The Northeast Rice-planting Song has a long history and is an artistic treasure created and accumulated by the working people in the north for a long period of time. It originated from the labor life of transplanting rice-planting and cultivating fields, and was related to the songs of praise and sacrifice sung in ancient times when sacrificing to the gods of agriculture to pray for a good harvest and praying for blessings and avoiding calamities, and it has continuously absorbed the techniques and forms of agricultural songs, ling songs, folk martial arts, acrobatics and operas in its development, so that it has evolved from the general singing of rice-planting songs to the popular performance of the general public today. It is a kind of folk song and dance which is popular among the general public.
Today's Northeast Rice-planting Song has a witty form and a unique style, and the vast black land has given it a pure and bold spirit and style, integrating spiciness, humor, quietness and stability, and bringing out the warm and simple character traits of the Northeastern people in the fullest sense of the word. The biggest characteristic of the Northeast Rice-planting Song is that it is steady with waves, waves with stems, and stems with warps, stepping on the board and twisting on the waist. At the same time, the many different kinds of "flowers in the hands", the fast-paced and elastic drums, and the funny, playful, quiet, steady and beautiful rhythms are all the characteristics of Northeast Yangge.
Whenever there are major festivals, people will spontaneously organize rice-planting song performances and competitions. The costumes of the rice-planting teams are colorful and gaudy, and most of them are drama costumes. From the attire you can judge the characters, there is the "Journey to the West" in the Tang Monk, the Monkey King, Pigsy and Monk Sha, "White Snake" in the White Lady, Xu Xian, as well as Bao Zheng, Chen Shimei, Qin Xianglian and so on, have accompanied by gongs, drums, cymbals, oboe playing a warm and cheerful, fun and upside down the tune of the light on the road. Various dances, especially stilts, dragon dance, lion dance, running boat is the most famous, these dances are lively, skillful, beautiful shape, loved by the masses. [Edit Paragraph] Pre-Liberation Yangge Before liberation, rural Yangge was twisted and sung, also known as singing Yangge; rural Yangge traveled to the village, also known as "running Yangge"; urban Yangge was twisted and not sung, also known as "twisting Yangge".
Pre-liberation rice-planting teams were all male, with one group of two, one "upper dress" (dressed as a woman, also called "head-binding"), one "lower dress" (dressed as a man, also called "fighting ugly"), and one "lower dress" (dressed as a man, also called "fighting ugly"). (also known as "the ugly one"), called "a pair of frames". A large group of four (two sets) is called "one stick drum". In the rice-planting team, "the first stick drum", "the second stick drum", "the third stick drum"...... are arranged in an orderly manner, and each person has a fixed Each person has a fixed position. The "head stick drum" is the team's highest singing skills, "two stick drum" followed by "three stick drum" is even worse. The leader of the rice-planting team wears a scarf, a cape, and a fan, and he is the only one who does not have a costume to go with it, so he is called the "Silly Gentleman", or "the one who pulls on the shirt". The end of the row of the rice-planting team is called "Old Sitting Son", which is also a set of frame: "Upper Dress" is an old woman dressed as a tricky and shrewd woman, holding two beaters in her hands and wearing red pepper in her ears; "Lower Dress" is a comical old man, hunchbacked, wearing a red pepper in his ear; "Lower Dress" is a comical old man, hunchbacked, holding a fan. funny old man, hunchback, crutches. Yangge team also dress up the characters in the story, such as Green Snake, White Snake, Piggy, the Monkey King and so on. The big ones are sixty or seventy people, and the small ones are twenty or thirty people. [Edit Paragraph] Post-Liberation Yangge The post-liberation Yangge eliminated the "Silly Duke", "Old Sitting Son", "One Set of Stands", and "One Stick of Drums", and eliminated the male impersonator. After the Yangge, it eliminated the "silly eunuchs", "old sitters", "a pair of frames" and "a stick of drums", and eliminated men dressed as women, men dressed as men and women dressed as women, and only twisted but not sang in both urban and rural areas. [Editor's note] Coriander stalk in the Yangge Coriander stalk Note: Yangge, is from the townspeople Nuo to the local theater in the middle of the form, it is connected at one end to drive