1, a: musical works can be divided into vocal music, instrumental music, theater music (including opera music, dance music, theater soundtracks, etc.) three categories. Among them, the musical part of the theater music is also contained in the vocal and instrumental music, usually also merged into the vocal and instrumental music, respectively. 2. Two: the distinction between composed music and folk music. 3. III: The distinction between classical and modern music. 4, four: vocal music from the singing method can be divided into: American singing, popular singing, ethnic singing, original singing. Specifically see the entry: music style (including genre)
Modern popular music
Popular music (Popular music) is a kind of music with a wide range of audience is very attractive music", "compared to art music and traditional music. Popular music is an all-ages **** enjoy music to "elegant and popular **** appreciation" commonly known, so it is also known as popular music. (1) Pop music pop music Label: Europe and the United States (2) Blues Blues (blues) Label: United States Black music Melodic ⊙ Rhythm &B R&B/Rhythm & Blues (Rhythm & Blues, Rhythm & Blues) The end of the 20th century, from the blues in the independence of the blues, to become a kind of independent music styles. It is a fusion of jazz, black gospel and blues music, and also rap. Soul is a fusion of blues, rock, and black gospel that is closer to, or even encompasses, R&B. Urban is a smooth, flamboyant style of music. urban A smooth, glamorous style of R&B. Funk is a fusion of blues, rock, and black gospel. Funk is a blend of blues and jazz, and is also a type of hip-pop music. (3) Rock & Roll/Rock music Label: American percussive, spiritual, "anti-music" Main genres: light rock, punk rock, death rock, grindcore rock, gothic rock, metal rock, avant-garde rock. Heavy Metal Rock Heavy Metal is a very representative branch of modern rock music. (4) Hip-Hop Hip-Hop---- Rap Rap Tags: American Black music Rhythmic Street culture In fact both Rap and DJ belong to HIP-HOP culture. Contemporary Rap also mixes in some R&B. ⊙ Rap ⊙ DJ Dance Music Originally Disc jockey - originally a profession (i.e., a disc jockey), it has become an indie style of music. Related ⊙ Reggae Reggae - labeled: Jamaica Black music (5) Jazz Jazz labeled: United States Black music (6) Electronicmusic/TECHML Related ⊙ DJ (7) Latin music Latin music labeled: Latin America Spain Africa Ibero-Spanish music, a mix of Indian music and black music (8) (8) Country music Country music Tags: United States A blend of traditional folk music, Celtic music, gospel music and old-time music. (9) Modern folk music Folk (10) LightT Music A form of popular pure music between classical and popular music. Related ⊙ New Age Music 新世纪音乐New Age Music
Western Classical Music
(1) Classical Music Classical Music Label: Austrian Viennese School (2) Romantic Music Romantic Music The continuation and updating of classicism. (3) Baroque Music Baroque Music (4) Gregorian Chant Gregorian Chant Tags: Christian Music
Ethnic Music
Chinese Music
Official written records of the history of Chinese music began during the Zhou Dynasty. Chinese music has mastered the seven-tone scale from a very early stage, but has always preferred the more harmonic pentatonic scale, focusing on developing music in pentatonic tones while centering on the pursuit of melodic and rhythmic variations, and downplaying the role of harmony. The direction of development of Chinese music is different from that of Western music, which has gradually developed from the pentatonic scale of ancient Greece to the heptatonic scale, and up to the twelve equal temperament; from monophony to the use of harmony. Therefore, if Western music is like a thick wall, the outline is like a melody, the masonry is like a wall, even if the outline is straight, as long as there is harmony, it is still a wall, just like some of Handel's works. Chinese music, on the other hand, is different, like a Chinese painting drawn with lines, if there is no outline (melody), it is not music, but harmony is optional. That is why Westerners listen to Chinese music "like lines floating in the air", while Chinese people who have never been exposed to Western music find it like "mixed noise".
