Daur is one of the less populated ethnic groups in China. As of 2000 statistics Daur population of 132,394 people. Among them, Heilongjiang Province, mainly concentrated in Qiqihar Nenjiang County, Fuyu County, Longjiang County, Aihui County; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hulunbeier League of the Moli Dawa Daur Autonomous Region, Ewenke Autonomous Region, Oroqen Autonomous Region, and the Daur ethnic diaspora in the city of Hohhot, Butha Banner, Hailar City, Xiguitu Banner, Chenbarkhu Banner, Arong Banner. The Daur ethnic group in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is mainly concentrated in Tacheng County. There are also Daur ethnic diaspora in Jilin, Liaoning, Beijing and other places.
Daur people use Daur language, belongs to the Altaic language family, there are two kinds of Buteha and Qiqihar native language, its language is rich, there are a lot of words reflecting the fishing and hunting farming, which has Chinese, Manchu and Ewenki loanwords, especially Chinese loanwords are more. Daur people do not have their own words, mainly use Chinese, a few people can use Manchu, Mongolian, Kazakh. Daur people believe in shamanism, is a collection of nature worship, totem worship and ancestor worship of the original religion. A few people believe in Lamaism. The Daur people are good at making birch bark and willow crafts, roasted tobacco and roe deer skin boots are made at a high level of technology.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Daur people's dietary structure, meat accounted for a large proportion of the modern transformation to grain-based. Daur traditional rice food are: "Osugi - Bara" (steamed dry fine white jizi rice); "Hijimo - Bada" (not steamed dry jizi rice); "Almo - Bada "(steamed white buckwheat rice); oat rice and barley rice, etc.; Daur people love to eat a variety of meat porridge, a variety of "Lali" (thick porridge), such as "Sijimi Lali", "Niji Lali" (Niji Lali), "Niji Lali" (Niji Lali), "Niji Lali" (Niji Lali), "Niji Lali" (Niji Lali), "Niji Lali" (Niji Lali), "Niji Lali" (Niji Lali). Ji Lali" (buckwheat umbilical cord thick porridge), "Wazile Lali" (with sour colostrum and Jizi rice made of thick milk porridge). When people eat colostrum porridge, they must notify their neighbors, relatives and friends to come and taste it. The main pasta dishes are: "Dalebada" (buckwheat noodles pressed into the meat and broth of wild birds or domestic chickens, which are pressed with a special tool called a "Dale"); "Togure" (slices of noodles in milk, mixed with cream and sugar); "Lazhsbadar" (knife-cut noodles in meat broth); "Hezhikmulebadar" (knife-cut noodles in *** or meat broth); "Hezhigbada" (thumb-shaped buckwheat noodles in broth) and so on. Some of these noodles can be made from white flour. Cake buns (Utumu) is also a lot of fancy, there are "Chomao Utumu" (cup-shaped buckwheat steamed buns), "Baledi Utumu" (sandwiched between the Suzi stuffed with white or raised flour pancakes), "Hao Wuje Utumu "(various kinds of flour cake), "grilled spoon music Utumu" (buckwheat umbilical cord flour pancakes) and so on. In addition, the Daur people also have a variety of fried noodles ("Hagar") and "Xintele" (fried and crushed oatmeal made of grains), eaten with sugar, cream and milk, this dry food is easy to carry the field workers, fork hunger. Daur confectionery food with fermented jizi rice flour and good rolled into the "8" shape fried cake, called "Xizhigrad", and fried jizi rice flour and sun-dried santinzi powder, thick plum powder, sugar, butter mixed and pressed into a square pastry, called "Watt". "Watt".
Daur side dishes are mainly meat, milk, vegetables three categories. Daur people are good at hunting, fishing, raising livestock, so the meat source is richer. Daur people eat meat basic not taboo, a variety of birds and animals, livestock, poultry, all kinds of fish can be eaten. Eat meat to "hand meat" for the expensive, will be beasts, animal meat with bone chunks of stewed, handheld knife cut food. Daur people mainly eat milk, generally do not eat horse, goat's milk, sour milk is to quench the thirst of the top of the summer heat, fresh milk, raw, cooked can be, to rice, pasta. Milk can also be used to do a variety of dairy products, such as milk skin, cream, cheese and other high-level dairy products.