away Nuo (Nuo Nuo God, in fact, is the witch), the other end is connected to the opera performers. This chapter is intended to specifically introduce the name of the rice-planting song source, form characteristics, rice-planting song and the countryman Nuo, opera, puppet theater relationship and other issues. Popular in various parts of the rice-planting songs, are with the ancient townspeople Nuo - along the door by epidemic activities have blood relations. This track, still popular in the northern rice-planting songs is still not difficult to find. [Edit Paragraph] Shaanxi's "God will rice-planting songs" Shaanxi Yulin Paulingburg Township and Mili County Guo Xinzhuang old rice-planting songs, called "God will rice-planting songs", "every year before the Spring Festival activities, rice-planting teams in the God will be led by the president of the temple to pay homage to God, the next day before starting from door to door by the door, and then the next day. The next day, they began to go from house to house to pay homage to the New Year, which the public called 'along the door', in order to eliminate disasters and avoid difficulties, and for good luck and peace." Obviously, "along the door" is along the door by epidemic activities, only Nuo removed the ghost face shell. [edit paragraph] umbrella head rice-planting song in western Jin and northern Shaanxi, popularized a kind of "umbrella head rice-planting song", the rice-planting team has a pivotal singer, the left hand shaking ringing ring, the right hand holding a flower umbrella, commonly known as the umbrella head. Is a rice-planting team leader, whose main responsibility is to command the whole situation, program, leading the rice-planting team row street, walking yard, pull out the field, and on behalf of the rice-planting team improvised singing rice-planting songs to thank you for the tribute. Folklore, umbrellas and ringing rings are demonic magic weapon, visible rice-planting songs and ancient Nuo Yi connection. [Edit paragraph] Yangge rituals Some remote mountainous areas where Yangge must first sacrifice plague, and then run the yard to avoid the plague. At the end of the rice-planting song (usually after sunset), to hold a ceremony to send the plague, the community home beforehand to make a boat, mostly made of sorghum stalks, and pasted with white paper. The elaborate places are made of wood. Boat lamps and a paper man, symbolizing the plague god. Or just write a tablet "Plague God's spirit of the old man". Escorted by the rice-planting team to the riverside, after people bow to the incense. Umbrella head singing a farewell rice-planting song, immediately put the paper boat into the water to float away. This is very similar to the ancient exorcism ceremony. [Edit paragraph] rice-planting and rice-planting relationship "rice-planting" its name, it is easy to associate it with the relationship between rice-planting rice paddies. However, in the three northern regions (Northeast, Northwest, and North China), where there are no paddy fields, no rice planting, and no rice-planting, the popularity of rice-planting songs is even greater than that in the South. This shows that the rice-planting songs in the north have nothing to do with rice-planting.
South and north "rice-planting song" name is different. In the south, "Yangge" is performed during the rice-planting, with "song" as the main theme, while in the north, it is a kind of amusement performance in costume during the agricultural leisure time or New Year's. The popularity of Yangge is also very high, as it is the first time in the world to be performed in the country.
Popular in the three northern regions, in the Lantern Festival costume performance of the rice-planting song, and planting rice seedlings sung in the south is not a variety of art. Their use of the same name is merely a result of comparison due to phonetic similarity. The rice-planting songs discussed later in this article generally refer to the northern rice-planting songs, unless otherwise noted. [Edit Paragraph] The History of Yangge According to the Dictionary of Chinese Opera Genres, the high percentage of opera genres developed and evolved from Yangge in the national repertoire is quite astonishing. It can be said that the rice-planting song is the source of all operas.
According to the record of "Liu Bian Jiliao", the performance time of Yangge is in the night of Lantern Festival, there is a dress-up "umbrella lamp seller" as a guide, followed by three or four "children" dressed as women, and three or four pretending to be "senators". "In their hands, they all hold "two logs" that are "feet long". Yangge performances have minority elements, at the latest in the Yuan Dynasty has been formed.