<1> Prehistoric music The period of Chinese music's obscurity predates the Chinese ancestor Xuan Yuan Huangdi by more than two thousand years. According to the Neolithic era of 6,700 to 7,000 years ago, the ancestors may have been able to burn pottery ocarinas and dig bone whistles. These primitive musical instruments undoubtedly tell us that human beings at that time already had the ability to aesthetize the sound of music. According to ancient documents, ancient music culture was characterized by the combination of song, dance and music. The so-called "three people manipulate the tail of an ox, throwing enough to sing eight songs" music and dance of the Gertian Clan is the best illustration. At that time, the content of people's songs, such as "respect for the sky", "to fight for the five grains", "the total beasts and animals," reflecting the ancestors of agriculture, animal husbandry, and the understanding of the natural laws of heaven and earth. These songs, dances, music as one of the primitive music and dance also want to link with the primitive clan totem worship. For example, the Yellow Emperor's clan used clouds as a totem, and his music and dance was called "Cloud Gate". The primitive song form can be found in the "Song of the Waiting Man" written by the daughter of the Tushan clan as recorded in the "Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu Shi". The lyrics of this song consisted only of the phrase "Waiting for people", and only the word "waiting for people" had any real meaning. This is the germ of music, a kind of language that is conceived but not yet transformed. The bone flute at the Jiahu site in Maoyang County, Henan Province, which dates back to about 8,000 years BC, is the oldest wind instrument in the world. One of the seven-hole bone flutes is so well preserved that experts have conducted experiments and found that the flute can still be used to play music, producing a seven-tone scale. In ancient China, however, only a pentatonic scale was used.
<2> Ancient music In ancient China, "poetry" was indistinguishable from literature and music. The earliest surviving collection of Chinese poetry, the Book of Songs, was composed of poems that were sung orally by the people. This tradition has continued, for example, the official poetry collection of the Han Dynasty was called Han Lefu, and Tang poems and Song lyrics could be sung at that time. Even today, there are popular musicians who compose and sing ancient poems, such as Su Shi's "Song of Water" about the Mid-Autumn Festival and Li Bai's "Silent Night Thoughts". In ancient China, musicians were treated with contempt, unlike painters, who belonged to the literati class and could even be "examined by their paintings" during the Song Dynasty (in fact, it was also because of Emperor Huizong's personal love of painting), because of the close connection between Chinese painting and calligraphy. The status of musicians is lower, only for the entertainment of the nobility "actor". Li Guinian, the famous singer of the Tang Dynasty, also had little political status, and is now known because he is often praised in Tang poetry. In ancient China, the "scholarly class" believed that a cultivated person should be proficient in "qin, chess, calligraphy and painting", and the so-called "qin" was the ancient zither, which has been handed down to the present day. However, the guqin was only enjoyed by the scholarly class and could not be performed to the public. The guqin was the only instrument with a high status, and its volume was low. To summarize: the development of music theory in ancient China was slow, and it did not have a high status in the "official history", which did not leave more written information. But music, like literature, was a compulsory subject for the ancient intellectual class, and undoubtedly played an important role in the daily life of ancient Chinese; folk music was full of colorful melodies.
<3> Summer and Shang period music Summer and Shang dynasties is the period of slavery society. From the classical literature, the music and dance at this time has gradually detached from the original clan music and dance for the clan **** have the characteristics, they are more for the possession of the slave owners. In terms of content, they gradually left the primitive totem worship and turned into the ode to the people who conquered nature. For example, when Xia Yu ruled over the water and benefited the people, the music and dance "Daxia" appeared to glorify him. When Xia Jie was a ruthless ruler, the Shang Tang attacked him, and the dance "Dazhou Ge" was sung in praise of the Shang Tang's attack on Jie. During the Shang Dynasty, witchcraft was prevalent, so there were wizards (witches) and wizards (male wizards) specializing in rituals. They were kept by the slave masters and danced and sang during the rituals, and were the first people to make music their profession. Slave owners used music and dance to worship the emperor and ancestors, and at the same time used music and dance to indulge in their own enjoyment. After their death, they had to be martyred with musicians, and this cruel martyrdom system exposed the cruel rule of the slave masters on the one hand, and objectively reflected the progress of the productivity compared with the primitive era, thus making the music culture equipped with the conditions for rapid development. According to historical records, in the Xia Dynasty has been used in the crocodile skin made of alligator drum. In the Shang Dynasty, there were already found wooden python drums and bronze drums with double birds and taotie motifs, as well as well-made stone pans derived from stone birch plows. As a result of the Bronze Age, bells and cymbals, mostly in groups of three, also appeared in the Shang Dynasty. The emergence of various types of percussion instruments reflects the history of musical instruments in the development of percussion instruments in front of the characteristics. Beginning more than five thousand years B.C., the body sound instrument pottery ocarina from the time of the single-tone hole, two-tone hole development to the five-tone hole, it has been able to send out twelve semitones of the sound column. According to the ceramic ocarina pronunciation deduction, Chinese national music thinking based on the five-tone scale appeared in the late Neolithic period, while the seven-tone at least in the Shang, Yin time has appeared.