Daur women in the garden field planting a variety of vegetables, such as beans (beans), eggplant, cucumber, cabbage, radish, chili, peas, etc., as food. Also diligent collection of a variety of wild vegetables, as a supplement, mainly "full of onions" (mountain onions), "Angolle" (mountain celery), "Kailai day" (wild leeks), "Manchu" (mountain onions), "Angolle" (mountain celery), "Kailai day" (wild leeks). "Mangi" (wild onion) and so on. Among them, "Kun Bile" (Artemisia sprouts) is particularly favored by the Daur people, a large number of spring retrieval, or then eat or dry storage for winter and spring shortage of vegetables when eating. Summer pick mushrooms, fungus, or fresh food or dried for storage. Daur women will also pick the wild plums, santin seeds dried and crushed into powder, or as a potion to drink, or to make cakes and buns stuffed. Daur people can pickle all kinds of pickles, which pick wild leek flowers crushed into top quality seasoning, distinctive flavor. Daur women also sun other dried vegetables such as bean curd silk, eggplant slices, etc., as winter and spring food. Modern Daur people's eating habits and food composition has changed a lot, but these traditional food and eating method is still favored by the vast majority of Daur people, inheritance, especially in the holidays and banquets and guests, "handles meat", "Kun Beile dish" is essential.
"Daur" is the Daur people call themselves. There are different interpretations of its meaning. Some people believe that the Daur language "Da" can be interpreted as "original", "so", is "original", "past", "before" meaning; "good offices" can be interpreted as "place", "site", is "residence", "location", "area". In this way, "Daur" is the "hometown" meaning. After the rise of the Khitan, outward conquest, a large number of Khitan people moved to new areas, to stay in the Liaohe River Basin Linshoufu area is called "Daur Shallow" (Shallow, Daur language for the plural), and then gradually formed on this part of the people's name.
Some according to legend, the Daur ancestors Sagirdi Khan lived in the upper reaches of the Ennen River. One winter, the cold is abnormal, the river ice. Khan planned to go on an expedition and ordered those who slept with their heads facing south to follow him across the river to fight. Those who went on the expedition, called "JieDaqiShiN" ("JieDa", that is, the Khitan, "its ShiN" that is to go on the expedition) and stayed in the same place is the head of the north sleep, there are his mother and his six sons and so on. These people who stayed behind called "Daur de Hulusen".
There are also people according to the Chinese historical records, said "the Khitan native surname Daiga's", that Daur is from the "Daiga's" transcription. "Tang Gaozu Wude first year (618 years), Qidan Jun (Chief) Dahuer's (formerly known as Dahuer's) this clan name Dahuer (lying) such as (the meaning of the original site)". Another explanation for the "Daga" this part of the name, from the residence of the ancient name of the Taoer River. Such as "Liao Shi" said tartarus River, "Jin Shi" day tartarus ancient river.
It is also believed that Daur is from Mongolia's "Daru Hua Chi" blackmail. Daur ethnic semantics, so far there is no clear explanation. Only according to the Daur people call themselves phonetic translation, Chinese phonetic translation has a variety of ways to write, written as Dakur, Dahuer, Dahu, Daguru, Dahuer, etc.. After the establishment of the Chinese people's **** and the country, after the national identification, and finally named Daur ethnic group, from now on to become a fixed national title.
Daur ethnic festivals are the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Qingming, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, the New Year, etc., roughly similar to the traditional festivals of the Han Chinese.
