One of the world's famous cities: Hong Kong (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China*** and the State of China).
I. Introduction to Hong Kong.
Hong Kong, referred to as "Hong Kong", the full name of the People's Republic of China *** and the State of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Located in South China, east of the mouth of the Pearl River, the South China Sea coast, north of Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, west of the Pearl River, and the Macao Special Administrative Region, Zhuhai City, and the city of Zhongshan across the mouth of the Pearl River.
Hong Kong is a highly prosperous international metropolis, the whole territory consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories and other three major areas, jurisdiction over a total land area of 1104.32 square kilometers, the population density of the world's third.
Hong Kong has been a territory of China since ancient times, and was a British colony from 1842 to 1997.
After the Second World War, Hong Kong's economy and society developed rapidly, and it was not only regarded as one of the "Four Little Dragons of Asia", but also became one of the most affluent, economically developed and with one of the highest living standards in the world.
On July 1, 1997, the People's Republic of China formally resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) was established. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region was established. The Central Authorities have full powers of governance over Hong Kong, which maintains its previous capitalist system and way of life and enjoys a high degree of autonomy in all matters other than foreign affairs and national defense. "One country, two systems", "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy are the basic state policies of the Chinese government.
Hong Kong is the world's third largest financial center, an important international financial, trade and shipping center, known as the "Nuremberg" together with New York and London, and one of the world's freest economies and most competitive cities, enjoying a high reputation in the world, and is rated as the world's first-tier city by GaWC.
Hong Kong is a place where Chinese and Western cultures meet, where Chinese wisdom and the advantages of Western social systems are combined into one, and where a clean government, good law and order, a free economic system and a sound legal system are known around the world, and where there is the "Pearl of the Orient", the "Gourmet Paradise" and the "Shopping Paradise". It is also known as the "Pearl of the Orient", "Gourmet Paradise" and "Shopper's Paradise".
II. The history of Hong Kong.
Human activities were already found in Hong Kong during the Neolithic Age.
After the unification of China by Emperor Qin Shi Huang, in 214 BC (33rd year of Emperor Qin Shi Huang), the Qin Dynasty of China sent troops to pacify the Baiyue and set up the Nanhai County, which included the area around Hong Kong in its territory under the jurisdiction of Panyu County. From then on, Hong Kong came under the jurisdiction of the central government, and clearly became the territory of the then Central Plains Dynasty (the Central Plains in the narrow sense refers to the area around present-day Henan Province. In the broader sense, it refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. From this time until the Qing Dynasty, Hong Kong was able to develop gradually as the civilization of the Central Plains spread southward.
Hong Kong belonged to Boluo County, Nanhai County, during the Han Dynasty.
In the sixth year of Xianhe (331 AD) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Hong Kong came under Bao'an County, Dongguan County. In the sixth year of Xianhe, Emperor Cheng of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eastern part of Nanhai County was set aside and another Dongguan County was established, with six counties under the jurisdiction of Bao'an, Xingning and Haifeng. The jurisdiction of Bao'an County included today's Hong Kong area and the cities of Shenzhen and Dongguan, and the county seat was today's Nantou City in Shenzhen.
The Sui Dynasty abolished Dongguan County and incorporated its jurisdiction into Nanhai County of Guangzhou Prefecture, and Bao'an County was changed to Nanhai County, while Hong Kong was still under the administration of Bao'an County.
The Tang Dynasty, in the second year of Jide (757 AD), changed Baoan County to Dongguan County, and Hong Kong was still under the administration of Dongguan County.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, a large number of people from the mainland moved to Hong Kong, contributing to the great economic and cultural development of Hong Kong. During the Yuan Dynasty in China, Hong Kong was part of the Jiangxi Province. During the Yuan Dynasty, an inspectorate was set up at Tuen Mun in the southwest of Hong Kong, and another inspectorate was set up at Tuen Mun in the outer harbor of Guangzhou, where troops were stationed to prevent pirate invasions and to guard the Guangzhou area.
Ming Dynasty Wanli years from Dongguan County to set aside part of the establishment of Xinan County, for the later Hong Kong region. Since then, Hong Kong Island has been under the jurisdiction of Xin'an County, Guangzhou Prefecture, from the first year of the Wanli reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty (1573 AD) until it became a British colony in the 21st year of the Daoguang reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty (1841 AD).