<4> Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou period music Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou is the slavery society from prosperity to decline, the feudal society factors growing historical period. Western Zhou period court first established a complete ritual music system. In the feast entertainment in different status of the officials provided for different status, dance team establishment. Summarizing the canonical music and dance of epic nature of the previous generations, we can see the so-called "six generations of music and dance", i.e., the "Cloud Gate" of the Yellow Emperor, the "Salt Pond" of Yao, the "Shao" of Shun, the "Daxia" of Yu, the "Dajing" of Shang, and the "Dawu" of the Zhou. During the Zhou Dynasty, there was also a system of collecting folk songs to observe customs and public sentiment. As a result, a large number of folk songs were preserved, and after being censored by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period, the first collection of Chinese poetry, the Shijing (Classic of Poetry), was formed. It contains more than 500 years of poetry from the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, including 1***350 poems. The best part of the Book of Songs is the "Winds". They are the folk songs of fifteen countries, centered in Henan Province and including several nearby provinces. In addition, there are the "Daya" and "Xiao Ya" composed by the literati, and the "Ode", an epic ritual song. According to the analysis of the texts that have been handed down, the songs in the Shijing can be summarized into ten types of song structures. The climax at the end of the song has been specifically named "Chaos". Before and after the completion of the Book of Songs, the famous patriotic poet Qu Yuan compiled the "Nine Songs" based on the ritual songs of the Chu region, which is characterized by a strong Chu culture. Up to this point, two different musical styles of the works of the north and south of the interplay of interest. During the Zhou Dynasty, folk music involved more than ten aspects of social life and was very active. The story of Bo Ya playing the zither and Zhong Ziqi knowing his soulmate began at this time. This reflects the improvement of playing techniques, composing techniques and people's appreciation level. In the performance of the guqin, the qin player also summarized the psychological feeling of "getting it from the heart so as to be able to respond to the instrument". The famous singing musician Qin Qing's singing was recorded to be able to "vibrate the sound of the forest and the trees, and to ring out the flying clouds". There is even a folk singer, Han E, after the song, "the sound of the afterglow, three days". These are the high achievements in vocal music technology. Zhou dynasty music culture highly developed achievements can also be 1978, Hubei Suixian unearthed in the warring states Zeng Hou Yi tomb in the ancient musical instruments as an important symbol. This can be comparable to the Egyptian pyramids of the underground music treasure trove provides a model of the court ritual music system at that time, where eight kinds of 124 pieces of musical instruments unearthed in accordance with the Zhou dynasty "eight tone" instrument classification (gold, stone, silk, bamboo, Lagenaria, soil, leather, wood) almost all kinds of musical instruments have all kinds of musical instruments. One of the most important sixty-four pieces of chime instruments, divided into the upper, middle and lower three layers, with a total weight of more than 5,000 kilograms, the total range of up to five octaves. Because of this set of bells with the Shang Zhou chimes a bell hair two tone characteristics, its part of the tone area of twelve semitones complete, can rotate the Palace of the tune, thus confirming the pre-Qin literature on the rotation of the Palace of the records of the reliable. Zenghouyi tomb bells, rock musical instruments on the inscription, the content of the vassal states between the music theory, reflecting the high degree of achievement of the Zhou dynasty music theory. In the Zhou Dynasty, the theory of twelve rhythms has been established. The five tones of the scale name (Gong, Shang, Horn, Zheng [zhi three sound], feather) has also been established. At this time, it was already known that the five- or seven-tone scale was dominated by the Gong tone, and a change in the position of the Gong tone was called a rotary Gong, so that the effect of transposition could be achieved. An outstanding achievement in legal science is the "three-point loss and gain method" recorded in "Guanzi - Di Duan Chuan". It is to take the string length of the Gong tone as the basis and add one-third (gain one) to get the pure fourth degree of the Zheng tone below the Gong tone; the string length of the Zheng tone is subtracted by one-third (loss one) to get the pure fifth degree of the Shang tone above the Zheng tone; and then continue to calculate the string lengths of the tones of the pentatonic scale. According to this method, the string lengths of the twelve half-tones (dodecatonic) in the whole octave constitute the "three-part loss and gain system". This system is due to the natural intervals of five degrees from each other, each born into the sound of the twelve equal temperament of the five degrees higher than the average, so that the twelve times not get the beginning of the high octave of the law, resulting in the so-called "yellow bells can not be restored", to the palace of the rotary transfer inconvenience. But this fully embodies the monophonic music melodic beauty of the law system has continued to this day.
