First, the current characteristics of juvenile delinquency
Talking about the causes of juvenile delinquency, we need to start from the characteristics of juvenile delinquency as an entry point, through the analysis of juvenile delinquency characteristics, and then clarify the causes of juvenile delinquency, or else our research is just stayed in the mode of "sitting on a well and watching the sky".
Current juvenile delinquency cases present the characteristics of:
(a), the age of the crime at an early age. A survey shows that: China's juvenile age of first offense has been from the late 1980s 18-25 years old, gradually to the 14-16 years old age group. Some young people have just reached the age of 14 and have been sent to prison for committing crimes, and some of them have not yet reached the age of 14 when they commit criminal acts. The author in his work was involved in handling a juvenile crime case in 1998, the case of five suspects in the oldest 17 years old, the youngest is only 13 years old.
(2), the subject of the crime is complicated. Mainly manifested in: First, the school students and the foreign population in the juvenile crime increased crime rate rose. We can often learn from a variety of media some school students murder, rape, drug trafficking and other shocking and vicious cases. For example: in 2004 in yunnan university shocked the whole country "magazines murder case" and in January 2005 in jiangsu province haian county university student wang bin armed robbery murder case and so on.
(3) Diversification of crime types. First, although the majority of crimes against property, but the threat of violence, the implementation of robbery, extortion and other crimes against property accounted for an increasing proportion. Secondly, crimes such as murder, intentional injury, rape, drug trafficking, provocation and other serious violations of citizens' personal rights and disruption of social order are on the rise year by year.
(E) the criminal form of gangs. As young people are not yet fully mature physically and mentally, by physiological, psychological, intellectual, experience and other factors, it is often difficult to rely on individuals to complete the complex process of crime. Therefore, young people are dependent on each other when committing crimes, take advantage of the courage, gangs to commit crimes and with a certain form of organization. These people often rely on the so-called righteousness of buddies and righteousness, mutual entanglement, a beat, a rise, *** with the crime, the formation of a more fixed gang organization.
(F) crime mode intelligent. At present, juvenile delinquency has been to the intelligent direction, and the emergence of part of the modernization of some technical means and methods of crime cases. With the wide application of computer information systems in various fields and the acceleration of the process of socio-economic informatization, illegal and criminal activities against and using computer information systems are gradually emerging as new forms of crime. Due to the professional and technical requirements of computer information systems, the main body of the current computer field of illegal and criminal with modern education of young people accounted for the vast majority.
Two, the current causes of juvenile delinquency
(a) personal reasons.
The bad motives of greed for enjoyment, not thinking of progress and getting something for nothing are an important reason for juveniles to commit crimes. Some young people due to prematurely into society, did not receive a good education, there is no correct outlook on life and the goal of the struggle, the spirit of emptiness, good and bad, especially by the society practiced extreme individualism and the influence of gold worship, the idea of getting something for nothing is serious, envious of the life of the paper and gold, the sound of sex, but because most of these young people do not have a fixed occupation, no economic income, when they face the When they face the world of materialistic desires, they can't stand the temptation of money, and their selfish desires keep expanding, and they are not afraid to take the risk of committing crimes such as theft, robbery, and even kidnapping and murder.
(ii) Family reasons.
Family is the cell of society, is the most basic social group, he provides people with the most basic social life environment and the minimum socialization conditions. The American sociologist Blitz talked about once more detailed list of the many roles of the family: "All family organizations, regardless of size, is the center of stability of the members of the education of private life. Members of the family often meet together in ways that members do not. The distribution of welfare and wealth and the exchange of information, which are of most concern to the individual, are possible only in the family." ② The family is a historical category, and family functions change with the development of society. China, marked by the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s and early 1980s, has begun to enter a new period of transition from a traditional to a modernized society. Since entering the transition period, the function of the family began to change and in the prevention and reduction of juvenile delinquency gradually out of tune.