Republic of China Hebei "Cangxian Zhi" provides the value of information should attract sufficient attention. For one thing, it suspects that the rice-planting song "named meaning" is "southern people planting rice seedlings and song", and suggests that the "rice-planting song" of another name -- "Yang Ge! and suggests another name for "Yangge" - "Yangge". Secondly, it specifically describes the formal characteristics of North China's rice-planting songs, which are similar to those of Northeast China's rice-planting songs, with the costumes and props of the various characters being the most noteworthy. For example, the "Lezi" held by the "Duke" can be linked to the form and function of the "bamboo pole" in the Song opera, and to the "Luizi" (commentary). "It is an important material for solving the related problems in the history of opera. As for the "long robes and short coats, soap boots and feather tassels", also when the minority attire. [edit paragraph] North China Yangge On the North China Yangge, Li Bingwei and others, "Guide to the Civil Society in Beiping" recorded the Beijing "Yangge Society": "The whole class of roles are all colorfully dressed up as a play, and walk on stilts, beyond the crowd. The roles were divided into ten sections: the Monk with the Head, the Foolish Eunuch, the Old Master, the Little Erge, the Faggot, the Fisherman, the Fisherman's Own, the Ointment Seller, the Fisherman's Wife, the Jun Gong, and the Ugly Drum. The above ten parts are composed of twelve singles because of the pairing of gongs and drums. The roles are funny and entertaining, and the ensemble is inspired to contribute to the art of the vocation." . Apparently, Beijing's Yangge is more similar to Liaoning. The so-called "Silly Gongzi" is the "Sha Gongzi" in the Northeast Yangge, or the "Gongzi" in the Cangxian Zhi; the "Selling Ointment" which is not found in Cangxian, is not found in the Northeast and Beijing. "Cangxian is not found in Cangxian, but is found in Northeast China and Beijing. [Edit Paragraph] Yangge in the Northwest Region The Yangge performance in the Northwest Region has the so-called "white beard, flowery face, red tasseled cap, white short coat worn backwards, hand-held umbrella lamp leader", equivalent to the Northeast Yangge in the "anti-wearing leather coats" in the front, North China Yangge in the "long robe and short coat, long robe and short coat, long robe and short coat, short coat, long robe and short coat, long robe and short coat, long robe and short coat, short coat, short coat, short coat and short coat, long coat and short coat. The so-called "Prodigal Son" is equivalent to the leader in the Northeast Yangge who wears a leather coat in reverse, and the leader in the North China Yangge who wears a long robe and short coat, soap boots and feather tassels, and holds a red umbrella. The so-called "prodigal son" and "prostitute" are probably equivalent to the "gentleman" and "beautiful woman" in North China's rice-plant songs. They "sing and dance", tease each other, and perform small plays with simple plots to draw the attention of the audience. [Edit Paragraph] Characteristics of Yangge Let's summarize the characteristics of Yangge in this way: it is usually performed in the northern countryside before and after the Lantern Festival, a kind of masquerade with theatrical elements; it is generally in the form of a dance team, and walking and singing and dancing; most of the dance teams have to perform door-to-door, retaining the traces of the development from the door-by-door epidemiology to the door of the selling of arts and begging; the names and number of roles in the dance team are not all the same, but there are always officials, The names and number of roles in the dance team varied, but there were always officials, martial arts students, the elderly, monks, women, etc. (roughly equivalent to the opera in the raw Dan, clean and ugly), always performing young men and women laughing with each other, the young men were called "Sha Gongzi" or "Silly Gongzi"; generally, there were children wearing makeup, women dressed as men; the dance team had a team leader, The rear of the temple, the leader is often wearing a leather jacket, holding an umbrella lamp, is the dress of the northern ethnic minorities, sometimes referred to as "sellers of ointment"; sometimes the officials (senators) also for the ethnic minorities attire. Some dancers hold two short wooden sticks; drums and gongs are sounded during the performance, and the drums are more important.
Measured by this feature, there are similar performances in the Yangtze River basin and even in southern China, although most of them are not called Yangge, but Yangge Lanterns, Flower Drum Lanterns, or Playing Flower Drums, Flower Lanterns, and Picking Tea. [Edit Paragraph] Hubei's rice-planting lights Hubei Fangxian Lanterns staged rice-planting lights, Yunnan Yaoan lantern play ten hundred for the group, the Republic of Hunan "Jiahe County Chart": "rice-planting songs, a so-called 'Lanterns', decorated with children men and women relative to the singing and jumping, drums and trumpets with the body and hands together, the class of the Hengzhou horse lanterns to carry on. The wind to 15 days, called 'play the Lantern Festival'."
Hu Pu'an "Chinese national customs" recorded in Jiangsu Yizheng "flower drum lamp", is a typical rice-planting songs. The popular yingge of Puning and Chaoan in Guangdong Province, also known as yingge, yangge and yingge, not only retained some of the performance characteristics of the northern yangge, but also retained the name of the yangge.
