About the Work
How Iron is Made brings to life the heroism of a revolutionary soldier who overcame his illness and never fell out of favor. He reproduced the real picture of how the first generation of Soviet **** Youth League members overcame all the difficulties and dangers in their lives to realize the ideal of socialism with great artistic influence. The main character, Paul Kochagin, is the youngest son of a poor worker's family in a Ukrainian town, his father died early, while his mother worked as a cook in a rich family, and his older brother, Artyn, was a railroad worker; he suffered a lot from the pain of the capitalist system's exploitation of people and oppression of people. After dropping out of school, he worked as a station canteen boy and a power plant laborer before meeting Tonya, the daughter of a forester. His low social status and hard life developed an indomitable character. After the outbreak of the October Revolution, when the Red regime was besieged by foreign intervention and national reactionaries, and the political situation in the Ukraine became more turbulent than ever, Paul met Zhukhrai through his brother. Jukhrai was an old Bolshevik who had been left behind in the town when the Red Army retreated. Juhlai taught Paul boxing and cultivated Paul's simple revolutionary zeal. Once, for rescuing Juhlai, Paul himself was imprisoned. And then the stupid enemy quickly misplaced him: after his release, Paul panicked and jumped into the garden of Tonya's house. Tonya loved the passionate, headstrong, strong personality of Paul, and Paul was also attracted by the beautiful, neat, elegant, not like other children of rich families look down on the workers of Tonya.
Later, Paul joined the Red Army under the influence of Zhu Helai. Becoming one of the bravest soldiers in the famous Cavalry Division of Bujumbura, he and his comrades once charged the enemy seventeen times a day. After the battle, he also liked to read "Gadfly", "Spartacus" and other novels, as soon as he had time to tell his comrades to listen.
A fierce battle, he was seriously wounded in the head, was sent to the hospital: after being discharged from the hospital, Paul lived in Tonya's relatives. He was blind in one eye and could not return to the front, but he immediately threw himself into all kinds of difficult work at the local level.
Once at a party of his fellow workers, Paul was ridiculed and mocked by them for bringing along Tonya, who was beautifully dressed and neat. Paul realizes that Tonya and himself are not of the same class, and resolves to break off their relationship.
In order to supply the city with timber, Paul took part in the construction of the railroad. Autumn rains, mud, snow, frozen soil, working conditions became increasingly harsh, and the harassment of armed bandits, as well as disease and hunger threatened Paul and his comrades. But the railroad was built on schedule, has been promoted to the provincial party committee member Zhu Helai for their revolutionary zeal y moved, said "steel is made this way".
Because of the outstanding achievements, Paul was appointed secretary of a railroad factory's Youth League Committee, female political commissar Lida often help Paul to help him raise awareness, and do a good job. Paul gradually fell in love with Lida, but the revolution to give up their second budding love, Paul because of typhoid fever again admitted to the hospital, and got pneumonia, pneumonia, but the doctor found a shrapnel in his spine enough to kill the dark wound.
In his hometown during the sick, Paul to the martyrdom of the earth tomb in front of the comrades, emotionally, issued a touching, deafening 瞆 bold words: "The most valuable thing is life. Life is only once for everyone. How should we spend this one life? Whenever looking back, can not for wasted years and regret, not because of the shame of doing nothing; in the dying, he can say, my whole life and all the energy has been dedicated to the world's most magnificent cause - the struggle for the liberation of mankind." After recovering from the disease, Paul was again unselfishly put into the revolutionary work: in the work, he resolutely and all kinds of non-mainstream ideas and "crooked and evil" to fight, on the comrade Dubois's "degeneration", he was very sad, resolutely give criticism! ...... Paul's physique is getting worse and worse.
In 1924, the party organization had to remove all the burdens on his body, let him long-term convalescence. His eyesight was getting worse and worse. While convalescing on the seaside, Paul met Daya - the youngest daughter of a worker's family: at Daya's home, Paul instigated Daya's revolt against her crusty father and guided her to join the Soviets, and Daya and Paul married.
In 1927, Paul became completely paralyzed and subsequently blind. He was once discouraged and lost his faith in life, but his strong revolutionary beliefs brought him out of the doldrums again. Under the extremely difficult conditions, Paul began to create literature.
