One of the ecological environment on which the song of the Dong ethnic minority is based
The song of the Dong ethnic minority is not an isolated existence, it exists in the natural ecology characterized by ethnicity and geography and the humanistic ecology of the rich and colorful folk culture of the Dong ethnic minority as the carrier of the movement of the multi-circle system. Therefore, it cannot leave the ecological environment of the Dong region, the basic circle on which it relies for survival and development.
I. Status of Tujia Folk Music in the Two Regions
There are many kinds of traditional Tujia folk music, mainly including mountain songs, labor trumpets, lute playing, pendulum dance, dongtong quinquing, crying marriage song, funeral jumping, gripping gongs and drums, Han Opera, Maogus Dance, and Tima Divine Songs, etc. These Tujia folk music have been widely used in the two regions, such as in the Dong region, in the Dong region and in the Dong region. The survival of these Tujia folk music in the two places is different.
The folk music of the Tujia people that is mainly popular in Baoging County today includes mountain songs, lute playing, hand-waving dance, Han opera, wedding songs, funeral dancing and grass-gathering gongs and drums.
The local mountain songs are divided into "Yanhe Cavity" and "Po Tou Cavity", both of which are four-sentence songs. The "Yanhe Cavity" often has an opening rest before the main lyrics, while the "Po Tou Cavity" does not. If these two cadences are used in pan songs[1], they are often reduced to two lines. The author learned that the singing of mountain songs is still a very popular program at the local annual meeting. Whether from the county or from the mountains, whether old or young, everyone competes against the song, those who do not know how to sing the masses also surrounded the stage to see what's going on, and encountered a good pair of people will clap their hands and shout. From the content of the lyrics, in addition to the traditional songs about the history of the Tujia ethnic group, historical allusions, morality and daily life, the songs about practical matters (policy songs) are new forms of songs that have emerged with the deepening of reform and opening up. Counterpart support, new highway construction, popularization of education, development of agricultural and sideline products, etc. are all improvised topics for policy songs. The two interviewed in the picking seventy, eighty years old in the case of no preparation, to the new face of Baoding County as the content, with "along the river cavity" improvisation on dozens of sentences, if not the voice can not eat, I am afraid that the two old people still can not stop.
Playing lutetium in the local name is "playing guys", transferring the annual meeting is also an essential program, and often in the form of playing lutetium competition. Participate in the competition of the lutetium team is not limited to Baojing County, neighboring Huayuan, Longshan and other counties of the masses will spontaneously form a lutetium team, to the annual meeting to compare the best. In addition, the pendulum dance, crying marriage and other occasions, it is indispensable to play the lutetium. In the process of this gathering, I also saw that, due to the improvement of living conditions, the number of local lutetium team than the original most common three, four people have expanded, the most had reached more than a dozen people, the scene is very lively.
Swinging hand dance in the local generally known as the "tune year dance", initially the Tujia in the swinging hand hall, March Hall or tune year Ping important ritual dance activities, generally choose the first month of the lunar calendar every year or the end of March on a single day. I noticed that the local hand dance has been detached from the previous ritual activities, and purely to celebrate the New Year, the venue, time is not as strict as in the past. But the music, movement and dance content remain the same as before.
The Crying Marriage Song and the Funeral Dance are respectively an essential part of the local Tujia wedding and funeral customs, and belong to the ceremonial songs. As the custom of marriage and funeral has been inherited by the local Tujia people, the song of crying marriage and funeral jumping have also survived, and basically remain the same as the tradition in terms of style, function and inheritance.