<5> Qin and Han period music Qin and Han began to appear "music". It inherited the Zhou Dynasty on the wind system, collect, organize and change the folk music, end of the performance of a large number of musicians in the feasts, suburban rituals, and on occasions such as playing. These lyrics, used for singing, were called music poems. Lefu, and later was extended to refer to a variety of lyrics into the music or not into the music, and even some of the opera and qiyue are also called Lefu. The main form of song in the Han Dynasty was the song of harmony. It is from the initial "one person singing, three people and" singing, gradually developed into a silk, bamboo instruments accompanied by "phase and big song", and with "colorful - tend - chaotic" structure, it is on the Sui and Tang dynasty song and dance by an important influence. Drum and Blow Music emerged in the northwestern border of Han Dynasty. It was composed of a variety of wind and percussion instruments of different compilations, such as horizontal blowing, riding blowing, yellow door drumming and so on. They were played on horses or on the march, and were used for military ceremonies, court banquets and folk entertainment. Today's surviving folk music, when the Han Dynasty drums and blowing the legacy. In the Han Dynasty, there are also "hundred plays", which is a combination of songs and dances, acrobatics, and jousting (sumo wrestling) to perform the program. The achievement of the Han Dynasty's jurisprudence is that Jingfang divided the octave into sixty laws by the method of three points of gain and loss. Although this theory is meaningless in music practice, it reflects the subtlety of the thinking of the rhythm. Theoretically, the effect of the fifty-three equal temperament was achieved.
<6> Three Kingdoms, the two Jin dynasties, the North and South Dynasties period of music by the phase and the song developed by the Qing Shang music in the north to get the Cao Wei regime's attention, set up the Qing Shang Department. The war at the turn of the two Jin Dynasty, so that the Qing Shang music into the south, and the south of the Wu song, western song fusion. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, the fusion of the north and south of the Qing Shang music returned to the north, thus becoming an important type of music that spread throughout the country. Since the Han Dynasty, with the opening of the Silk Road, the songs of the western countries began to be introduced to the mainland. During the Northern Liang Dynasty, Luguang brought the music of Guzi (now Kuche in Xinjiang), which played an important role in the music of the Sui and Tang dynasties, to the mainland. This shows that musical exchanges among the various ethnic groups were already very popular at that time. At this time, the representative instrument of traditional music culture, the guqin, tended to mature, which is mainly manifested in the following: in the Han Dynasty, there was already a guqin monograph titled "Qin Maneuvers", which explains the title of the qin song. Jikang, the famous zither player in the Three Kingdoms, wrote the book "Zither Manipulation" in which there is a record of "emblems with the jade of Zhongshan". This shows that people at that time already knew the generation of overtones on the guqin. At that time, a large number of literati qin artists appeared one after another, such as Jikang, Ruanji, etc., and a number of famous compositions such as "Guangling San" ("Nie Zheng assassinated the King of Qin"), "Interlude Exercise", "Wine Madness", and so on, were released. The end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties also prevailed a storyline, characters and make-up performances, singing and dancing, while accompanied by singing and orchestral accompaniment of song and dance theater. This was already a small, embryonic form of opera. Important achievements in legal studies during this period include Xunmao's discovery of the "corrections of the mouth of the pipe" for wind instruments in the Jin Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, He Chengtian created a new law that was very close to the twelve equalized laws by adding equal differences to the three-part loss and gain method. His efforts initially solved the problem that the yellow bell of the three-point loss and gain law could not be restored.