In 1934, with the help of his mother, his wife, and his comrades, his first novel, Born in the Storm, was finally published! Paul was overjoyed, and he had a new revolutionary weapon - writing.
Main Characters
Paul Kochagin (lovingly called: Povrusha, popularly known as: Povka)
Seryozha Bruszak - a childhood friend of Paul, a soldier of the Red Army, and the secretary of the district committee of the ****Youth Reunion
Varya Bruszak - Seryozha's sister, a member of the ****Youth League
Lida Ustinovich - a staff member of the political department of the Red Army division, a member of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Committee of the ****Youth League, Paul's true love
Ivan Zarki - a soldier of the Red Army, secretary of the district committee of the ****Youth League
Ignat Pankratov - a dockworker, secretary of the ****Youth League at the freight terminal
Nikolai Okunev. - secretary of the ****Youth League at the locomotive depot, secretary of the ****Youth League district committee
Fyodor Zhukhrai - sailor, Party underground worker, chairman of the Provincial Lustration Committee, deputy head of the Special Services Department of the Military District
Dolynik. - carpenter, Party underground worker, chairman of the city's Revolutionary Committee
Akim - secretary of the Provincial Committee of the ****Youth League, secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian ****Youth League
Tokarev - old Clampsman, head of the road construction team, secretary of the district party committee
Alexander Puzilevsky - head of the Red Army
Ledeniov - old Bolshevik
Artyn Kochagin --Paul's brother, locksmith, chairman of the city soviet
Politovsky - train driver
Bruzczak - Zakhar Bruszak. -Seryozha's father, deputy train driver
Maria Yakovlevna - Paul's mother, cook in the tax collector's house, a devoted churchgoer
Daya Kochagina (love: Dayusha) - - a working woman, Paul's wife
Tonya Dumanova - the forester's daughter, Paul's first love
Dmitry Dubava - the secretary of the district committee of the ****Youth League, a Trotskyist
Volodya Kochagina (love: Dajusha) - a woman who works in the house of the tax collector, a loyalist< /p>
Volodya Tuvta - head of the registration and distribution department of the provincial committee of the **** Youth League, Trotskyist
Tsvetaev - secretary of the railroad factory's league committee, Trotskyist
Vasyl Priesthood- - Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionary Party member, counterrevolutionary
Viktor Leszczynski - Polish hereditary nobleman, high school student, informer, traitor
Petliura - leader of the White Bandits, the nobleman
Dumanov - Tonya's father, forest officer
Neli Leszczynskaia - Polish hereditary nobleman, Viktor's sister
Characterization
Paul --The greatest achievement of the novel How Steel is Made is the successful portrayal of Paul Kochakin as a Bolshevik. Kochakin, under the cultivation of the Bolshevik Party, in the revolutionary fire and the hard environment tempered out of the typical image of the new ****productivist. He has a clear class position of love and hate, noble moral style, high revolutionary passion, miraculous vitality and iron will, writing a magnificent poem of dedicating everything to the party and the people.
Paul is a self-conscious, selfless revolutionary warrior, he always put the interests of the party and the motherland in the first place. In the blood and fire of the war years, Paul and his brothers and fathers rode together on the frontiers, for the defense of the Soviet regime and efforts, with foreign armed interferers and the white bandits fought in blood, showing a willingness to dedicate themselves to the cause of the revolution is not afraid of the spirit of sacrifice. During the difficult years of healing the wounds of war and restoring the national economy, he devoted himself to peaceful labor with all his enthusiasm. Although he was once a jingoist and a bloodstained soldier, he was not proud of his achievements, nor did he consider his personal fame and fortune, but only wanted to do more for the Party and the people. The party told him to repair the railroad, he went; the party transferred him to be a cadre of the regiment, he went, and all of them put their lives on the line. For the sake of the revolution, he could even sacrifice love. He loved Lida, but under the influence of the Gadfly, he wanted to "devote himself completely to the cause of the revolution", so he said goodbye without saying goodbye according to the way of the Gadfly. After being paralyzed and blind, his only need in life was to be able to continue to work for the Party. As he said, "My whole life and all my energies have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world - the struggle for the liberation of mankind!"