Daur Bouton Festival
Bouton is the 30th day of the year, is a traditional festival of Daur people. Daur people in the morning of the festival cleaning, posting New Year's paintings and couplets, to close relatives of the elderly family gifts. Outside the gate to prepare a pile of dry cow and horse dung, lit before dinner to dispel ominous clouds, and put some meat on the fire, cakes and dumplings, etc., and ask the fire god to bless the peace of people and animals. Dinner is mainly hand-held meat. After the meal, the elderly use wine, meat and pastries to offer sacrifices to the gods and burn incense. In the first half of the night, dumplings are frozen and stored so that they can be cooked at any time during the first month. Zi time, the younger generation to the elders to toast kowtow, wish the old man a long and healthy life, the old man also wish the younger generation happiness. That night, the sound of firecrackers will not stop, and the lights will be on for a long time.
Daur Anie FestivalAnie Festival is a traditional festival of the Daur ethnic group, held on the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar. The word "Ani" is a translation of the Daur language, meaning Spring Festival.
In order to celebrate the festival properly, the Daur people start cleaning their houses, making dumplings, steaming bean buns, cooking feasts, and purchasing all kinds of food for the New Year on the 23rd day of the 12th month of the lunar calendar. These foods are then frozen and can be eaten ready-made during the festival.
On the morning of New Year's Eve, Daur ethnic families cleaned their courtyards and put up New Year's paintings and couplets. Outside the front door of each home, are piled up a large pile of dry cow dung cake, lit in the evening, so that the entire Tunzi full of harmony and good luck, peace and warm atmosphere of the festival. Daur ethnic old people also put a large piece of meat, white touch, dumplings and a variety of delicious food thrown into the fire, blessing people and animals, a good harvest. The Daur people believe that the fire is more prosperous the better, so each family try to put their own door in front of the cow dung heap stacked high and big.
At night, the Daur ethnic groups are hanging various types of lanterns in front of the door, some people also decorate the door with chic ice lanterns. On New Year's Eve, the Daur people have a tradition of ancestor worship, but not set up the tablets, there is no God finished, just in the west side of the house on the ground to insert a pillar of incense, and then bowing towards the west, in order to show the memory of ancestors. Offerings to the ancestors of wine, milk skin, snacks, etc., placed by the elderly at home. After the whole family bows to the elders to say goodbye to the old year, they then go to the homes of relatives of the same blood family to pay homage to the New Year. First to the oldest person in the family home to pay homage to the New Year, and then door to door to pay homage to each family to pay homage to. After midnight, the beginning of a new year, the Daur people gathered together to worship again, to the elders of the family door to door to worship, each family must worship to, to the elders to ask for peace, honoring the smoke, kowtow. The whole night of New Year's Eve is full of laughter, Daur people enjoy entertainment, all night long.
On the morning of the first day, the Daur people dress up, and then burn incense and bow to the God of Heaven, the Goddess of the Mother, the God of the Stove and the God of the Ancestors, praying for shelter and gifts, and then toast and kowtow to the elders, and accept the blessing of the old people. The first New Year's meal is dumplings. Doing or wrapped into a red thread, meaning that those who eat it will live a long life; or wrapped into a coin, the Daur people believe that those who eat it will not lack of money to spend a year. Inner Mongolia and other places of Daur people, in the package dumplings also pack people eight small dough or a handful of flour, respectively, to symbolize the children and good heart. Eat the spring dumplings, Daur young men and women by the same generation of older brothers and sisters to lead, door to door to pay homage to the New Year. If the elder of a family has passed away less than three years ago, the younger generation should kowtow to the spirit seat in the south kang and offer cigarettes. To pay New Year's call to other villages, you can't wait until after sunrise. As soon as the New Year's caller enters the door, the first thing he does is to open the lid of the host family's pot, grab the rice cake that is necessary for every family, and evaluate the sweetness and sourness of the cake. If you say who's cake is the sweetest, you are praising who's heart is the kindest. It is said that after eating it, production and life can be "higher every year".