Grass-gathering gongs and drums are locally called "gongs and drums" and are a kind of labor songs. Initially, as most of the Tujia people lived in remote mountainous areas, they beat the drums and gongs to drive away wild animals in order to prevent them from being attacked by wild beasts during agricultural work. Later, the singing was gradually intensified to inspire labor. Generally speaking, the gripping gongs and drums of Baoging County are divided into "Song Tou" (singing the morning scenery or singing the ancient), "Inviting the Gods" (first inviting the Song Maiden and the Song Master, and then inviting the five deities of the five parties), and "Yang Ge" (the theme of the song, which can be a legend, a story, a story of the past, a story of the future, and the theme of the present). The content of the song is wide-ranging, and it can be a legend or a story, or it can be made up and sung as it is) and "Sending off the Gods" (including the ending, which is echoed in the Invitation Song). In terms of singing, it is mainly composed of two sections with different pitches and rhythms. First, the gongs and drums lead to a slow and tight singing style, with a high-pitched tune and free rhythm, and then the rhythm becomes bright and strong. This kind of labor songs can still be heard in the local mountains and fields, but they are no longer popular in the county.
It is a pity that the above introduced crying marriage song, jumping funeral and grass-gathering gongs and drums did not collect the field recordings in this gathering.
The surviving Tujia folk music in Zhangjiajie mainly includes love songs, lute playing, pendulum dance, grass-gathering gongs and drums, and Mogus dance, while weeping marriage songs, funeral jumping, and Tima sacred songs are still circulating in places far away from the center of the tourist area or in areas that have not yet been developed into tourist attractions. As the local Tujia folk music is closely integrated with tourism activities, the author introduces the following as an example of each tourist attraction.
Huanglong Cave: The attraction has specialized tour guides. During the guided tour, the tour guide will sing one to two Tujia folk songs before the end of the tour, in addition to introducing each attraction.
Golden Whip Creek: In some teahouses and restaurants along the scenic route, visitors will be offered Tujia songs and dances on an à la carte basis. The menu of such places in addition to tea, drinks, snacks, another special menu of Tujia songs and dances, in accordance with the female solo, male solo, male and female duets, songs and dances and other categories listed in the name of the song as well as the price of singing. Most of the performers are locals living in or near the scenic spots, and most of them are Tujia people. During the performance, the singers are dressed in Tujia costumes, and they often improvise the lyrics according to the season, the weather of the day, and the different conditions of the tourists, and most of them welcome the tourists or make fun of the tourists. In fact, when the tourists sing, the recipient of the service is not only the person who ordered the song, but also other tourists on the side of the onlookers received the same Tujia song. So a person point song, all benefit. Baofeng Lake: the scenic area also has a special tour guide. During the tour, there is a spot arranged for Tujia men and women collective singing, performers according to the men and women were standing on two hills for the song; there are two other spots were arranged for male and female soloists. Performers singing repertoire are Tujia folk songs, sung in Chinese, the lyrics are generally not improvised changes. During the lake tour, the tour guide will also sing Tujia folk songs for tourists, or sing songs with other tour guides on the cruise ship as well as specialized attraction singers, and even encourage tourists to participate in them. In this way, tourists are also considered to experience some of the fun of Tujia people's life. At the same time, participatory, interactive enhancement is to deepen the scenic spot in the hearts of tourists impression.
Maoyan River/Mengdong River: The two attractions mainly provide rafting services. There are two people on a rubber rafting boat, one end and one tail. Out of the two people in the boat with the need to cooperate, in the process of rafting, boat masters have to sing the boat support horn. This is a rare scenic area to maintain the traditional function of the existing Tujia folk music.
Folk Villa: The venue is free for dining tourists to perform folk songs, swinging hand dance and playing lutters and other Tujia songs and dances.
Pendulum Hall: Built according to the original Tujia pendulum hall, it mainly performs for tourists the pendulum dance, Mogus dance and crying marriage song and other songs and dances closely related to Tujia folklore.
(In addition to the attractions described above, ethnic cultural tourism programs such as Xiuhua Mountain Pavilion, Tujia Style Garden, Zhangjiajie Folk Villa and Ethnic Art Garden also constitute an important part of the local cultural tourism.)
