As a result of scratching the stick
Ruyi, the ancients scraped sticks. My back itches, I can't reach it, and I can be satisfied by scratching it with a stick, so I call it.
So far, it has been found that the earliest wishful production era is no different from today's "lottery". The tooth carving scratching stick unearthed from the ruins of the ancient city of Luguo in Qufu, Shandong Province, has a residual length of about 40 cm. The straight handle is decorated with triangular moire, the head of the stick is a scratching palm decorated with curly moire, and the end of the handle is carved with an animal head.
The name "Ruyi" was first written by Wang Jia in 370 AD. There are two paragraphs about wishful thinking in the book: Sun Quan, the master of Wu, saw the portrait of Mrs. Pan and "liked to caress it with a tiger spirit"; Sun Quan's descendants and, "dancing under the moon is good." "Amber" means "amber", which is a fossil of plant resin, fragile, extremely low hardness and triboelectric; "Water essence" is "crystal", a kind of hexagonal columnar quartz stone with cold nature. Neither of them is a good material for making scraping rods. Moreover, in the late Warring States period, the residual length of scraping sticks was 40 cm, and the natural amber or crystal carvings handed down and unearthed were all over 20 cm, which was really rare.
It can be inferred from this that Wang Jia's "amber" and "watery" are used for Ruyi, which not only shows the luxury of the emperor's life, but also reveals a message that Ruyi has developed to this point, which is more than just an itching tool.
Gao Lian, an Amin scholar, wrote in Eight Chapters of Respect for Life: "If you like, the ancients used iron to defend against accidents and sometimes used it to command yearning." The so-called "command yearning" has two meanings. First, it waves like a bird's tail and feather fan, pointing to four seats. This is a handle to add interest when talking about metaphysics. For example, in the portrait brick of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" unearthed in Danyang, Bo Sleeve took off his coat and picked out more than two feet from the fingertip of his right hand to talk about it. The second side is the Ruo Ling flag, which is used to command troops to advance and retreat. "The Biography of Wang Dun in the Book of Jin" contains: Wang Dun is a full-time foreign minister, who is in charge of Xinjiang soldiers. After drinking, he often recites Wei Wudi Yuefu poems, taking wishful thinking as a festival, and the mouth of the pot is lacking; In Liang Shu, Wei Rui holds an army of white bones.
Gao Lian's theory of "taking iron as defense" is rootless. In Shi Shuo Xin Yu, there is a famous story of Shi Chong and Wang Kai fighting for power and profit: one day, Wang Kai showed off a coral tree given by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and Shi Chong smashed it with an iron wishful stick. Shi Chong, whose name was Jilun, and Liang Wudi were then the secretariat of Jingzhou. Although he was in trouble, he didn't hold the handle all day in case something happened.
Become attached to Buddhism
Qianlong once wrote the poem "Iron Ruyi": "Who is the husband holding hot metal? If you are interested, you will be satisfied. Huai Murui waved his color, and Jilun broke the coral. " "Hold the monarch" is another name for Ruyi. This sentence means that Zhuang Mu, a handsome monk, used a handle to drive away the temptation of sensuality. There is also a saying here that Ruyi originated: Ruyi originated from a daily necessities of Indian monks-claw sticks.
Ruyi, translated in Sanskrit as "Anafa", means "immortal" and "inexhaustible". In general Indian Buddhist scriptures, "Anafa" is called "Claw Staff". In a.d. 40 1 year, Ruyi, like Zhang Xi, the head dart, the umbrella cover and the hook-tongue scraper, was called the daily necessities of monks in the triptych of the Tripartite Sutra. Why did Jehiel, who translated Buddhist scriptures, translate Anafa as he wished? Chen Xiasheng, a famous scholar, said: "When Ye She translated the quartering method, it was quite common for China people to use ruyi. Only when the translator has seen China's wishful thinking can he translate foreign objects with the same shape into wishful thinking. " As more and more people worship the Buddha, the Buddha's wishful thinking, Zhang Xi and umbrella cover are endowed with a supernatural power. Among them, the ideal Buddhism originated from China people.
Manjusri, also known as "Shuman Shili", means "wonderful and auspicious" and specializes in wisdom. In ancient Indian Buddhist scriptures, Manjusri Bodhisattva held a book in his left hand and a sword in his right hand. Manjusri Bodhisattva in Longmen Grottoes in the Northern Wei Dynasty excavated at the same time holds a wishful handle, and its shape is similar to that of a scraping rod in the Warring States Period. They are almost produced at the same time, so naturally there is no inheritance relationship. Chen Xiasheng believes: "China people created Manjusri Bodhisattva with wishful thinking, and its intention is nothing more than giving ruyi a' divine power' that symbolizes wisdom and auspiciousness through Manjusri Bodhisattva."