Therefore, we not only have reasons to deny that the northern rice-planting songs "came from the south", but we can even say: the southern Yingge, lanterns, tea picking, flower drums, etc., were introduced from the north, or at least formed under the influence of the northern rice-planting songs. [edit paragraph] Yangge is also known as Yangge In Shaanxi and Hebei, Yangge is also called "Yangge". Some people believe that because the Yangge started in Fengyang, it is also called "Yangge". Some people think that "Yangge" originated from the sun worship of ancient mankind, which is the original name of Yangge. The fact is that it is not a true story, and it's not a true story. [edit paragraph] "Women's Song" Qing Huang Joon, "Red Mountain Broken Leaves", said: "Red Mountain Light Market has rice-planting songs, rice-planting songs of the 'Yang' or '姎', so-called The song of women. According to the ancient book, the word "姎" is the name of the ditch Shuai, it seems to have not been coordinated." The statement that Yangge is a "woman's song" is very noteworthy.
Republic of China Liu Wenhai, "westbound journal": "Xinjiang Tangmin women, indeed delicate and charming, encountered the soul. ...... There is a good person, had made the word yangge. Central Brother, that is, the women of the people of the said." Also remembered Xinjiang ballad: "Turpan grapes Hami melon, Kuche central brother son (wrapped back to say that women's title) a flower."
Qing Qi Yunshi, "Western Frontier Essentials," Volume IV of the Xinjiang dialect: "Calling the woman as mandarin." Accordingly, it can be said with certainty: 姎 brother, central brother, sheep high, mandarin brother are a turn of the voice, the Department of Wei language to the female title. Moreover, this female refers mainly to young girls, or at least young women. It is inconceivable that anyone over middle age would be called "a flower".
So the original meaning of Yangge is "the song of the young girl". The most convincing evidence of this is the fact that young men and women are laughing with each other in the rice-planting songs of different places, and that the "relative singing and dancing of boys and girls" is one of the essential features of the rice-planting songs.
Whether it's Yangge, or lanterns, or tea-picking, the young girls are the main characters; the young girls are mostly dressed up as boys.
We have emphasized that the rice-planting songs have the components of the northern minorities, and now we can further say: the rice-planting songs are the ancient townspeople Nuo that is, along the door of the epidemic and the combination of Western forms of entertainment products. [Edit paragraph] "Xinjiang Travels" records Xie Xiaozhong "Xinjiang Travels" record "group called the 姎 brother snuggle Lang", both boys and girls to sing and dance to flirt with, but also a simple plot of the theater performance, and the Han's rice-planting song is very similar. The main "roles" are played by young girls. The name "Yangge" of the Han Chinese may be derived from this.
"姎哥" used to be the name of the role, the Northeast has "Yangge role" said. In addition, the Qing Yongzheng, Qianlong strictly prohibit "rice-planting feet, the fall of the people's mother-in-law" singing decree, today Jidong rice-planting in the collective dance, "by a folk song artists (or rice-planting angle concurrently) sang rice-planting tune".
And, the Republic of Li Junya "Huangzhong Lantern Festival social fire", recorded the southeastern part of Qinghai around the Lantern Festival social fire performance. Huge masquerade dance team, there are stilts sister, pull flower sister, flower clapper, old Yanggao (also written as "old goat brother"), pseudo God of fire, newspaper, flower drums, pull medicine sister, flower monk, mute, bladder aunt and other roles. This is basically the same as the general Yangge performance, and the leader of the "Yanggao" (Yanggao), i.e., the "Yanggao" of Kuche, "Jiegao", i.e., the "Yangge foot" of the Han Chinese, is the "Yangge foot", i.e., the "Yangge foot" of the Han Chinese. The "Yangge Foot" or "Yangge Corner" of the Han Chinese is also known as the "Yangge Foot" or "Yangge Corner". Later, the whole dance team was called by the name of the leader.
Five Roles of Shandong Drum Rice-planting Songs
The drum rice-planting songs in Shandong have five roles: umbrella, drum, stick, flower and ugly. The "umbrella" is divided into "ugly umbrella" and "flower umbrella", "ugly umbrella" is also known as the "head umbrella". The "ugly umbrella", also known as the "head umbrella", dressed as a male old man, is the conductor of the entire Yangge team. The "drum" is dressed as a martial artist, and is the main actor of the rice-planting team, with a large number of people, complex movements, and beating the drum while dancing, which makes the dance very powerful. The name "Drum Rice-planting Song" is derived from this. The "sticks" are male youths who dance with wooden sticks with colorful stripes on both ends. The "flowers" are female youths whose costumes are modeled after those of the flower girls in the opera. The number of "clowns" can be large or small, dressed as "silly boys", "ugly women", "magistrates", "Playboy", etc., improvise and make fun.
