The form of the imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty:
The Qing people, in order to obtain the qualification to take part in the official imperial examination, had to take the children's test first, and those who took the children's test were called children, and those who took the children's test were called children, and those who were admitted into the school were called shengmian (in the Qing Dynasty there were the government school, the state school, and the county school). The student "enrollment" that is subject to the instructor (professor, school, oracle, instructor) of the discipline. Early in the Qing Dynasty, the student is still in the school palace (there are monthly classes and quarterly exams, and later became a name), also known as the student, commonly known as Xiu Cai. This is the starting point of "merit".
Students are divided into three kinds: the best performance is the granary food students, there is a certain number of places, by the government to provide subsidies and daily life students; followed by a wide range of students, there is also a certain number of places, for the replacement of the granary food students; new "enrollment" is called the attached students, as a wide range of students of the preparatory. Every year, the school government exams, according to the grades in order of ascending and descending. The official imperial examination is divided into three levels: the township examination, the examination, the temple examination.
Children test
Children test, also known as the "child test"; the Ming Dynasty, presided over by the school officer, the Qing Dynasty, presided over by the provincial government of the local examination, including the county test, the government test and the hospital test in three phases, the hospital test after passing the qualification to obtain the student (Xiu Cai) qualifications to enter the government, the state, the county school learning, so it is called the entrance examination. Applicants regardless of age are called children.
"Zuo Zhongyi Gong Yi Shi" "and test, the officials called the name to Shi Gong", here is the reference to the child test, in this examination, Zuo Guangdou admitted Shi Kefa as a member of the (Xiu Cai), when Shi Kefa twenty years old. In the "Promoting Weaving", "the one who has become famous in the eupharmonic region is working on the boy's career", and "working on the boy's career" means preparing for the boy's examination.
The township exam
The Ming and Qing dynasties every three years in the provincial capitals (including the capital) held an examination, held in August in the fall, so it is also known as the autumn exam (door exams, exam room). Examiner appointed by the emperor. After the release of the examination, the deputy list, the list taken by the called the lifter, the first named solution (jiè) yuan, the second to the tenth name "yuan".
Examination
The Ming and Qing dynasties every three years in the capital held an examination, held in the spring, it is also known as the spring exam. The examination is presided over by the Ministry of Rites, the emperor appoints the first and second vice president, the provinces and the State Prison Supervisor students can apply for the examination, the admission of three hundred for the tributary, the first name will be yuan.
The Palace Examination
The Palace Examination is the emperor's main examination, the examination of policy questions. Participate in the temple examination is the tribute, take after the collectively known as jinshi. The temple test is divided into three a admission. The first a give jinshi and the first, the second a give jinshi origin, the third a give the same jinshi origin. The first a admitted three, the first commonly known as the first, the second commonly known as the top, the third commonly known as the flower, known as the three tripod a. The second a first place commonly known as the passport. The second a first name is commonly known as pass on.
The scholar is awarded the Hanlin Academy compilation, the eye, the flower is awarded the Hanlin Academy editors. The rest of the jinshi and then participate in the examination, the examination of the imperial edict of poetry and fugue, good at literature and calligraphy for the common jinshi, the rest of them were authorized by the master (ministries of staff), county, etc. (in fact, to obtain the master, county, etc., but also have to go through the candidates, waiting for, and there is a life without the official).
Buddhist priests in the Hanlin Academy in the ad hoc education hall (also known as the common hall) undergraduate three years at the end of the period held a "loose museum" examination, with good grades, respectively, awarded the Hanlin Academy, Hanlin Academy, review (the original is the second of the award of the Hanlin Academy, the original is the second of the award of the Hanlin Academy, the original is the third of the award of the Hanlin Academy, review), the rest of the distribution of ministries to serve as a consul, or distributed to the provinces as a county. The rest were distributed to various ministries to serve as the chief minister, or distributed to various provinces to serve as prefects.
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The Influence of the Imperial Examination System on Foreign Countries
The Chinese imperial examination system has also had an indelible influence on Europe and America. Historical scholars, Nanjing University of Information Engineering Language and Culture College adjunct professor Ni Fangliu said, as early as 100 years ago, China's democratic revolution forerunner Mr. Sun Yat-sen, that is, pointing out - now the system of each country, almost all are learning from the British. The British examination system was originally learned from China. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's statement is based on evidence, not conjecture.
In the 14th century, Europeans came to China will be China through the imperial examinations, that is, the unified examination mode of selection of talents, to their own countries to do a detailed introduction and recommendation. Among them, the British were most interested in this, "British academics and enlightened officials at the time, advocating for the emulation of the Chinese civil service means of selection, equal opportunity, public examination.
In 1853, the British Crown appointed Charles Trovillian and Stamford Northcote two Sirs, responsible for the reform of the British civil service system and program drafting. After they submitted to the Parliament, "Report on the Establishment of the British Permanent Civil Service," the main point of the report is the proposal to study and implement the Chinese imperial examination system, and to recruit officials by means of open and competitive examinations."
According to Ni Fangliu, the two Sirs' report was adopted by the British Parliament. Since then, France, the United States and many other European and American countries have "taken over" the Chinese examination system. "Europeans and Americans believe that the imperial examination than at that time they 'leaders say', 'hereditary' and other employment model advanced, fair, China's imperial examination has many advantages, at least so that officials attach importance to the study of cultural knowledge, can create a number of high-quality officials."
"Some people in the West marveled at the time that China's imperial examination system was a great system." Ni Fangliu said they believe that this system should be the same as the ancient Chinese invented the "four great inventions", is an important invention, affecting the global concept of employment, until now, and in the future.
Europeans and Americans have transformed the imperial examination, a Chinese invention, into an examination model that China's inventor turned around to learn from and "learn from". The West combined with the Industrial Revolution and the need for democracy and human rights, the examination content is rich and scientific, intellectual level, knowledge structure, practical skills, psychological quality, all included in the content of the examination.
In addition to the written test, Europe and the United States, "the most important is the establishment of the oral examination and interview system, than China's" Temple Examination "by the emperor a person of the imperial pen to point out the means, more perfect and scientific.
Europe and the United States of America's "imperial examination", even if successfully passed, may not be able to such as China's scholars (lifts), can immediately get the official position and honor, wearing a saffron horse, but also have to internship and trial, at least six months later to be formally inaugurated "as a government official! "
Baidu Encyclopedia - Imperial Examination System