Paul is a tough and strong revolutionary warrior, he has withstood the severe test in all aspects of life. In front of the enemy's torture, he would rather die than give in; in the battlefield, he was brave; in the fight with the devouring life of the devil, he has repeatedly made death deterred, creating a "back from the dead" miracle. Especially on his deathbed, he also struggled to climb the temple of art process, showing a revolutionary warrior steel will to reach the highest level.
Paul is a hero in the ordinary to see the great character. In his resume, there is no earth-shattering great performance, he always started from the most ordinary small things. In the face of the heavy impact of disease, he also had the idea of suicide, and it is in his heroic passion to fight with the disease, he contains the danger of "leftist" infantile disease. Paul later also finally realized that he did not love the body can not be called heroic behavior, but a kind of capricious and irresponsible. Therefore, Paul is great, but also ordinary, he is in the fire of the revolution gradually refined and matured steel warrior, is a flesh and blood, let a person feel close to the role model.
Paul character: the spirit of self-sacrifice, tenacious will, unswerving faith
Paul spirit: tenacity. Persistence. Hard work. Endeavor. Bravery. Dedication.
Paul is the author's own prototype molded with autobiographical nature of the typical image, the writer is based on their own life experience and real feelings to describe Paul. Therefore, Paul's moving deeds are not artistic fiction, but basically a true story, but its real, so more touching. However, the author opposes to regard this novel as a writer's autobiography, because "this is a novel, not a biography". In Paul, he concentrated on his contemporaries, many similar characters of thought and character traits, using the typicalization of the technique. He said: "In this book, I am not writing about Paul Kochagin. In this book, I am not writing about Paul Kochagin alone, but about millions of Kochagins, millions of men and women who fought for their own happiness and put their lives on the line!" Paul's image is both autobiographical, more terse, is the most glorious and typical representative of the young generation of socialism.
Tonya - Paul's first love, she is the daughter of a forestry officer. She is pure, kind and beautiful. She had introduced the novel The Gadfly to Paul. The book inspired his thoughts. She met Paul Kochagin in a chance encounter and unconsciously liked him and loved him because of his stubbornness and passion. But because of her class origin, she did not join the great struggle for the defense of Soviet power as many young people did at that time.
Zhu Helai - a member of the ****production party, a strong Red Army soldier, brave, resourceful, good at leading and organizing the masses, he well united the masses of workers and educated countless young people in the revolutionary struggle, and Paul was y educated and cultivated by him and grew up.
Aljom - he is Paul's brother, a train driver, clampsman, chairman of the city Soviet. He had noble qualities of the working class, fought tirelessly against the enemy, and he was the best assistant to Juhlai.
Lida - a good ****anist, the object of Paul's true and deep love. She is beautiful, witty, simple but competent dress, kind-hearted and firm. She loves her work, good at strategizing, can actively deal with emergencies, do not let private feelings affect the work of the overall situation. She loves and hates, loves what she believes in ****productivism, and Paul like-minded, with the tacit understanding.
Theme Ideas
How Steel is Made is an excellent novel that describes the growth process of a newcomer and reveals the excellent qualities of a newcomer. When a British reporter asked the author why he took "How Steel is Made" as the title of his book, Ostrovsky replied: "Steel is forged in fire and cold. Only in this way can it become hard and fear nothing, and it is in such struggles, in hard trials, that our generation has been tempered and has learned not to be disheveled in the face of life." The title of this book graphically summarizes the content of the ideas he is trying to express; the path of growth and ideological character of his own generation.
Through Paul's path of growth, the novel tells people that only when a person defeats the enemy as well as himself in the hardships of the revolution, and only when he links his own pursuits with the interests of the motherland and the people, will he create a miracle, and grow up to be a warrior of steel. It is an important theme of the novel that revolutionaries are refined into steel in the struggle. By revealing Paul's stalwart character that dares to overcome any hardship for the cause of the Party and the people, the novel graphically tells the young generation what the ****productivist ideal is and how to strive for the ****productivist ideal. What kind of life should a revolutionary soldier have, this is another theme of the novel. The words that Paul said while mourning the grave of his female comrade Wa Lian are the confession of his ****productivist outlook on life, and also the elaboration of this theme of the novel: "The most precious thing for a man is life, and life is only once for us. A man's life should be spent in such a way that when he remembers the past, he does not regret for having wasted his years, nor is he ashamed for having done nothing-so that, on his deathbed, he can say: 'My whole life and all my energies have been devoted to the most magnificent cause in the world! -- the struggle for the liberation of mankind.'" The theme idea of the novel can be summarized in this way: one's life should be spent as Paul did.