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, wars were frequent, and emperors, generals and dignitaries grasped their wishes well to seek peace of mind and good fortune. In the "Statues of Emperors in Past Dynasties" painted by Yan in the Tang Dynasty, three emperors, Chen, Chen and Chen, sat on the Kuang bed, all holding the best things.
In the Tang Dynasty, the royal family claimed to be descendants of Laozi, and the wind of worshipping Buddha was weak. As can be seen from the paintings, few members of the royal family are satisfied. Silver-plated gold was once unearthed in the underground palace of Famen Temple in Shaanxi Province. The handle is a curved cirrus cloud, which is narrow and flat with the smallest curvature. There is an elegant and generous temperament in the simple shape, which should be a relic of the Tang Dynasty. The two pieces of Ruyi collected by Masakura Institute in Japan were made in the middle of the Tang Dynasty. Their handles are fan-shaped and slightly curved, and one of them has wavy teeth, which is an itchy claw.
Ruyi, as an instrument to pray for good luck, was widely transplanted at will after the Song Dynasty. All the bodhisattvas such as Pu Xian, Fazang, Guangming and Moonlight, and even arhats and fairies held Ruyi in their hands. Following the legacy of the Six Dynasties, monks in the present world gave lectures as they wished. Written in the third year of Tianxi in the Northern Song Dynasty, the "Overview of the Stone Family" records: "Ruyi,' the monk still insists, and many private letters are written on the handle to prevent forgetting. If the hand version of the vulgar officer'. "
Yi Shi Dexinhuan
In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the way and purpose of literati sticking to their wishes began to be different from that of metaphysics in the Six Dynasties. Ruyi was included in Gao Lian's Eight Chapters of Respect for Life and Tu Long's Houkao. From the paintings of Yuan and Ming dynasties, Ruyi appeared on the case together with books, incense burners and inkstones. In Zhao's urn picture, Ruyi is held by a very good boy.
China culture is a kind of culture in which official career and seclusion complement each other, but the artistic theme is more about expressing the leisure content of comfortable mountains and rivers. Although seclusion is a betrayal of the imperial court, emperors of all ages have shown forgiveness and even praise for it.
"Biography of Southern Qi Gaoyi" contains: the people in the plain are Ming monks and Shao, symbolizing high living, being willing to play with water and stones, and having no intention of official career. Emperor Gao presented a bamboo root as a gift to praise his seclusion.
The wishful shape given by Emperor Gao is probably based on the natural shape of bamboo and wood, and it is slightly carved to achieve the interest of seclusion and inaction. Whether this wishful thinking is the beginning of the wishful thinking of bamboo and wood root carving can not be verified by history. Wen Zhenheng said in "Chronicle of Long History": "Ruyi, the ancients used it to command yearning or prevent accidents, so ironmaking is not straight or beautiful. It is best to get the essence of old iron, but gold and silver are wrong, or hidden or seen. Even natural branches and bamboo whips are useless. "
Wen Zhenheng was a man in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Playing with toys was popular at that time, and all porcelain, rhinoceros carving, bamboo carving and jade making in this dynasty were favored. Wen Zhenheng's unique beauty of "old iron wishful thinking" is obviously in line with the world trend. What is discussed is personal aesthetic taste.
The wind made of natural branches and bamboo roots did not last until the Qing Dynasty. In the early Qing Dynasty, Emperor the emperor shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi advocated simplicity, forbidding ministers and workers to offer things for pleasure. There is no record of satisfactory presentation in the History of the Palace of Zhou Dynasty and Guangdong Tribute Table. Kangxi reigned for 60 years, and the records related to Ruyi can only be found in a poem written by Qianlong, in which he recalled that his grandfather had planted a natural Ruyi and Jixiang grass in the copper cup of Gan Qing Palace West Warm Pavilion.
This wishful thinking is still preserved in the Xinuange of Gan Qing Palace, with the word "friend" engraved on it. Qianlong's poems praised it as the most exquisite piece in the Qing palace collection.
Lian Xia Shang Qing
Yong Zhengdi likes to be an isolated minister. During the reign of 13, he gave many awards to Nian Gengyao enamel porcelain, Shanxi Governor Jue Luo Shilin, Shaanxi Governor Xilin, Hedong Governor Tian Wenjing, Jiangnan Governor Fan Shiyi, Ningyuan General Yue Zhongqi and others. After the practice of Qianlong, the wind of extravagance is getting stronger and stronger. The Forbidden City, Sanxi Hall and chengde mountain resort Palace are all decorated with a jade handle on the right side of the throne.