In addition, various audio-visual products introducing Tujia folklore and music, and Tujia folk musical instruments are another form of local cultural tourism.
Two, the survival of the environment on the survival of Tujia folk music
Baojing County and Zhangjiajie is the same Tujia settlement, the same in the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, geographic location is only more than 100 kilometers apart, the current situation of the Tujia folk music in the two places are far apart.
(A) The difference between the two places in the status quo of Tujia folk music
First of all, it is the difference between the existing music types and their functions, and the way of spreading and passing them on:
Comparison of the functions of the existing music types of the two places:
Traditional
New and old co-exist
New instead of old
Baoding
Wailing marriage songs, grass gathering gongs and drums, and jumping funerals.
Shan songs, hand-waving dance, luting, Han opera
--
Zhangjiajie
Mourning
Crying marriage songs, grass-gathering gongs and drums,
Tima songs, boat-boat-boat calls
Hand-waving dance, luting, love songs, Mogus dance
The two places have survived.
Comparison of the ways of spreading and transmitting the existing music in the two places:
Tradition
The old and the new co-exist
The new replaces the old
Baojing
Han Opera, Weeping Marriage Songs, Dangling Plaque
Mourning Jumping, Mountain Songs, Grass-gathering Drums and Drums
Pendulum Dance
-
Zhangjiajie
Mourning, Grass-gathering Gongs and Drums,
Crying Marriage Songs, Tima Divine Songs
Boat-boating Horns
Love Songs, Mogus Dance, Hand-waving Dance
The above chart clearly shows that love songs, labor horns, Mogus dance, and Tima Divine Songs, which were lost in Baoguing County, are still being passed on in Zhangjiajie. . And those two places **** have the function of the music varieties are also different. The Tujia folk music in Baoding County basically maintains the traditional function and the way of transmission and inheritance, and the individual functions of the music varieties have changed with the function of religion decreasing and the function of entertainment increasing, and the entertainment here is still mainly for self-entertainment and self-enjoyment. In the dissemination and inheritance method, it is still based on watching and learning, and passed on by word of mouth, but most of the music is no longer limited to the parent-child transmission and the same clan transmission. In Zhangjiajie, Tujia folk music is mainly regenerated with new functions and ways of transmission and inheritance. The music itself is no longer a reflection of the local people's lives, but a service for tourists and operators. Its function has also changed from the original making friends, urging work, narrating, rituals, self-entertainment, etc. to commercial-oriented, entertainment, and at this time the entertainment has changed from entertaining themselves to entertaining people. From the point of view of dissemination channels, Tujia folk music in the local area is no longer limited to individual music, song types corresponding to the occasion, the object of dissemination, but through the books, records, folk villages and other tourist attractions, restaurants, cafes, and other places of operation, regardless of the object of the dissemination of a large area, regardless of the time. In terms of inheritance, needless to say that parents and children pass on to each other and to the same clan, just to ensure the quality of cultural tourism, tour guides of various local scenic spots are required to attend training courses to learn Tujia folk songs; those actors in Tujia folk villages are required to learn even more content of Tujia folk music. In addition to these ways of passing on the music through classes due to work requirements, tourists who are interested in the music can also learn it through purchased books and records, or directly from tour guides and actors during their travels. For professional researchers, these products, together with information from local cultural centers, are a rich source of first-hand information. Secondly, there is a difference in the form of music of the same genre. Take, for example, the material collected by the wind collection of playing lutetu and swinging hand dance:
1, playing lutetu
Playing lutetu in Baojing County is generally in the form of a three-person lutetu and four-person lutetu as the most common combination. The four-player gilded gong consists of a large earthenware gong, a horse gong (i.e., a small gong), and two pairs of cymbals. The sound of the gong is low, the sound of the horse gong is high, and the contrast is strong. The two cymbals are mainly used to play quickly on the muffled cymbals, and the rhythm is complicated and difficult; the triple-platter is made on the basis of the four-player-platter by removing the horse gongs, and replacing the horse gongs with the "willow cymbals"[2], which requires higher cymbal playing techniques. From this combination, it can be seen that the local tetsu-zutsu were mainly purely percussion-based, relying on the rich and varied rhythms to show their musical charm. Even though the number of members of the tutu team may have expanded today, it still focuses on rhythm as the main tool, and emphasizes the skill of the instruments (especially cymbals) in playing various rhythms. The musicians use their techniques and rhythmic patterns in accordance with the characteristics of each instrument to express various scenes and images of life in the most realistic tone and sound effects.