<7> Sui, Tang period music Sui and Tang dynasties, the unification of power, especially in the Tang Dynasty, political stability, economic prosperity, the rulers pursued an open policy, the courage to absorb the culture of the city, coupled with the Wei and Jin dynasties since the fusion of music and culture of the various ethnic groups has been nurtured to play a foundation, finally sprouted a song and dance music as the main symbol of the music of the art of the overall development of the peak. In the Tang Dynasty, the music of the court feast was called "Yan music". The seven-step music and nine-part music of the Sui and Tang dynasties belonged to Yan music. They are the folk music of various ethnic groups and some foreign countries, mainly Qing Shang music (Han), Xiliang (now Gansu) music, Gaochang (now Turpan) music, Guzi (now Kuqi) music, Kang Guo (now Russia Samarkand) music, An Guo (now Russia Bukhara) music, Tianzhu (now India) music, Goryeo (now North Korea) music and so on. Among them, Guzi music and Xiliang music were more important. Yan music is also divided into sitting part of the kabuki and standing part of the kabuki performance, according to Bai Juyi's "standing part of the kabuki" poem, sitting part of the kabuki player level is higher than the standing part of the kabuki. The popular Tang Dynasty Song and Dance Dagong is a unique and unique piece of Yan music. It inherited the tradition of the Sangho Daigaku, blended the essence of the music of various ethnic groups in the Nine-Part Music, and formed the structural form of the loose sequence - the middle sequence or the beat sequence - the break or the dance all over the place. See in the "Church Records" recorded in the Tang dynasty song name **** there are 46, of which the "Nishang Yuyi Dance" for the famous emperor musician Emperor Tang Xuanzong made, but also elegant style of the French song, for the world to praise. The famous poet Bai Juyi wrote a vivid poem depicting the performance of this great song, "The Dance of the Neishang Yuyi". The prosperity of music culture in the Tang Dynasty also manifested itself in a series of music education institutions, such as the Education Workshop, the Pear Garden, the Dale Department, the Drum and Blow Department, and the Pear Garden Specialized in Teaching Young Children. These institutions with strict performance appraisal, creating a number of talented musicians. Tang poetry, one of the best in literary history, could be sung in music at that time. At that time, kabuki used to enjoy singing the poems of famous artists; poets also measured their writing level by how widely their poems were circulated after being sung to music. The pipa was one of the main instruments in the Tang orchestra. It was already comparable to today's pipa in shape. Nowadays, the pipa in Fujian Nanqu and Japan still retains some features of the Tang pipa in its form and playing method. Influenced by the music theory of Guzi, the Tang Dynasty saw the emergence of the music theory of eighty-four tones and twenty-eight tones of Yan music. In the Tang Dynasty, Cao Rou also created the guqin notation method of subtractive notation, which has been used until recent times.