Having worked as a dragon for sixty years, I'm going to be the emperor's father's dragon, give Yuqing Palace to Jiaqing, and enjoy a jade handle for decoration. In the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong (1793), the British ambassador Maner went to the summer resort to see Qianlong, and Qianlong gave jade articles to the king, ambassador, deputy envoy and attache. In the book The Apostles of Gan Longying, Magana wrote: "Only this is desirable. It is carved from a one-and-a-half-foot-long white stone, which is slightly like agate. Although China people think it is extremely valuable, I think it may not be valuable in terms of its original price. "
Magana is an ignorant man, neither knowing jade nor knowing that jade carving is a national gift. Qianlong was also a luxurious emperor. During his reign, he presented many gifts to kings, princes and envoys of Korea, Ryukyu, Siam and Annan. By the mid-Qianlong period, the wind of rewarding wishful thinking had reached the point of excessive reward. In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong, the Ministry of War awarded a piece of jade to sixty-nine people who compiled the Siku Quanshu.
Since the early years of Yongzheng, governors from all over the country have paid tribute to local things and attached blessings at the beginning of the New Year. During the Qianlong period, the number of tributes paid by provincial governors, headed by Ruyi, increased sharply. "History of the State Government" contains: In the 16th year of Qianlong, the Queen Mother celebrated her 60th birthday, and I gave her 10 handle; In the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong, the empress dowager was 70 years old, and the number of courtiers' gifts increased to 57.
Ganlong thought that wishful thinking meant good luck, and he accepted all the wishful thinking presented by his deputies. Once, when I was searching in a minister's house, I found a price list that said, "A jade handle is worth 4,200 silver." When Qianlong heard this, he was frightened to disgrace, so he decreed that ministers should not pay tribute and not be satisfied with jade. Before abdicating, the imperial edict said, "Chen Bing will be the emperor's supper next year. Since the year of Chen Bing, ministers at home and abroad have paid tribute to each festival, so there is no need to prepare anything. However, on New Year's Day and the birthday celebrations of the emperor himself and his heirs, it is necessary for Wang to prepare for this good luck and express his sincere condolences. If it is over, everyone will not go too far. "
Qianlong imperial edict institutionalized the filial piety of courtiers. Princes, ministers and governors everywhere spared no expense to customize and buy their New Year gifts and birthday gifts for emperors and queens. After Jiaqing was in power, he still maintained the old system of "cognac", and regarded Ruyi as a medium to "communicate feelings between the monarch and the minister", regardless of rank.
A system of upward mobility, downward mobility and rapid socialization. Every New Year's Day and festive day, the officialdom imitates the imperial court and offers the best wishes from top to bottom, "Be auspicious". As the wind of giving gradually rises, accepting wishful thinking is alienated into a way of accumulating wealth. After taking bribes, Fujian Governor found that Governor Ulana had 1 12 handles inlaid with jade, 2 handles inlaid with realgar, 1 handle inlaid with sandalwood and 9 handles inlaid with stones. Governor Pulin's original home has three sets of Ruyi 157 handles and Jin Ruyi 3 handles; The envoy collected saltpeter ruyi 14 handle and 2 handles; The provincial judges kept 9 handles of Jin Ruyi, 2 handles of Jade Ruyi, handles with watch 1, handles of Ruyi 12 1 3, and 7 handles of stone carving paint Ruyi.
Compared with Wang Shen, the four officials of Fujian Duya are dwarfed. When the property of military affairs minister and Wang Shen was confiscated, the handle of Yu Ruyi 120 and the handle of Yu Ruyi 160 1 were confiscated.
After Daoguang ascended the throne, he ordered many times to limit the qualifications of those who submitted their wishes to the court, and the number of those who submitted their wishes decreased slightly. As soon as he entered Tongzhi Dynasty, Ruyi was promoted to be the official instrument of the emperor's wedding.
Extremely skilled
The institutionalization and etiquette of Ruyi greatly stimulated Ruyi's production and technology. In 2002, Hanhai was photographed in autumn, and there were 7 pieces of wishful thinking in Qing Dynasty. From these styles and crafts of Ruyi in Qing Dynasty, we can see the exquisite production of Ruyi.
Like an ivory dragon pattern in the middle of Qing dynasty, it is 32.5 cm long and has a cloud-like handle, carved with two dragon beads and moire patterns. The radian of the handle is "S"-shaped, with flowers embossed up and down, slightly wider in the middle, and four bats carved in moire. The end of the handle is oval, with two bats carved in a moire pattern, which echoes the middle of the handle.
This wishful system is similar to the wishful style carved by Manjusri Bodhisattva from Bugu in Wutai Mountain in the Tang Dynasty, and it became popular after the Northern Song Dynasty and became a standard type. There are two kinds of traditional law enforcement: one is to hold the middle of the handle with the right hand, the bottom of the handle with the left hand, the upper right and the lower left, and hold the chest obliquely; Secondly, the middle part of the handle is supported by the right hand to prevent slipping, and the radian of the handle is designed as an "S" shape. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the width of the hilt was wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the middle part of the handle, that is, the right hand grip, was slightly wider.