The Qing Dynasty sent troops to the New Territories in 1662 and ordered the townspeople to keep their pigtails. Hong Kong had always played an important role in foreign trade during the Qing Dynasty because, geographically, it was close to Guangzhou, which was the only commercial port open to the outside world during the Qing Dynasty.
Before the British occupation of Hong Kong, Hong Kong was basically a deserted island, with some fishermen living in Stanley, Tai Tam Tuk and Shek Pai Wan in the south of the island, and Ah Kung Yan and Shui Tseng Wan in the east. In other places such as Wong Nai Chung, Deng Di Chau, Tsat Tsz Mui and a few other places, there were some small villages and bays, and at that time, there were about 3 000 inhabitants on the island. The British saw the potential of Hong Kong's Victoria Harbour to become an excellent port in East Asia until the late 19th century when, after the defeat of the Qing Dynasty, the area was ceded and leased to Britain in stages to make it a British colony.
On January 26, 1841, after the First Opium War, Britain occupied Hong Kong Island by force, and the Qing government tried to recover it by force, with the Daoguang Emperor issuing a number of edicts to that effect, but the Qing Dynasty was never able to defend its territorial integrity.
On August 29, 1842, the Qing government signed the unequal Treaty of Nanjing (formerly known as the Treaty of Jiangning) with Britain, ceding Hong Kong Island to Britain.
On October 24, 1860, China and Britain signed the unequal Treaty of Beijing, which ceded the area south of Boundary Street on the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain.
On June 9, 1898, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the "Special Article for the Expansion and Expansion of the Boundary of Hong Kong" (commonly known as the "New Territories Lease"), forcing the Qing government to lease the area to the north of Boundary Street on the Kowloon Peninsula and to the south of the Shenzhen River, as well as more than 200 islands of various sizes, for a period of 99 years (ending on June 30, 1997).
The three treaties were signed by the Qing government, the British, and the Chinese. Through the three treaties, Britain*** took possession of a total of 1,092 square kilometers of Chinese territory, including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories, which is the entire area of the present Hong Kong region.
On December 25, 1941 (known as "Black Christmas Day" in Hong Kong), the Japanese invaded Hong Kong during the Second World War, and the British forces in Hong Kong were unable to resist, and the then Governor of Hong Kong, Moses Yeung, had no choice but to announce his surrender. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan and began a period of three years and eight months of "Japanese rule".
September 15, 1945, after Japan's defeat in Hong Kong signed the surrender, withdrew from Hong Kong, Hong Kong was re-governed by the British.
After the Second World War, Hong Kong experienced rapid economic and social development and became the third largest financial center in the world after New York and London. It became not only one of the "Four Little Dragons of Asia", but also the financial, service and shipping center of Asia.
1982 to 1984, China and the United Kingdom on the implementation of the future of Hong Kong negotiations, signed on December 19, 1984, "the Chinese people*** and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Hong Kong question of the Joint Declaration", decided that on July 1, 1997, the Chinese people*** and the State of the resumption of the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. The Chinese side undertook to implement "one country, two systems" in Hong Kong.
On July 1, 1997, the Chinese government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) was established, and the Basic Law came into effect. Hong Kong entered a new era of "one country, two systems", "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy.
In September 1997, the annual meetings of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were held in Hong Kong. It was the first large-scale international conference hosted by Hong Kong after the return of Hong Kong to the motherland, and the first time that the World Bank and the IMF held their annual meetings in China.
In 1998, Hong Kong's stock market experienced great volatility due to the Asian financial crisis. With the firm support of the Central Government, the Hong Kong SAR Government decided to fight back against the international speculators, and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority invested heavily in the stock and futures markets, successfully repelling the speculators.
In the early spring of 2003, Hong Kong experienced an outbreak of SARS. The SAR government led the community to join in the fight against the epidemic, which lasted for several months and was finally brought under control, and on June 23, the World Health Organization announced that Hong Kong would be officially removed from the SARS infected area.
In June 2003, the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) was signed. The central government then launched the Individual Visit Scheme (IVS) for mainland residents to visit Hong Kong.
In November 2003, the People's Bank of China (PBOC) announced that it had agreed to provide clearing arrangements for Hong Kong banks handling four types of personal RMB business in Hong Kong (i.e. deposits, exchange, remittances, and RMB bank cards), and in February 2004, Hong Kong banks formally launched RMB business.
In early June 2004, the first Pan-Pearl River Delta (PPRD) Regional Cooperation and Development Forum was held in Hong Kong, and the "9+2" regional economic cooperation between nine mainland provinces and regions and Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions (HKSAR) was officially launched.