In Zhangjiajie, most of the lute playing is done with a five-person lute, i.e., a soil suona is added on top of the four-person lute, so it is also called "five-person blowing". Compared with the lutetu in Baoding County, the number of people and instruments has increased, but there is a qualitative difference, i.e., from pure percussion to percussion with melody. In the folk villages of the Zhangjiajie area, the lute teams generally use a combination of melodic instruments such as suona, and many of their repertoire is adapted from some familiar folk tunes. This is undoubtedly the result of the Tujia music in the tourist areas in order to cater to the appreciation of the majority of tourists' aesthetic habits, for the average listener, compared with the pure rhythmic three-member and four-member lutetu, melodic five-member and six-member lutetu is of course more attractive.
2. Pendulum Dance The Pendulum Dance is mainly performed during the Spring Festival at the New Year's Party in Baoding County. The performers are generally not professional performers, but are usually local people with other regular occupations. Before the New Year's Dance, a dance team is formed to rehearse the dance on their own initiative. However, in Zhangjiajie, the Pendulum Dance is no longer subject to the constraints of time, in order to attract tourists, Zhangjiajie's Pendulum Dance Hall almost every day in the Pendulum Dance performance, fully integrated into the commercial entertainment performance. In this way, the costumes and props of Zhangjiajie's swing dancers are much better than those of Baojing County. In addition, the number of performers is much larger, and there are more variations in the formations during the performances. In terms of inheritance, there are two kinds of situations in Baoging County: first, the local people "watch" the dance during the New Year's celebration programs or the rehearsals of the performing teams. This is still the traditional way of "teaching from the heart"; secondly, the local performing arts organization specially choreographs the Pendulum Dance for certain performances or competitions. In this case, it often involves a teaching process between the teacher and the performers. It is worth mentioning that, whether they are entertaining themselves at a spring celebration or participating in a competition, the members of these teams are local Tujia people who have other formal occupations when they are not dancing. As a result, the movements they employ are easily related to their daily lives. In this way, they dance with vigor themselves and the audience looks at them with affection. Also, it is the spontaneity of the tune-ups that makes the performers relatively undemanding in terms of costumes, props, stage set-ups, and so on. Their audience is also because they usually know each other, to watch the performance is also to support, lively, feel the atmosphere of the main, and will not care about other.
In Zhangjiajie, the Pendulum Dance is mainly performed by professional performers, and the movements are often choreographed by specialized teachers. However, because they are relatively far away from the life content originally expressed in the Pendulum Dance, their movements are distanced from real life in all aspects, whether from the selection, choreography or performance, and cannot be experienced from daily life, but only imitated. However, since most of the performers and choreographers have received some professional training, they can often make up for the previous deficiencies through formation changes and stage positioning. In addition, since the local performing units of the Pendulum Dance are affiliated with various tourist attractions, their economic conditions are relatively generous, and the quality of costumes, props, and stage setups is comparatively high.
(2) Differences in the living environment of folk music in the two places
Aiming at the above comparative analysis of the status of Tujia folk music in the two places, and probing into the reasons for these differences, the different living environments in the two places are the main factors causing the differences in the status of Tujia folk music.