Roles of Jiaozhou Yangge
The roles of Jiaozhou Yangge are "Drum, Cuihua, Stick, Fanhua, Little Man", each of which is a pair of roles, and there are five pairs of ten roles. All the roles are called up by their props and make-up and performance characteristics. Since "Drum", "Stick", and "Flower" are all character names, then "Brother" can be a character name.
"姎哥偎郎"
起于西域的 "姎哥偎郎", in the spread to the east met with exorcism factor of the Han Chinese Lantern Festival, so in the east and west of the combination, specifically, in Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. Specifically, in Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, northern Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, produced to "姎哥" as the main role of the make-up form of performance.
The emergence of rice-planting songs
Range-planting songs were probably created in the Song Dynasty, and may have been called "Yazhou Drums" (Yazhou Drums) at first. It was a Western song and dance, with the "姎哥" as the main character, that was combined with the Han Lantern Festival and became the Yangge in the Song Dynasty, in the area of Gansu and Shaanxi in the central and western parts of the country.
Difference between Yangge and Chaozhou Yingge
Yingge is not without rap, but it is divided into two parts: the drum dance (Wu Yazhu) and the "costume" performance (Wen Yazhu). The first part retains the name "yingge" for the drums, while the dramatic performance is called "houpang". The "Drum Rice-planting Song" of Shandong mentioned above is in fact no different from the Chaozhou Yingge. There is also the Shanxi Fenxiaodi Yangge, which also belongs to the same category.
"Songjiang Formation"
There is a form of entertainment called "Songjiang Formation" in Fujian and Taiwan, which is also known as yingge, but it is simply not even "yingge", However, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou call the parade of decorated boys and girls "Yingge", which still bears the imprint of the Yangge and Aoi drums. Because one of the basic features of the Yangge is that children wear make-up and men dress up as women.
The record of "The Old Story of Wulin"
The statement that a woman was dressed up as a puppet reminds us of the children's make-up and men's disguise in the rice-plantation songs and dances. This form of rice-planting songs is related to the puppet theater. After the article of "Lantern Festival" in Volume 2 of "Old Story of Wulin", it contains "Dance team, big and small full shed puppets", and its names are: GMP, fine Dan, clip stick, male and female bamboo horse, male and female pestle and mortar song, Hedongzi, blind judge, dry rowing boat, holding gongs and pretending to be ghosts, village field music, drum plate, playing monks, Cargo Man and so on. This is hardly different from the grand rice-planting dance team.
Theater from Yangge ----- Yang Opera
There is a small local opera in western Hunan called Yang Opera from Yangge, which is divided into South Road and North Road, and North Road Yang Opera is also known as "Liuzi Opera". No matter south, north road Yang opera, have transplanted the repertoire of puppet theater.
The Tianzhu Yang Opera, popularized in Tianzhu, Guizhou, is often dominated by clowns, who "raise their feet at the start," and "turn around and raise their feet while walking, similar to the short steps and small broken steps. The danjiao and choujiao all have to open the four doors when they appear, accompanied by gongs and drums." In Hunan province, human theater is called "high stage theater" and puppet theater is called "low stage theater". The clown "start to lift the foot", it is the Fujian small Liyuan theater "puppet foot" action, pure imitation of the puppet.
It is worth mentioning, Guizhou, Sichuan and other places of Nuo opera, also known as "Yang opera" or "Yang opera". Usually the "Yang opera" name is explained: entertaining "Yang opera" and entertaining God's "Yin opera" relative to the name, so the name. In fact, regardless of Yang opera, Yin opera, are Nuo opera, in the performance place, time, form, purpose and so on, there is no difference. And, "Yang opera" can be written "Yang theater", with Yin, Yang relative to say is not explainable.
Nuo opera called "Yang opera", and puppet theater called "Yang opera" for the same reason. Hunan Nuo opera "Dapan hole" fourth, there is "cherry" to teach "peach blossom" singing Lotus Haunted scene. This "Cherry brother" is equivalent to the Western Yangge in the 姎 brother, sheep high.