According to traditional custom, every A Nie Festival, women are to give each other gifts, the best tobacco, milk skin, cakes, frozen meat, etc. were wrapped, given to the elderly, friends and relatives. From the first to the first five, some places and even throughout the first month, women are not allowed to move the needle and thread, or to suffer a year, the New Year's Eve shall not cry loudly and heckle, or they will suffer. Smoke, is the Daur people essential gift to guests, so during the holiday season, both men and women, we must first honor each other with cigarettes, as a sign of mutual respect.
The Daur ethnic group is a good song and dance of the people, regardless of gender, young and old, everyone will dance. During the festival, "Hanbo dance" is an indispensable program, this dance is rich in change, sometimes slow and long, sometimes jumping and happy, is very beautiful dance art. They are also particularly fond of the "Ruri Gele" dance and the "Hakanbay" dance. During the Anie Festival, villages and towns are transformed into stages for these two kinds of dances, and women are the protagonists, who often start from the first day of the year and dance for several days at a time. At that time, young girls and *** they are dressed in embroidered satin clothes, shoes polished, hair neatly combed, and also wear brightly colored flowers, radiant. Even women in their forties, also dressed as a bride to wear brightly colored clothes, in a high bun and then wear a simple elegant flowers, the charm is still the same. Daur dance content is rich and delicate, simple and lively, water, mirror, combing hair and other dance, full of rich life; especially their performance of the Eagle Dance action, hands on both sides of the body, wrist up and down softly swinging from slow to fast, like an eagle spreading its wings to fly freely in the blue sky. They sing and dance, accompanied by a cry after a cry, its rhythm faster and faster, so that the joy of the dance gradually reached ***. Dancing, the girls will have embroidered the smoke purse quietly stuffed to the sweetheart. If the young man receives this precious gift, be careful to hide in the arms, and before the wedding to be kept secret for the girl. In the Daur women, but also popular a unique musical instrument, they call "Mukulian". The structure of this instrument is simple, but very delicate, personal use, never lent to outsiders. It can play a variety of beautiful tunes, is the A Nie Festival during the Daur women to show their skills "weapons", but also often become a medium of communication between men and women.
During the festival, recreational activities are rich and colorful, there are playing field hockey, dancing, singing, playing on the bone, playing cards and so on. Once the fifth day, young people will start playing "Bekao" (field hockey) in groups, make-up at night to play imitation of animal games, children play hold son manic bone, the elderly listening to epic chants, storytelling, singing folk songs, women dancing "Ruzhile song and dance", and other Many cultural and recreational activities, has been lively until the first month of the fifteenth.
Daur Spring Festival from the first day to the first month of the fifteenth, every day has a title. According to tradition, the first is the chicken day, the second is the dog day, the third is the pig day, the fourth is the sheep day, the fifth is the horse day, the sixth is the cow day, the seventh is the human day ...... Daur festivities with these preoccupations are often related. Celebrate the Anie Festival activities continue until the first month of the fifteenth day, Daur language called "Kachin".
Ani Festival is the Daur people's Spring Festival, expressing the same theme of the old and the new as well as the good wishes for the coming year, and its activities are very rich in the traditional flavor of the Daur ethnic group.
Daur Kachin FestivalKachin Festival (Lantern Festival) is a traditional festival of the Daur people, held on the 15th day of the first month, the Daur people believe that this day is the day of the return of the gods.
The night before, it is necessary to offer offerings to the god of the sky, burn incense and bow to the god. On Kachin Day, people wear new clothes and eat hand-meat or dumplings.
Daur Huo Wudu Day held on the sixteenth day of the first month, also known as the Black Ash Festival, also known as the Black Festival, is a traditional festival of Daur, but also during the Spring Festival Daur youth a unique activity, symbolizing happiness, health, good luck and wishing for the year's crops.Early in the morning, the Daur ethnic old man first in the children did not get up on the head to smear a little pot bottom black ash, young people scramble to smear black ash on their own faces, but also to each other's faces, meant to avoid evils and disasters, wishing for the next year's harvest and happiness. It is said that this day who do not put the face black, this year will not be lucky, wipe the blacker the more blessed. Young girls and daughters-in-law are often the object of the young man chasing, their faces are often smeared black, full of gray. Therefore, the Daur people on the sixteenth day of the first month as "black and gray day". People in this day can enjoy making fun of each other, encourage each other, *** with the expectation of a better and happier life. This festival is mainly carried out among young people.