Baojing County's main economic sources are agriculture, animal husbandry and mining, and the local economic structure is still dominated by agriculture and agricultural by-products based on agriculture. And due to the limitations of geographical area, inconvenient transportation, limited counterpart sales targets and many other reasons, so that the local mining, animal husbandry, and agricultural and sideline product production can not be formed on a large scale. This makes it difficult for the local economy to improve greatly, and basically maintains the state of self-sufficiency. This provides a corresponding living base for the survival of folk music such as the weed-gathering gongs and drums. In addition, due to the inconvenience of transportation and the limited standard of living, the local population movement (especially the inflow of foreigners) is not large, which also makes some pure enjoyment services and leisure and entertainment (such as movies, karaoke, disco, etc.) not popularized in the local area. This inadvertently protects some of the traditional customs and recreational activities of the Tujia people, crying for marriage, funeral dancing can still be prevalent in the local community, pan songs, playing lute, singing opera and so on are seldom impacted by other musical cultures. However, it is because of the self-sufficient economic state of Baoding County, making the Maugus dance, the Tima sacred song and other music in the loss of the corresponding life content, and not from other aspects of the economy, policy and other support, and finally lost.
Then look at Zhangjiajie, its total area of 9,563 square kilometers, of which the Wulingyuan area of strange peaks, vivid shape, gullies and valleys, dense vegetation, rare in the world. 1988 August, the local State Council approved as a national key scenic spots. 1992 December, was approved by the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO to be included in the "World Heritage List". These rich natural and human resources make tourism flourish in the area. With the affirmation of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee and Provincial Government, Zhangjiajie formulated the development strategy of "Tourism-driven", and explicitly regarded tourism as the leading industry of the city's economic development, and as the pillar industry of enriching the people and strengthening the city. The local economic structure has changed dramatically: agriculture is no longer the main source of local economy; agricultural and sideline products based on it are only developed as a small part of tourism souvenirs in the tourism economy; in contrast, hotels, restaurants, tours, quick photo and other service industries, local specialties, folk crafts, specialty stamps, souvenir albums and other tourism products are rapidly emerging; in addition to that, the local tourism industry has become more and more competitive with other countries and regions in the world. As a result of the development of tourism, the local transportation with other regions, information exchange, local post and telecommunications industry, transportation, etc. also developed, foreign trade, attract foreign investment and a series of initiatives are relatively easy to implement, which in turn stimulate the local economy; the employment structure of the local people naturally changed, fewer and fewer farmers really go to the fields to work on the land, and more and more people work in the service industry such as waitresses, tour guides, vendors, etc., and more and more people who used to work in agriculture as their livelihood. The content of life, value orientation and artistic aesthetics which were originally based on agriculture have also been changed. The traditional living habits of the Tujia people were gradually urbanized and modernized, and the contents of traditional Tujia life such as weeping, mourning, and transferring the annual meeting gradually disappeared, and the corresponding music forms gradually lost their carriers of survival, and appeared to be about to vanish into obscurity. However, there was a turnaround. Hunan Provincial Government in Xiang Zheng Fa [2000] No. 8 document pointed out that: "to support the development of tourism industry in ethnic areas, accelerate the development of tourist attractions and tourist routes, and vigorously develop ethnic customs and natural scenery tourism" [3]; In addition, in Hunan Province, the tourism management regulations in Article 7 also pointed out: "Departments of the people's governments above the county level that manage tourism shall ...... develop tourism products and enrich the cultural life of tourism" [4]. Under the guidance of the above regulations, Zhangjiajie City has been working towards the direction of an eco-tourism city, combining the marvelous landscape scenery with the unique ethnic culture. Thus, cultural tourism and bring life to the Tujia folk music: Tujia folk music has become an important content of local tourism, Tujia music performances, Tujia folklore performances, Tujia crafts and related albums, books, records and so on in this great market to steal the limelight, lose the carrier of the life of the weeping marriage songs, Tujia love songs, Tima God song, Mogus dance, gripping the grass and gongs and so on the Tujia music and find a The new music of the Tujia ethnic group has found a new space for survival.
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