<8> Song, Jin, Yuan period of music Song, Jin, Yuan period of music and culture development to the public music boom as an important symbol, compared with the Sui and Tang music to get more in-depth development. With the prosperity of the urban commodity economy, to adapt to the cultural life of the public class of the amusement park "tile house", "hook bar" came into being. In the "tile house", "hook bar" in people can hear the call, puri singing, small singing, singing and other art songs singing; can also see the rap class music categories cliff words, Taojin, drums words, the Gong tune, as well as miscellaneous dramas, the yard of this performance; can be described as competition, a hundred flowers blossomed. Among them, the two types of song structures, namely, Tangling Order and Tangling Da, had a certain influence on the song structures of later operas and instrumental music. And the drum lyrics influenced the later rap music drum lyrics. Zhugong tunes are large-scale rap tunes that matured during this period. Among them, singing accounted for a heavy weight. Inheriting the legacy of the development of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Song Dynasty has seen an unprecedented development in the music of lyrics and tunes. This literary genre of singing in short and long phrases can be divided into the form of words, such as introduction, slow, near, beat, order, etc. The technique of filling in the words had already been developed. In the technique of filling in the words, there were already "spreading out", "reducing the words", "stealing the sound" and so on. Jiang Kui (姜夔) of the Southern Song Dynasty was a famous lyricist and musician who could compose lyrics as well as compose songs according to his lyrics. He had seventeen of his own compositions and one zither song "Ancient Grievances" with a reduced character score. These compositions express the author's concern for the people of his motherland and depict a tranquil and melancholic mood, such as Yangzhou Slowly, Plum Order of Lixi, and Shadow of Apricot Blossom Sky, and so on. The guqin music of the Song Dynasty was preceded by Guo Chuwang's masterpiece Xiaoxiang Shuiyun, which is the first of its kind in the guqin genre. The work expresses the author's love for the mountains and rivers of his motherland. In the development of bowed string instruments, the Song Dynasty saw the emergence of the "Horsetail Huqin". In the Yuan Dynasty, the emergence of the three-stringed folk instrument is worth noting. In the theory of music, there was a record of the Yan music scale in the Song Dynasty. At the same time, the early form of the Gongshi musical notation appeared in Zhang Yan's Etymology and Shen Kuo's Mengxi Bianan. A type of Gongshi Sheet Music that has become common in modern times is directly derived from this time. The Song Dynasty was also a time when Chinese opera tended to mature. It is marked by the emergence of the Southern Song opera. South opera, also known as Wenzhou miscellaneous opera, Yongjia miscellaneous opera, its music is rich and natural. At the beginning, some folk tunes could be sung without the limitation of the palace tunes. Later on, when it developed into the music of opera, it also organized a number of phrases of different songs to form a new song of the "set of songs" form. In the form of singing, there are solo, duet, chorus and so on. There are three kinds of Nanju Opera texts passed down to the world, such as "Zhang Xie Scholar" in "Yongle Daqu". Opera art in the Yuan Dynasty appeared in the peak represented by Yuan miscellaneous operas. Yuan miscellaneous operas flourished initially in the north, and gradually developed to the south, intermingling with southern operas. The representative writers of Yuan miscellaneous operas were Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu, as well as Wang Shifu and Qiao Jifu, known as the Six Greats. Typical works such as Guan Hanqing's Dou'e Grievance, Single Dagger Club, and Wang Shifu's The Story of the Western Wing. Yuan miscellaneous operas have a strict structure, i.e., each work consists of four folds (acts) and one wedge (prologue or scene). A fold is limited to the same Gong tone, a rhyme to the end, often sung by a character (end or Dan), these rules, and sometimes there are breakthroughs, such as Wang Shifu's "The Western Chamber" up to five twenty fold. The influence of Yuan miscellaneous operas on southern operas resulted in the further maturation of southern operas (called legends during the Yuan and Ming dynasties). There appeared a series of typical plays, such as "Baying Moon Court", "Pipa Tale" and so on. These plays have been passed down through the generations and are still being performed today. At that time, the styles of northern and southern operas had been initially established, with the northern opera based on the seven-tone scale and the southern opera based on the five-tone scale. With the development of opera art in the Yuan Dynasty, the earliest monograph summarizing the theory of opera singing appeared, i.e. Yan Nan Zhian's Singing Theory, and Zhou Deqing's Zhongyuan Yinyun was the earliest rhyme book of the Northern Qu, in which he classified the northern language into nineteen rhyming parts and divided the characters into yinping, yangping, supersonic, and descending tones. This had a great influence on the study of phonetics and the development of opera and rap music.
<9> Music of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
<10> Modern Music
10-1, Revolutionary Music
10-2, Popular Music
10-3, Rock Music
Western Music History refers to the development of Western music, which can be classified into: music of the Ancient Greek-Roman period, music of the Medieval period, music of the Medieval period, and music of the Western world. period, the medieval period, the Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, Modern and New Century, and so on.
Chinese folk music
Chinese folk music in a narrow sense refers to Han Chinese music, or "folk music" for short. China's ethnic minority music, however, has a wider variety of styles and styles, such as Tibetan music, Mongolian music, Zhuang music, and so forth. The music of the Han Chinese people, Tibetan music