The name "Oroqen" was first recorded in the literature of the Qing Dynasty. Volume 5 1 mentions "Orton" for the first time in the report. In September of the 22nd year of Kangxi, the imperial edict called it "Russian Luo Chun". Since then, they have been called the Oroqen nationality more uniformly. The word Oroqen has two meanings: one is people who use reindeer, and the other is people in the mountains. According to the national census in 2000, the population of Oroqen is 8 196. It is mainly distributed in Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Buta Banner and Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner in Hulunbeier City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Huma County, Aihui County, Xunke County and Jiayin County in Heilongjiang Province. Oroqen language is a member of Tungusic language family of Altai language family. There is no local language here, Chinese is widely used, and some Oroqen people also use Mongolian.
The ancestors of the Oroqen nationality were also foresters. Yuan dynasty called it "the man in the forest". The Ming Dynasty generally refers to the "Northern Mountain Savage". Wandering in the vast areas south of Outer Xing 'an Mountains, east of Wusuli River, west of Shileka River and east of Sakhalin Island. /kloc-In the middle of 0/7th century, Russian colonists invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin in China, forcing the Oroqen people to move southward and concentrate in Daxing 'anling and Xiaoxing 'anling. However, after China and Russia signed the Land Clearing in 1689, they still hunted in a large area south of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains and participated in the regular border patrol activities of the Qing government until the unequal Nebuchadnezzar Treaty and the Sino-Russian Irene Treaty were signed.
It was not until the middle of19th century that Russia invaded the area north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River that the Oroqen people lost a large hunting ground in the invaded area. The Qing government's rule over the Oroqen nationality has changed. In the 30th year of Kangxi, the Qing court divided Erlun tribe into Mulinga and Jaffa Khan, which were under the jurisdiction of the General Political Department of Buta. "Moline Oroqen" means riding Oroqen. Enter the Eight Banners, March south and fight north. "Jafahan Oroqen" refers to the Oroqen on foot. It refers to the Oroqen people, who have lost their reindeer and horses and are still hunting. It is divided into five roads, namely Kumar, Balalle, Ale, Duo bucur and Tok. This road is divided into 8 teams, and each team has an Oroqen nationality.
Every year, the Qing government sent Anda up the mountain to collect mink as a tribute. In the eighth year of Guangxu, the Qing government abolished Buta administration and established Xing 'an City to administer the Oroqen people in Lu Wu. In the 19th year of Guangxu, the main yamen in Xing 'an was abolished, and the original five roads were merged into four roads and sixteen auxiliary roads. They are respectively affiliated to Yamen, Mohegan, Buta and Hulunbeier in Heilongjiang.
During the period of warlord rule, only the content of the Eight Banners organization was abolished, and the organization of the four routes and sixteen members remained basically unchanged. As far as the jurisdiction system is concerned, Heilongjiang Provincial Supervision Office has jurisdiction over three highways, and Hailar Mongolian Government has jurisdiction over one highway. After the September 18th Incident, the Japanese invaders nominally placed the Oroqen ethnic group under the jurisdiction of pseudo-Heilongjiang Province and Xing 'an Province in the north.
During the Japanese imperialist rule, the Oroqen people rose up and rebelled. Oroqen's children joined the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition and fought bravely. Defend the survival of the motherland and the nation with their own blood. /kloc-0 was liberated in August, 945. 195 1 year 1 October1day, the oroqen autonomous banner of inner Mongolia autonomous region was established.
rural economy
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/7th century, the social development of Oroqen nationality was still in the stage of paternal commune, which was called "Wuliling". Although clan organizations still existed at that time, the basic economic unit of society was not clan, but "Wuliling". Every "Wuliling" includes several generations of small families with the same ancestors. The leader of the Wuliling family is Tatada. Its internal means of production are public, leading a primitive capitalist life of ordinary labor and equal distribution.
/kloc-since the middle of the 0/7th century, the Qing government has strengthened its jurisdiction over the Oroqen people. Economic exchanges between the Oroqen, Manchu and Han nationalities have also developed. The import of iron tools and guns, the exchange of hunting products and agricultural and pastoral handicrafts gradually led to a series of changes within the Oroqen nationality. Except hunting grounds, forests and rivers are still owned by the public, some important means of production have changed from public ownership to private ownership, and the labor organization and distribution system have also changed accordingly. The rise of the individual family in Wuliling initially led to the evolution of Wuliling from a blood organization to a regional organization, and the clan system came to an end. Monogamous families have gradually become the basic unit of social economy. 1945 Before the liberation in August, the Oroqen society had entered the stage of neighboring communities.