1, over-indulgence, indulgent family: As the current youth at home, mostly for the only child, parents over-indulgence of children, parents in the material life to meet the child's requirements, and even the child's side, to the child caused by the pampered, egotistical thinking, in this environment, growing up in the youth of the capricious, proud, self-centered, serious thoughts of the interests of the serious, once the life of a setback, it will be very vulnerable, anxious, and will be very vulnerable, and will be very vulnerable, and will be very vulnerable, and will be very vulnerable, and will be very vulnerable, and will be very vulnerable. The first thing you need to do is to make sure that you have a good understanding of what you are doing and how you are doing it, so that you can be confident that you are doing the right thing.
2, "strict" type of family: some parents found that the child made a mistake or bad, not to persuade and educate, but to adhere to the "stick under the son of filial piety" creed, to take a simple and brutal method, indiscriminate scolding of the child, punishment, and even drive out of the house. Even kicked out of the house. This kind of education often leads to a breakdown in the relationship between the child and his or her parents, creating a situation of emotional confrontation and mutual distrust, and making the child psychologically an enemy of his or her parents. Some young people in the abettor's lure, threat, degenerated into criminals.
3, parents of bad behavior type of family: some parents are unemployed to stay at home, the whole day does not think of progress, intoxicated on the mahjong table, the children's studies do not care. There are parents have gambling, alcoholism, theft, prostitution and other bad habits. The bad behavior of these parents, to the children to the wrong guidance role, and stimulate them to imitate the bad behavior of adults to act, in their hearts and minds bred the seeds of delinquency.
4, greed type family: this family, all the money as the center, what all around the money turn, so that the children learn by ear, in order to get money by any means, desperate.
5, structural defects type of family: when divorce, death or imprisonment and other reasons for the loss of one or both spouses, the integrity of the family has been destroyed, this family to the children of psychological damage caused by a considerable number of children so that personality and emotional disorders, pessimism and disappointment, hatred of parents, jealousy of others, dissatisfaction with the reality of the formation of an out-of-the-box withdrawn personality, or a different way to look at everything, easy to cause crime. The eyes look at everything, easy to cause crime.
(3) School reasons.
The weak ideological education in schools is an important factor leading to juvenile delinquency. Schools are the main place for young people to learn and grow, therefore, schools should be the main line of defense to prevent juvenile delinquency. But some schools depending on the quality of teaching, the rate of advancement for the "lifeline", one-sided pursuit of the rate of advancement, the education of students there is a "one hand hard, one hand soft" phenomenon, only to grasp the quality of teaching, ignoring the ideological education of the students and the legal system education, some students who learn better, at all costs. At all costs to focus on training, for some students in school performance is not good, poor performance students, it is abandoned, and even push them to society, in the students to create a clear contrast, resulting in some students' self-esteem is hurt, so that the students' psychological deviation, and even broken, embarked on the road of delinquency.
(4) social reasons.
In recent years, the prevalence of unhealthy trends in society, seriously affecting the healthy growth of young people, some young people are in the negative and ugly environment under the influence of temptation, give up the lofty ideals, shaking the belief in socialism, and embarked on the path of evil with the current. Especially at present, our country is in the stage of reform and opening up has revitalized the domestic economy, but the temporary disorder and loss of control in certain fields caused by reform, and the lack of effective guidance of the theme values in the society has resulted in the confusion of the moral standards of the society, which has made the formation of the outlook on life of the young people in this period in the environment of "acquired disorders". The formation of young people's outlook on life during this period is in an environment of "acquired disorder". The influx of illegal audio-visual products and books that promote violence and pornography, as well as the emergence of dance halls, discos, video halls, Internet cafes, and other places of entertainment that are prone to harboring dirt and grime, have had a serious negative impact on young people, both physically and mentally. Due to the low cultural quality of young people, the world is not deep, their own quality is not high, distinguish right from wrong, resist temptation ability is poor, it is difficult to resist all kinds of erosion, once some of the promotion of violence, pornography and other undesirable cultural influences, will be competing to emulate the feudal dregs of righteousness and righteousness of buddies, gangs of provocative, gang fights, cut off the power. Some of them are influenced by some obscene books and magazines, film and television, network, addicted to Internet cafes, dance halls can not be extricated, and eventually embarked on the road of crime.