In September 2005, Hong Kong Disneyland, the world's fifth Disneyland, opened its doors.
August 2008, the Beijing Olympic Equestrian Events were successfully held in Hong Kong.
In December 2009, the 5th East Asian Games was held in Hong Kong, which was the first time Hong Kong hosted a comprehensive international event after its return to the motherland.
In March 2011, the Central Government announced the Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, and for the first time, Hong Kong and Macao were included in a separate chapter. The Outline pointed out that Hong Kong's status as an international financial, trade and shipping center should be consolidated and enhanced, and Hong Kong should be supported to become an international asset management center and an offshore RMB business center.
3. Hong Kong's geographical environment.
1. Location territory.
Hong Kong's geographical coordinates are 114°15′ east longitude, 22°15′ north latitude, located in South China coast, in China's Guangdong Province, east of the mouth of the Pearl River, consisting of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the inland areas of the New Territories, as well as the 262 large and small islands (outlying islands). Hong Kong is bounded to the north by the city of Shenzhen in Guangdong Province and to the south by the Wanshan Islands in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. Hong Kong is 61 kilometers across the sea from Macau to the west, 130 kilometers from Guangzhou to the north and 1,200 kilometers from Shanghai.
The areas of the three major parts of Hong Kong are: Hong Kong Island, about 81 square kilometers; the Kowloon Peninsula, about 47 square kilometers; and the New Territories and 262 outlying islands, about ****976 square kilometers. Hong Kong has a total jurisdictional area of 2755.03 square kilometers, of which 1,104.32 square kilometers are land and 1,650.64 square kilometers are water.?
2. Topography and geomorphology.
The terrain of Hong Kong is mainly hilly, with the highest point being Tai Mo Shan at 958 meters above sea level. Hong Kong has less flat land, about 20% of the land belongs to the lowlands, mainly concentrated in the northern part of the New Territories, respectively, the Yuen Long Plain and Fanling lowlands, are naturally formed by the river alluvial plains; followed by reclaimed land located in the Kowloon Peninsula and the northern part of Hong Kong Island, expanding from outside the original narrow flat land. Although it is customary to take the name from Hong Kong Island, the largest island in Hong Kong is Lantau Island, which is more than twice the size of Hong Kong Island.
3. Climate.
Hong Kong has a subtropical climate with high temperatures throughout the year, with an average annual temperature of 22.8℃. Summers are hot and humid, with temperatures ranging from about 27 to 33 degrees Celsius; winters are cool and dry, but rarely drop below 5 degrees Celsius. It is rainy between May and September, sometimes quite heavily. Between summer and fall, typhoons blow from time to time. July to September is the more typhoon season in Hong Kong, but from May to November there is the possibility of being hit by tropical cyclones of varying intensity. In the western North Pacific Ocean, East China Sea and South China Sea, an average of 30 tropical cyclones form each year, half of which reach typhoon intensity with maximum wind speeds of 118 kilometers per hour or more. The average annual rainfall in Hong Kong is 2214.3 millimeters, with the rainiest month being August and the least rainy month being January. In addition, Hong Kong's urban areas are densely populated with a high concentration of high-rise buildings, creating a microclimate that is prone to the heat island effect, resulting in a marked difference in temperature between the urban areas and the suburbs, and a high-rise urban area that makes it harder for "suspended particles" in the air to blow away.
4, water system.
Hong Kong is in a humid subtropical environment, with an abundance of water flowing through it and a well-developed surface water system. However, the role of the water system is limited in scope, no major rivers. In addition to the Shenzhen River, which is the boundary river between Hong Kong and Shenzhen, there are mainly the Shing Mun River, Indus River, Lam Tsuen River, Yuen Long River and Kam Tin River, etc. The length of the majority of the rivers does not exceed 5 miles, and the flow rate and flow rate are closely related to the seasonal rainfall, which is extremely unstable in the middle of the year. In the dry season, it is difficult to maintain the flow or the flow is cut off, and the riverbed is exposed or partially exposed, while in the wet season, it is very easy to reach the bankfull level and flooding. The Shenzhen River originates from the Ox-tail Ridge of Wutong Mountain and flows from northeast to southwest into Shenzhen Bay and out of Lingding Sea. It is 37 kilometers long with a watershed area of 312.5㎞? of which the Shenzhen side is 187.5 km? on the Shenzhen side and 125㎞? on the Hong Kong side. The Wutong River in Hong Kong is a major tributary of the Shenzhen River.