecture with its superb technical and artistic achievements.
The structural system of Gothic church consists of stone skeleton coupons and flying buttresses. Its basic unit is to make a double-center skeleton tip coupon on the pillars at the four corners of a square or rectangular plane, one on each side and one on the diagonal, and the roof slate is supported on the coupon to form a vault. In this way, coupons with the same height can be made on different spans, and the vault is light in weight and clear in intersection, which reduces the thrust of the coupon foot and simplifies the construction. The flying crib is issued by the pier outside the side hall to balance the lateral thrust of the arch foot in the middle hall. In order to increase stability, minarets are often built on column piers. Due to the use of pointed vouchers, pointed arches and flying buttresses, the interior space of Gothic churches is spacious, simple and unified. Ornamental details such as canopies and niches are also themed with sharp coupons, and the architectural style and structural techniques form an organic whole.
Rococo
Rococo art was formed in France at the beginning of18th century, and its main artistic features are exquisite, sweet and elegant. The original meaning of rococo is an ornament made of shells or small stones. Such a trivial matter is called "detail" in modern popular parlance. 17th and18th centuries later, due to the gradual development of natural science and the influence of various democratic theories and China thought at that time, the "Enlightenment" was born in Europe, which led to the development of industry and the upsurge of democratic ideas, and then the development of industrial revolution and the outbreak of the French Revolution. These changes in the objective situation had a great influence on the development of art at that time. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, although Baroque style art continued to be popular all over Europe, at the same time, an artistic style called "Rococo" came into being and gradually became popular in France, replacing Baroque style. The word Rococo evolved from the French word rocaille, which originally refers to an interior decoration made of shells and pebbles. Although Rococo style retains the comprehensive characteristics of Baroque style, it lacks the religious flavor and exaggerated emotional expression of Baroque style, with special emphasis on delicate and soft atmosphere and extensive use of light.
Rococo's architectural appearance is similar to baroque architecture, emphasizing complex interior decoration. Sculpture and furniture have become a part of interior decoration, lacking independent functions. For example, in France, Rococo architecture was very popular in Louis XV's interior. There are many kinds of indoor planes, and decorations such as flower patterns and ribbons are very popular. Large buildings are transformed into small apartments or small rooms. Among these furniture, the shell-shaped, curly, flower-shaped and ribbon-shaped patterns mentioned above are very popular. The interior decoration of the bell room of Versailles Palace is a famous Rococo building. At that time, people lost interest in Louis XIV's serious style and pursued practical and private space, so many rococo paintings were mainly genre paintings. These paintings are light and sweet in color and full of elegant and gorgeous feeling. In addition to the luxurious aristocratic life, Rococo's painting themes also include portraits, landscapes, myths and civilian life.
One of the representative works of Rococo painting style can be represented by the French painter Anthony Eduardo. Most of Waldo's works are related to the luxurious life of the aristocratic class in Paris. His painting method is to paint the paint directly on the canvas without making a draft. Waldo was deeply influenced by Rubens, and the sharp nose, small mouth and thin fingers of the characters reappeared in Waldo's paintings with extremely bright colors. In the use of light, Waldo did not limit the range of contrast between light and shade like a Baroque painter, that is, the bright part of traditional Baroque painting would not be too wide, and then the dark part. But in Rococo's painting school, the range of lightness is quite large. This method of dealing with light can also be seen in two other rococo painters, such as Boucher and gainsborough. & ltBR & gt& ltBR & gt Rococo art did not spread widely, but gradually declined in the mid-18th century and was replaced by neoclassicism. At that time, important painters in various countries were: Waldo, Xia Dan, Boucher, Fragona and so on. Italian Tiepolo, British Huo Jiasi ([Huo Jiasi]), Reynolds, Genzbalo, etc.
grotesque
The original meaning of the word baroque refers to an irregular pearl, which was derogatory at that time. At that time, people thought that its gorgeous and ostentatious style belittled the Renaissance style, but now it has been recognized that Baroque is a great artistic style in Europe. The classicists thought Baroque was a degenerate art, and only later did they have a fair evaluation of Baroque art. ..
Baroque art came into being in the second half of16th century and reached its peak in17th century. Except for northern and central Europe, it gradually declined. Barovin art originated in Italy, which is undoubtedly related to the anti-religious reform. Rome was the center of church power at that time, so it was not surprising that it rose in Rome. It can be said that Bagok art was not invented by religion, but it served the church and was used by religion, and the church was its most powerful pillar.
Generally speaking, baroque art has the following characteristics: first, it has the characteristics of luxury, both religious and enjoyable; Secondly, it is a passionate art, which breaks the tranquility and harmony of reason, has a strong romantic color and attaches great importance to the artist's rich imagination. Thirdly, it strongly emphasizes movement, movement and change, which can be said to be the soul of baroque art; Fourth, pay great attention to the sense of space and three-dimensional sense of the works; Fifth, comprehensive. Baroque art emphasizes the comprehensive means of art forms, such as the integration of architecture, sculpture and painting. In addition, Baroque art also absorbed some factors and imagination in literature, drama, music and other fields. Sixth, it has a strong religious color, and religious themes occupy a dominant position in baroque art; Seventh, Baroque artists tend to stay away from life and times. For example, in some zenith paintings, the image of people becomes insignificant, just like some patterns. Of course, some active baroque masters are not in this case, such as Rubens and Benigni, whose works and lives are still closely related.
There are two views on the origin of baroque, which have great influence. Italian Croce and others think that it originated from Baroco and was originally a special term of syllogism in logic. On the other hand, it comes from baroco in Portugal or barrueco in Spain, which means all kinds of irregular pearls, and is extended to "unconventional". Baroque was first applied to art criticism before the end of 17, which generally refers to all kinds of unconventional and bizarre things. /kloc-used as a derogatory term in the 0/8th century, generally referring to violation of natural laws and classical artistic standards. Until the middle of19th century, it was still a derogatory term, not an artistic style. 1888 H. Woelfflin published the book Renaissance and Baroque, which systematically discussed the Baroque style, and then defined the Baroque concept as an artistic style. In the 20th century, western scholars made a deeper study of Baroque and gave it different meanings, but as an artistic style, understanding is still the mainstream.
Baroque architecture is an architectural and decorative style developed on the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture in 17 ~ 18 century. It is characterized by free appearance, dynamic pursuit, rich decoration and sculpture, strong color, and commonly used curved surface and oval space. The original meaning of the word baroque is grotesque, and classicists use it to refer to this architectural style that is considered to be deviant. This style played an important role in opposing rigid classical forms, pursuing free and unrestrained styles and expressing secular interests, and influenced city squares, garden art and even literary and art departments. It was once widely popular in Europe.