Editing
Artistic Characteristics
How Iron is Made is a novel, and many of the stories in the novel come from the author's personal experience, so it reads more real and believable, and is affectionate and touching. But the author is not bound to the facts of life, the characters and plot to do a lot of typical treatment.
All the descriptions of the novel are centered on the growth of the main character, and the structure is compact and natural. When portraying the character of the main character, it also shows his excellent qualities from different angles. Through the description of Paul how to deal with prison, war, work, friendship, love, disease, frustration, and how to deal with the revolution and personal, public and private, life and death and other major issues of attitude, the image of Paul the steel warrior shaped extraordinarily full and vivid, brilliant.
The novel is mainly a narrative, with inner monologues, letters and diaries, and aphorisms and aphorisms interspersed. Environmental descriptions are simple, beautiful and expressive.
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Great Quotes
1 Thousands of people form a powerful transformer, forming a never-ending driving force.
2 "There's no need for a mass meeting, no one here needs a propaganda boost, Tokarev, you speak accurately, they are indeed invaluable, that's how steel is made!" Zhukh said.
3 Sorrow, and all sorts of passionate or tender ordinary feelings of the common people, which almost everyone is free to express, Paul alone has no such right; they are imprisoned by the will that never lets go. But the nearer the work drew to an end, the more frequently these feelings assailed him, and sought to escape from the control of the will. Had he succumbed to any of these feelings and allowed it to strike, a tragic end would have occurred.
4 O youth, infinitely beautiful youth! At this time, the lust has not yet sprouted, only the rapid heartbeat vaguely show its existence; at this time, the hand inadvertently touched his girlfriend's breast, then trembled with panic, and quickly moved away; at this time, the friendship of youth constraint on the last step of action. At such moments, what could be more relatable than the hands of a beloved girl? These hands tighten around your neck, followed by a kiss as hot as an electric shock.
5 winter passed, spring pushed open the closed window. Paul, who had lost too much blood, withstood his last operation and realized that he could never stay in the hospital again. For more than ten months, the sick around him suffered, the dying moaned and resolved, an atmosphere that was more unbearable than his own pain.
6 Paul's heart was thumping wildly again. His longed-for wish had come true! The iron ring has been smashed, he picked up a new weapon, back to the fighting ranks, began a new fighting course.
7 Steel is made by burning in the fire and highly cooled, so it is strong. Our generation too has been tempered in struggle and in hard trials and has learned never to be discouraged in life.
8 Any fool can end himself at any time! It is the most cowardly and the easiest way out.
9 Put away your guns and don't tell anyone. Even if, life is intolerable keep going so that life can become worth living.
10 The death of the leader did not cause disorganization in the ranks of the party. Like a big tree, which powerfully puts its roots deep into the soil, it will never wither even if the top of the tree is cut off.
11 What is the use of living when he has lost the most precious thing of all, the ability to fight? What will he use to prove that he has lived a worthy life today, in the bleak tomorrow? And what is there to enrich his life? Merely to eat, drink, and breathe? To be a powerless bystander, watching his comrades charge forward?
12 It was late fall and rainy. The cold rain soaks through the clothes and freezes the flesh. The road building team worked from early morning to late at night every day. At night, everyone lay down on the concrete floor in rain-soaked, sludge-slurry-hardened clothes and slept, warming each other with their body heat. The daily diet consisted of a pound and a half of black bread like anthracite, and sometimes even that was not supplied. There were also constant attacks by Orlik gangs. *** The members of the Youth League fought and labored, and everywhere the sound of iron bars and shovels striking against the stones resounded, and everywhere they saw their backs bent in the strain of labor. Soon the winter came. People were still working hard in the snow and ice, digging through the frozen ground. As long as we can keep our breath, we must build this railroad. Zhu He came to the construction site, saw this scene, extremely moved: "Steel is so refined ah!"