(E) psychological reasons.
The age of young people and their own psychological state is not unrelated to the formation of crime. At this age, the physical and psychological development of adolescents and young people rapidly, personal awareness, poor self-restraint, with a strong sense of curiosity, like to imitate but often more blind, coupled with most of the adolescents and young people's awareness of the law is extremely thin and poor, by criminal psychologists called the "age of danger". This stage of adolescents have limited cognitive ability, and emotions are relatively strong with a great deal of impulsivity, their behavior is often subject to feelings or emotions, often produce "the contradiction between reason and feelings", in the personal emotional anger when the comprehension and self-control are significantly reduced, often make people unexpected behavior, so it is easy to The company's website is a great source of information about the company's products and services, and the company's website is a great source of information about its products and services.
(F) Employment reasons.
The low rate of junior high school graduation and social employment is also another important factor leading to juvenile delinquency. Due to poor academic performance, some teachers give not care, but criticism, sarcasm, this potential environment makes them become a lonely competitor in the student body. As a result of failing to get a good grade in the entrance examination for higher education, a considerable number of them go into the social furnace prematurely. This part of the people due to the age of young, childish thinking, low cultural level, no legitimate occupation and source of livelihood, into the community can be subject to the legal system, moral education is very limited, in the face of the complexity of society and the unpredictability of the contemporary world, their inner uncertainty and disorientation. At this time, the pain of the loss of ideals, the frustration of the pursuit of life, so that they feel that the meaning of life in the face of confusion, self-worth is suppressed, the formation of abnormal psychological and personality disorders and character defects, this state of mind and the outside world of the adverse environment and a few ulterior motives of the "care" and "warmth "In 1993, the Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences conducted a survey on 2,147 juveniles under the age of 25 who had served their sentences: 1,213 of them could not be enrolled in school or dropped out of school due to various reasons in the process of education, accounting for 56.5% of the total number of respondents. Various facts illustrate the close relationship between the level of education and juvenile delinquency from different aspects and angles. Now, every year, there are still a large number of junior high school graduates because they can not continue their education and flow into the community, the already serious employment situation so that the community can not absorb the tide of young people into the job market, and such a group is the high incidence of juvenile delinquency.
Three, juvenile delinquency prevention strategies
Juvenile delinquency is a variety of factors to form a comprehensive disease, is a social project, the prevention of juvenile delinquency, must be accomplished by the forces of all aspects of the community to work together to prevent juvenile delinquency should be taken in the form of education, protection, preventive measures and fight, prevention, control, teach a variety of means of integrated management, in order to ultimately achieve The purpose of both the symptoms and the root causes of juvenile delinquency.
(I) to raise awareness of the importance and urgency of the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency.
China **** Central Committee "on strengthening the construction of socialist spiritual civilization of a number of important issues of the resolution," pointed out that "to strengthen the ideological and moral education of young people is a matter of national destiny." "The whole party and society should pay great attention to the ideological and moral construction of young people, and schools, families and society should work closely together to create a favorable environment for their healthy growth". Young people are the builders and successors of our socialist cause, therefore, the education of young people and the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency and crime have a bearing on the future and destiny of the country. "Ten years of trees, a hundred years of trees", the party and government departments at all levels and leaders at all levels should have a sense of responsibility and urgency in shaping qualified successors of the times, and pay practical attention to the education of young people, and incorporate it into the overall planning of economic and social development, as an important element of the construction of spiritual civilization and the comprehensive management of social security.
(ii) actively carry out measures to help and educate them, with education and probation as the main focus.