Daur Cold Food Festival Ching Ming Festival for cold food, is a traditional festival of Daur. On this day, the Daur people will go to the graves of their ancestors and the elderly to sweep the graves, burn paper, set up offerings, cultivate the soil, kowtow and pay homage. Daur Dragon Boat FestivalA traditional festival of the Daur people, the Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month. In the morning of the Dragon Boat Festival, the Daur people are early to get up, to the field to wipe their faces with dew, some go to the river to bathe. Daur people put ai penny in the clothes or hat, in the house is also hung everywhere on the ai penny, according to legend, this can drive insects to avoid pests, to ensure that no disease within a year without disaster. May 23rd for the Horse Day, the custom of each Tuen Mun to choose a tree, the Daur ethnic group known as "day tree". Offerings under the tree, praying for the safety of livestock.
Daur Mid-Autumn FestivalAugust 15 for the Mid-Autumn Festival, this day the Daur people to slaughter livestock, prepared with a sumptuous meal, to celebrate the harvest and livestock prosperity, and to eat cakes and dumplings, moon cakes and watermelon offerings to the gods.
Daur Thousand Lanterns FestivalThousand Lanterns Festival is a traditional festival of the Daur ethnic group, is a religious festival, popular in the Hailar area of the Daur ethnic area.
Every year on the 25th day of the 10th lunar month, the Daur people have to make a variety of lamps, brought to the Lama Temple to light. The more you light, the more auspicious.
Daur FestivalDecember 23 for the festival, but also a small year. In the evening, the Daur people send the god of the stove to heaven, offer wine and meat, and pray for the god of the stove to bless the whole family with peace and security and plenty of food and clothing.
Daur Yildon FestivalYildon, Daur language, meaning the sacrifice of the shaman, is a traditional festival of Daur. Every year or every other year in the third month of the lunar calendar to choose a day to hold, the festival period of one day.
Festival rituals held in the clan shaman home. When the festival is held, the Daur people should bring wine, incense, hatha, cloth and other gifts to the home of the officiating shaman. In the house to erect a small willow tree with green leaves, called the tree of God, on which hang the bronze masks of the gods.
At the beginning of the ceremony, the shaman who accompanies the ceremony beats a drum and recites a mantra, inviting the gods to come down. Then guide the officiating shaman, around the "Toro" (God tree) dance to welcome the gods, dance action is more rugged, shaking all over, from head to toe wearing "magic God clothes" and ornaments swaying sound. Jumping God is divided into four paragraphs, the first section of the shaman's main god to come down; the second section of the shaman's main god to come down; the third section of all the gods to come down; the fourth section to send the gods back.
The Daur ethnic group Goodyear Minang FestivalGoodyear Minang, Daur language, meaning the shaman's feast. The festival is a traditional festival of the Daur ethnic group, is a religious festival. Held every three years in March and April of the lunar calendar. Festival period of three days. The purpose of the festival is to offer gifts to the gods, for the clan to extinguish disasters and seek blessings.
On the first day, the Daur people should bring gifts to the temporary support of the "Xie Lingge" (Daur language) to go, the first in the "Xie Lingge" within the erection of two birch trees with green leaves, known as the "Geli Tuojuo First, two birch trees with green leaves were erected inside the "Sheilinger", which was called "Gelitoruo" (indoor sacred tree), and a birch branch with green leaves was erected in the south, which was six feet away from the sacred tree, which was called "Boditoruo" (outdoor sacred tree). Then, the Daur ethnic group in the three sacred tree respectively hanging the gods of copper masks. Ceremony began, accompanied by the ritual shaman drumming and chanting incantations to invite the gods to descend, and then lead the officiating shaman around the tree to dance to welcome the gods.
The dance continues the next day.