The Oroqen people mainly live in Daxinganling, which is 500- 1500m above sea level, and belong to the alpine mountain area. The average annual temperature is about MINUS 20 degrees Celsius. The vast Daxinganling Mountains are home to deer, roe deer, tiger, leopard, wild boar, bear, fox, lynx, otter and other wild animals. The crisscross rivers are full of all kinds of fish. The superior natural environment and the best natural hunting grounds provide the Oroqen people with rich sources of food and clothing. Before the founding of New China, the Oroqen people's main production activities were hunting, supplemented by fishing, gathering and handicrafts. There is only a natural division of labor between men, women and children in society, and there is no social division of labor. 1000 years ago, there were records of Oroqen hunters. Hunting is mainly for men, and sometimes women go out together. Hunting tools include guns, horses and hounds. The main way is collective hunting, but it is no longer organized by "Wuliling" as a unit, but by one or several "Anaquill" voluntary temporary organizations.
The average distribution of prey is in the "growth period", but the distribution of meat always stays in the "Wuliling". Widows and widowers who don't take part in the same "Wuliling" hunting usually get more than hunters. As always, if foreign guests are assigned, they can get a copy. Individual hunting has appeared, but it is rare. It is the main source of food and clothing for hunting Oroqen people. Fishing is usually done in groups. Some people go fishing by birch boat. Fishing with nets was introduced from other countries. Fishing is mostly done by men, while gathering is mostly done by women. The caught fish, wild vegetables and fruits are important supplements for the Oroqen people. If they are temporarily inedible, they should be dried in the sun and stored for consumption in case of lack of prey.
The handicraft industry of Oroqen nationality mainly includes fur products and birch products. Most of them are made by women. According to the nature and position of fur obtained from hunting in different seasons, it can be sewn into clothes suitable for different seasons. The whole birch bark stripped from birch is processed into utensils suitable for different purposes. Various patterns embroidered or carved by women on these fur and birch products. It can best reflect the traditional characteristics of hunting culture. In addition, men also use hand-made tools such as bone, wood and iron.
Since modern times, agriculture has sprouted among the Oroqen people in some areas. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Revolution of 1911, the government implemented the policy of "abandoning hunting and returning to agriculture", and the agriculture in the Oroqen area developed initially. However, the Oroqen people are not used to agriculture, and Japanese imperialism has seriously damaged agriculture. By 1939, the agriculture in the Oroqen area had been completely destroyed.
Because the Oroqen people around the country are engaged in roughly the same production, there is basically no communication relationship, and the communication is mainly with other ethnic groups. It was accidental at first, and then gradually standardized, which opened the door to the Oroqen society and natural economy and promoted the formation and development of private ownership.
Although the Oroqen nationality has many fine traditions in its historical development, the population of the Oroqen nationality has decreased sharply due to the long-term national oppression, especially the genocidal policy of the Japanese invaders. 1On the eve of liberation in August, 945, there were only 1000 Oroqen people left, in a miserable situation. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Oroqen people in Northeast China established the people's political power led by the China * * * Production Party, and established the Oroqen Autonomous Banner and several ethnic townships in 195 1+00+ 1. From 65438 to 0953, the state gave special care to the Oroqen people, allocated a lot of money to build new houses and gradually settled down. Nowadays, neat and bright big tile houses, schools, shops, etc. In the tree-lined new countryside, it has replaced the previous "pillar of immortality".
A brightly lit new city appeared on Xing 'an Mountain. Earth guns used for hunting have been replaced by rifles and semi-automatic rifles. Deer, pigs, cattle and beekeeping farms have been built one after another. Thousands of antlers are provided to this country every year. All kinds of agricultural machinery were used in farmland cultivation, and the total grain output doubled. In the past, horses were the main means of transportation. Now the road has been built and the car has passed. The railway also leads to some new towns of Oroqen nationality. The Oroqen people, who once had no written language, have now popularized secondary education, and many young people have gone to college. Through film teams, art teams, clubs and radio stations, the rich folk songs and dances of our people are put on the stage and screen. In the old society, there was no medicine in Oroqen area, and infectious diseases such as flowering and typhoid fever were common.