Judicial departments, education departments and **** Youth League, Women's Federation and other organizations and government departments at all levels should rely on grass-roots organizations to mobilize the masses of the situation of juvenile delinquency in their own departments and jurisdictions, the number of juveniles and juvenile delinquent gangs of the number of bad deeds to carry out a comprehensive mapping of the situation, to understand the full picture, and then divided into categories of registers, so as to achieve the region, the department of the juvenile delinquency situation of a well-informed. Then, they will register the situation in different categories, so that they can know the situation of juvenile delinquency and crime in their own areas and departments. Grass-roots organizations should take the township as a unit, and members of the public security police stations, village (neighborhood) committees and schools should form a group to help and educate the key persons and objects identified, and help and educate every juvenile released from the "two laborers" or with minor delinquent traces under their jurisdiction, and actively carry out legal education and understanding of their ideological and psychological development to the persons being helped. In the course of this work, the team actively provides legal education to the young people under its supervision, understands their ideological dynamics, helps them to solve the difficulties in their lives, cleanses the dirt from their minds, treats the traumas in their hearts and minds, and revives their minds and hearts, so that they can set up a correct outlook on life, values, morality and the legal system, and become citizens who are in line with the needs of the socialist cause. Help and education team issued each person to be helped by the unified help and education manual, by the person to be helped by the preservation of the help and education team monthly organization of the person to be helped by the return visit, and the person to be helped by the appraisal of the reality of the performance of the help and education team to make timely adjustments to the help and education force and help and education measures, and to enhance the effectiveness of the work of the help and education.
(3) Strengthening the concept of family education for children.
Prevention of juvenile delinquency, must pay attention to the central role of the family. Family education is the most direct and effective form of family prevention mechanism. Parents are the first teachers of their children. Parents' attitudes, hobbies, habits and character traits are all objects for children to imitate and learn from, and parents' words and deeds will have a subtle effect on their children. First of all, parents set an example, teach by example, not only can enhance the credibility of education and infectious, but also like a mirror to prompt children to often check themselves against themselves, correct their own bad words and deeds; Secondly, to create a harmonious family atmosphere on the child's influence is not as direct as the parents teach by word and example, but it is the permeability of the imperceptible to the youth development of moral character to bring "With the wind into the night, silent" effect; again, the family management and constraints on the children's behavior and children's cognitive ability to the outside world plays a normative and promotional role. Energetic young people are happy to make friends, peer behavioral imitation and emotional infection is very easy to make young people catch bad habits, in ancient and modern times and foreign countries, "close to the vermilion is red, close to the ink is black" concept can be said to be y rooted in people's hearts. The story of Mencius' mother's three moves also gives us the best revelation: human behavior is y influenced by the surrounding environment. Therefore, parents should be aware of their children's friendships and the moral and ethical conditions of the friends they have made, and be alert to the infiltration of undesirable concepts that may lead to juvenile delinquency into the minds of young people, so that the risk of juvenile delinquency can be reduced to the minimum as far as possible. Research data show that juvenile delinquency is closely related to improper family education. Family education should educate young people in a scientific and healthy way, so that they can develop good living habits and a healthy mental outlook from an early age. In legal education, parents should take the lead in learning and understanding the law and consciously abide by the laws of the country. At the same time, they should educate their children to study the law diligently, constantly enhance their legal concepts, regulate their own behavior with the law, and develop good habits of obeying the law from an early age. Parents should treat their children's psychological characteristics and reasonable requirements correctly and care about their growth. Children should not only strict requirements, but also respect and understanding, when the children were found to produce wrong ideas and bad behavior, patient persuasion and education, and even serious criticism, to help them correct in time; children's merits and achievements should be given to affirm, to motivate them to move forward, but also to respect their interests, personality and independence, pay attention to the situation, according to the talent, to strengthen the education of mental health.
(4) Strengthen the education of young people's ideology and morality and legal concepts.