There are generally two kinds of ivory carving techniques, one is standard, the other is to take the shape of natural bamboo and wood. For example, the ivory carving of Ganoderma lucidum in Qing Dynasty was carved according to nature. This wishful stalk first takes the basic form of Ganoderma lucidum, represented by cirrus clouds. The dead branches of the handle are intertwined, and Ganoderma lucidum is carved on the branches. There is a line of seal script engraved on the handle end, and the handwriting is blunt and clumsy. The beauty of this device lies in the moire modeling of Ganoderma lucidum, which makes it have a kind of artistic conception like cloud Feiyun and Ganoderma lucidum instead of Ganoderma lucidum.
Of the above two wishes, the former is a matter of courtesy and respect, and the latter is the learning of scholars.
Taking natural wood roots and branches, without knives, or with a little carving, was popular in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the functional evolution of Ruyi, the root carving Ruyi always has the dual functions of scraping the stick and holding the handle, which is favored by scholars. Such as Qing boxwood, take the natural form of boxwood root and carve it a little. Two branches coexist, one big and one small gall naturally form the stem head and handle, and naturally bend to form an "S" shape bend, which gives people a morbid look. This aesthetic was popular from the middle of Ming Dynasty to the beginning of Qing Dynasty. Scholars in opposition at that time lived in the countryside, like wormwood in a deserted grave. In order to express their grief and rebellion, they put forward the aesthetic view that "Ning Zhuo is not smart, rather ugly than charming". From this point of view, this wishful thinking is not so much an auspicious thing as a portrayal of the impoverished literati.
Other boxwood carvings are satisfactory. Compared with the above, it is more exquisite and slightly out of style. It was carved into a handle with bile and a handle wrapped around branches and vines. Among the twisted branches and vines, the circular carving symbolizes the wisdom and intellectuality of Ganoderma lucidum. This device is quite ingenious and ingenious. But it's not a literati taste, it should belong to a scholar-bureaucrat.
Cloisonne three-inlaid Ruyi is the most popular Ruyi style in Qing Dynasty, that is, the handle head, handle and handle tail are inlaid with jade. The head, handle and tail of this device are inlaid with gold and white jade, and the handle is cloisonne. Cloisonne is exquisite in firing technology, exquisite in craft, regular and standardized in shape, and the ornamentation has obvious typological characteristics of court pattern design. Based on the case, it has an inviolable elegance and majesty. The general three-inlaid jade is mostly blue or gray, and the jade is dry and rough. The ruyi jade-inlaid handle introduced in this article is polished in white. In a year of jade shortage, such a beautiful jade worker can be invited, which is beyond the reach of the general giants; Second, after Daoguang acceded to the throne, he ordered the Prince, the county king, Baylor, the first and second ministers of Gan Qing Palace, and the first-class guards to submit their last wishes, but officials below the third class were not allowed to submit them unless they celebrated their longevity. In view of the strict restrictions on the gift of Ruyi, the princes turned to looking for new things to invite pets, and Ruyi made exquisite, elegant and antique products, which almost disappeared from the people.
As mentioned above, the double peaches inlaid with precious stones in enamel were imperial objects made by the Qing Palace Interior Office during the Qianlong period.
Ruyi materials have been widely used. According to historical records before the Tang Dynasty, there are white jade, crystal, amber, bone, rhinoceros, lacquer, wood, bamboo, teeth, iron and so on. During the Qianlong period, the desirable materials became more and more expensive, and gold, silver, jade, jadeite, precious stones, pearls, enamel, porcelain, gold plating, gold and silver, agarwood, agate and coral appeared.
This piece of Ruyi is a hard peach branch made of gold, with two peaches, a jade carving and a tourmaline carving on it. If peach leaves cling to branches in strong wind, they will be burned into enamel. This process is a combination of casting gold, enamel and inlay. Jade is bright and beautiful, peach leaves are green as autumn water, and branches are golden red. This device is made of excellent materials, extremely skillful, and extremely luxurious. It belongs to the disgusting works produced by the Qing palace. The white jade peach is engraved with the words "Qianlong Imperial Play" and filled with golden official script. Its peach-shaped shape should be a ritual vessel for Qianlong Wanshou Daqing.
There are many kinds of braided waist ornaments made by Qianlong Palace, such as flower crab, longevity character, double happiness, ten thousand characters and so on. Very expressive of praying for good luck. Ruyi, made in HongLing, has long spikes and a long knot at the waist, which means good luck and everlasting happiness.
Ruyi, a refreshing auspicious word, was used by the ancients to draw a stick with a handle. For thousands of years, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have been regarded as "friends" and emperors have regarded them as "supporting the monarch". In our life, good luck has become an eternal prayer, and good luck is the wish and expectation of every day, every hour and everything. No wonder people nowadays have some preference for it, and they don't hesitate to hide in a love house.