Diseases account for more than 80% of all women. Today, there are health clinics in towns and villages, health clinics in brigades and health workers in villages. Infectious diseases such as smallpox and typhoid fever have disappeared and the population has doubled. Especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the Oroqen people's production has developed rapidly, their income has increased substantially, and their living standards have improved significantly. They not only vigorously develop agriculture, animal husbandry and sideline production, but also shoulder the heavy responsibility of forest protection and fire prevention, protecting the forest safety in Daxing' anling and Xiaoxing' anling, making contributions to national construction and ensuring the sustainable supply of wood.
Culture and art
In the long-term hunting production and social practice, the Oroqen people have created rich and colorful spiritual culture, including oral creation, music, dance, plastic arts and so on.
Oral creation is the main literary form of Oroqen nationality. Their myths and legends, folk stories and ballads cover many aspects such as national history, society, hunting and gathering, local customs, living customs and so on. In ancient times, there were myths such as the Beijing Treaty, the Oroqen people created by Enduri, the Lunjishan people and the Aier people, and the white fairy. It has something to do with the Oroqen ancestors' exploration of the origin of human beings and their description and praise of their life and heroic deeds. The "hymns" of the Oroqen people are mostly improvised lyrics and songs with fixed tunes, with different types and styles. Especially the new folk songs are richer in content. Language and riddles are literary forms developed in the later period, which are the reflection of productive labor, the summary of life experience and the crystallization of wisdom. These oral literature enriched the treasure house of China literature and art.
The Oroqen people can sing and dance well. They sang and danced at the same time, showing a wealth of work and life content. Bear dance, buffalo fighting dance, tree chicken dance, art sea dance and red fruit dance all show hunters' observation of wild animals and birds and imitation of production techniques. "Circle Dance" is a kind of mass song and dance, with the nature of self-entertainment, in which both men and women participate, singing and dancing. "Masquerade ball" is a kind of sacrificial dance with religious content, which is performed by "shaman" to pray for a bumper harvest.
Musical instruments include Bannu and Twain. Deer whistle and deer whistle are both production tools and early musical instruments. Oroqen people often accompany these instruments when they sing and dance.
Living custom
The material life of the Oroqen people is very distinctive. In addition to meat and clothes, the former residence of the "immortal" is also a product of hunting culture. Tianzhu is like a half-open umbrella. It consists of more than 30 telephone poles. Cover with birch bark in summer and hide in winter. Can be quickly installed and disassembled at any time. The top and left and right sides of the entrance to the cactus are for people to sit and lie down, but there are strict rules. In the center of the "Immortal Column" is a bonfire burning all day, which is used to cook food and keep warm. Birch boxes with icons are hung on the telephone poles behind Tianzhu. Generally speaking, women are not allowed to touch it.
The Oroqen people basically practice monogamy. Implement strict marriage outside the family. Most of them are members of the clan who are intermarried by close relatives. The status of men and women in the family is not too high, only the right of inheritance generally belongs to men. A family has a huge population of two generations. If the population is too large, the eldest son is usually married and a "fairy column" is built near his parents' residence. In the original "pillar of immortality", women were not allowed to have children. They must set up delivery rooms in the distance, and men are not allowed to enter or get close to them. They won't go home until the full moon is over. In the past, people were usually buried in heaven after death. After going down the mountain, the general route of burial.
The unique skill of Oroqen women is to make "Tami" for hunters. This kind of hat is made by carefully tanning its hair, horns, ears, nose and mouth after removing meat and blood. Wearing this hat can lure prey. The Oroqen people plant, walk, eat and wear forests. Food, clothing, housing and transportation all come from the big forest.
Horses have been the main means of transportation since the Oroqen people moved to the south bank of Heilongjiang. 1990, oroqen cavalry dealt a heavy blow to the invading Russian army. In summer, birch boats are used as vehicles in rivers. Now the Oroqen people's living area has been connected by trains and cars, and the traffic is more convenient.
Religious belief
The Oroqen people believe in Shamanism, which has natural attributes and animism. This religion is closely related to the unique primitive concept of this country. Their religious forms are nature worship, totem worship and ancestor worship, and "wizards" are the messengers of God's communication with human beings. Shamanism believes in quite a few gods. The natural gods worshipped by Oroqen people include sun god, moon god, Beidou god, Vulcan god, land god, wind god, rain god, Raytheon god, water god, grass god and mountain god. Besides worshipping nature, the ancestors of Oroqen people also worshipped the totems of Niu Niu Ku and Maraus. The Oroqen people avoid using the names of bears and tigers, but call them Baoligan, Ye Yan and Wutaqi. Ancestor worship of Oroqen nationality is very popular, and it still is.