The main body of juvenile delinquency often lacks a correct outlook on life, values, world view and legal system, therefore, to strengthen the ideological morality and legal concept of juvenile education, to enhance the concept of juvenile legal system, to set up a correct outlook on life, values, prevention and reduction of juvenile delinquency, has a very important significance. First of all, the school should be good legal education "three passes". That is, the legal education of students after enrollment, regular legal education and legal education before graduation, timely grasp of students after enrollment, during school and graduation eve of the student's ideological dynamics of some of the "problem teenagers" to take timely measures to help educate and avoid some of the tendency to break the law and crime of the students pushed into society. Legal education should be carried out throughout the entire process of teaching in the school, the education authorities should develop a weekly legal education classes in each school teaching plan, legal education classes can take the form of hiring an outside counselor to give lectures, legal lectures, organization of out-of-control teenagers to tell the story of the various forms of legal education for students. The education authorities should include the completion of each school's legal education content in the evaluation of that school, and include legal knowledge test scores in the subjects of students' graduation exams. Secondly, the education authorities should organize the printing and production of some common laws and regulations as well as pamphlets on common sense such as "what is illegal", "what is a crime", "how to prevent crimes", etc. and distribute them to students. Pamphlets on common sense are distributed to students, so that every student can master some basic knowledge of the law. Again, it is necessary to establish a system of contact between the school and parents and all relevant sectors of society, so that the performance of students at school, in the family and in society can be examined, and any signs of trouble can be prevented and educated in a timely manner. The establishment of a sound and strict legal education in the family, school and society's three-dimensional education model.
(E) purify the social environment, strengthen the comprehensive management of social security.
The promulgation of the Central Committee's "Outline for the Implementation of Civic Moral Construction" puts forward specific requirements for the moral construction of society as a whole, and carries out in-depth spiritual civilization in the whole society to promote the degree of civilization of the society, and strengthens the construction of honesty and integrity, and corrects the social atmosphere, which will also surely help to curb the undesirable social factors leading to juvenile delinquency at the root, and to purify the social environment to provide a good environmental foundation for the healthy growth of juveniles. This will also help to curb fundamentally the undesirable social factors that lead to juvenile delinquency, purify the social environment and provide a good environmental foundation for the healthy growth of young people. At the same time, public security, judicial, customs and cultural departments should join forces to resolutely investigate and prohibit the manufacture and dissemination of negative cultural products, clean up and reorganize the cultural market, and provide young people with publications and audio-visual products that are wholesome in content and spiritually rich. Let culture with healthy and positive content dominate, and block channels of cultural dissemination that may be toxic to young people. Public security, industry and commerce, culture and other departments should regularly organize raids on Internet cafes, hair salons, dance halls, discos, bars and other public **** entertainment venues, and crack down on illegal and criminal acts involving drugs, obscenity, gambling and other illegal and criminal behaviors that abound therein, so as to prevent them from causing adverse impacts and hazards to young people.
(VI) Expanding channels of further education and employment opportunities for young people.
Nowadays, a large number of junior high school graduates who flow into the society every year because they are unable to continue their studies are often unable to gain a foothold in the society due to their age and cultural level, and they are easily introduced to the wrong path of illegal and criminal behavior by some undesirable people in the society if they are not careful. Therefore, in order to fundamentally solve the problem of juvenile delinquency, it is necessary to begin by expanding the rate of advancement to higher education in schools, striving to popularize high school education, increasing the schooling opportunities for young people, constantly improving the cultural quality and legal awareness of young people themselves, and reducing the proportion of juvenile delinquency. Youths who are diverted from their studies for further education should be actively guided to enrol in vocational and technical schools and private schools, so as to train them in a skill and increase their employment opportunities, in order to reduce the pressure on society. Departments of education, personnel and labour should establish and improve an information bank for students who are not employed after graduation from schools at all levels, organize their participation in various kinds of employment training, and provide them with information services in the areas of technology, counselling and employment, so as to create good conditions for them to find employment for the benefit of society. In addition, the government propaganda departments and various media should vigorously publicize the success stories of outstanding young people's hard work, and encourage the majority of young people to take the road of self-reliance and hard work to become rich, and to use their own wisdom and their own hands to find a suitable path for their own development and create a better future.
In summary, the prevention of juvenile delinquency is an important part of social crime prevention, is a complex system of social engineering. It is related to the security of the whole society as well as the future of the country, it is not only in line with the interests of the youth themselves, but also in line with the interests of the state and the nation. Do a good job of preventing juvenile delinquency, to fundamentally eliminate the occurrence of crime, in order to make our country's socialist modernization smoothly, to ensure that the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics of the road unimpeded.