13 was severely attacked by the disease Paul, one side to the slack behavior to start the fight, one side to take the lead in labor, set off the race. Every day before dawn, dragging the pair of swollen and stiff feet, take the initiative to prepare for the comrades of boiling water and hot dishes, although Paul had a high fever for a day, still with a large wooden shovel in shoveling snow. Serious typhoid fever finally knocked Paul down. The body of a nameless young hairdresser, Paul, was carried to the platform.
14 Paul did not die of typhoid fever, he came back from the death line and fought tenaciously in the revolution.
15 Make time to live quickly, for an inexplicable illness, or an unexpected tragic event, can interrupt life.
16 Our country is reviving and becoming strong, and there is great promise in living in this world.
17 Man should dominate habits and never let them dominate man.
18 If a man cannot change his bad habits, he is worthless.
19 In any case, what I have gained is much more than what I have lost.
20 Don't leave painful memories in your life.
21 In our lives there is not only struggle, but also the joy of good feelings.
22 Work with all your might, like a tame horse climbing a hill with a heavy load.
23 To keep on fighting till the last moment.
24 The only thing that takes me out of the fighting ranks is death.
25 Recall year after year, like an ironclad judge examining his life.
26 Even when life has become intolerable, be good at living on, and do all you can to make life useful to the people. Wasting manpower is tantamount to committing a crime.
27 No one has the right to spoil his health.
28 Being strong is a relatively simple and easy thing to do when one is healthy and full of youthful vigor, and being strong is an honorable performance only when life tightens you up like an iron ring!
29 Have you done everything to make your life useful?
30 The waves lapped at his feet against the scattered heaps of rocks, and the dry sea breeze from distant Turkey blew in his face. The coast of the harbor was irregularly bowed, a breakwater of steel and concrete blocking the waves. Winding, undulating mountains stretched down to the waterfront with an abrupt break. On the outskirts of the city blocks of white huts line the peaks, stretching far into the distance.
31 Happiness, then, lies in the creation of a new life, in the struggle to transform and re-educate that great and intelligent man who has become the master of his country, the socialist age.
32 The chief tragedy of life is the cessation of struggle.
33 The beauty of a man does not lie in his appearance, in his clothes and in his hair style, but in himself, in his heart. If man has not the beauty of his heart, we often detest his beautiful appearance.
34 The self-interested man is the first to perish. He lives by himself and for himself. If his "I" is damaged, he cannot survive.
35 Friendship is first and foremost sincerity, criticizing the mistakes of one's comrades.
36 *** The same cause, *** the same struggle, can make people produce the strength to endure everything.
37 I have experienced the pain of abandonment and betrayal in my own life. But one thing has saved me: my life will always have a purpose and meaning, and that is the struggle for socialism.
38 Only those like me who are madly in love with life, with the struggle, with the building of that new and better world, only those of us who have seen through and realized the full meaning of life, do not just die, and cannot give up on life even by the slightest chance.
39 Always feel that the land of the motherland is firmly under your feet, live with the collective, and remember that it is the collective that educates you. If one day you are separated from the collective, that is the beginning of the end.
40 A true friend should speak the truth, however sharp it may be.
41 Therein lies the great power of man - to feel that he is inside a friendly collective. For me, being a soldier is the greatest happiness ...... All personal problems are not as permanent as the socialist cause.
42 Comrades, bravely move forward,
steeled in the struggle,
to open the way to freedom,
and go to the battlefield with your chests up!
43 The best and most precious medicine for all ills is labor.
44 Life gives us a great and infinitely noble gift, which is youth: youth full of strength, full of expectations, volunteers, full of aspirations for knowledge and struggle, full of hope, confidence.
45 Bravery arises in struggle, and courage is cultivated in daily stubborn resistance to difficulties. The motto of our youth is to be brave, tenacious and determined, to remove all obstacles.
46 The best thing in life is to be able to serve people with all that you have created even when you cease to exist.
47 Be in the first line of warriors on all occasions in life.
48 "Little brother, I was just like you when I was a kid," Juhu said. "Full of energy, always trying to fight back, but I just didn't know where to put my strength. My family was poor. Whenever I saw the young masters of the rich man's family, who were well-fed and well-dressed, I hated them with a passion. I used to beat them hard. But what's the use? Afterward, I'd still get a beating from my father. Doing it alone won't change the world. Povlusha, you could be a good soldier for the working class. You have everything you need, but you're a little young to understand the class struggle. Little brother, I see that you are quite promising, so I want to talk to you about what path you should take. I hate those timid and lowly fellows. The whole world is on fire now. The slaves have risen up in rebellion to sink the old world into the sea. But it takes brave and strong class brethren, not pampered cockneys, to do this sort of thing; it takes steel warriors who are determined to fight, not soft bones who burrow in the walls like cockroaches hiding from bright lights as soon as the battle breaks out."
49 I believe in only one thing: Inspiration comes at the time of labor. ...... Labor, which is the best doctor of all obtuseness.
50 Happiness is multifaceted. I am also very happy. Creation produces an immense and amazing joy, and I feel my hands also laying the bricks of the beautiful building that we are all ****ing building together, so that my personal grief is excluded.
51 Not resting on what has been gained, but laboring valiantly, endeavoring to hold the pennant of labor in his own hands for a long time.
52 The ideal has an extraordinary charm for me. My ideals ...... are always full of life and earthy flavor. I have never been one to fantasize about things that are impossible to achieve.
53 Whoever thinks he is a saint, a buried genius, whoever is detached from the collective, will have a sad fate. The collective can always improve you and make you stand firm on both feet.
54 The years give us experience, learning gives us knowledge.
55 Patriotism is then multiplied by multiplication with hatred of the enemy, and only such patriotism can lead to victory.
56 The most precious thing for man is life. Life comes to man only once. Therefore, a person's life should be spent in such a way that when a person looks back, he does not regret his wasted years, nor is he ashamed of his inactivity; so that when he is dying, he can say, "I have devoted my whole life and all my energies to the most precious cause of my life - to struggle for the emancipation of mankind".
Appreciation of the work
The events described in How Steel is Made took place in the historical period from 1915 until the early 1930s. Paul Kochagin is the author's efforts to shape the central character, but also the book's most successful **** the image of the proletarian warrior, he is under the influence of the old Bolsheviks Juhlai from spontaneous to conscious. He understands the social roots of the unequal life, and understands that in order to overthrow the old world, he has to become a "brave and strong class brother" and a "steel warrior of resolute struggle". In the course of his active participation in the great struggle for the defense of Soviet power, he realized that a man can work miracles only when he is linked to his motherland. He once said, "I am in favor of the kind of revolutionaries who think that their individual affairs are in no way comparable to the collective cause."
Paul always put the interests of the party and the motherland in the first place, in that era of blood and fire, Paul and his father and brothers rode together on the frontier, in defense of the Soviet regime, with the foreign armed interlopers and the white bandits in an indomitable struggle. In the years of healing the wounds of war and restoring the national economy, Paul devoted himself to peaceful labor with all his enthusiasm, and his spirit of hard work and desperation showed the noble quality of the first generation of builders.
Paul never surrendered on bended knee. He was always ready to bear the heaviest blow to himself. He withstood all the tests, and in dealing with issues such as friendship, love and family, he also withstood the test, showing the noble ****productivist moral principles.
After Paul was paralyzed and blind, he was so distressed that he could not help himself. He developed the idea of suicide, when the storyline developed to a very tense level. Suicide is tantamount to betrayal of the revolution - because of this, the muzzle of the pistol is so "contemptuously staring at Paul's eyes", so he condemned himself with a cold, grim attitude, saying: "Man, you usually say what to do a heroic cause. The first thing you can do is to make a heroic career, but it turns out to be all talk on paper! ...... Have you ever tried to overcome this life! ...... Have you tried your best to break out of this iron ring? Even when you get to the point where life is just too much to bear, find a way to live. To make life more rewarding. There is nothing worse than falling off the wagon." For a young blind ****anist, all he needed in life was to be able to continue working for the Party. He overcame the blows of his tragic fate with strength and fortitude and began the struggle for his return to the ranks. Paul also practiced the principles of his life with his life's work: "The most precious thing for a man is his life, and life comes only once to each man. A man's life should be spent in such a way that when he looks back, he will not regret his wasted years, nor will he be ashamed of his inactivity; so that when he is dying he will be able to say: 'My whole life and all my energies. All dedicated to the world's most magnificent cause - the struggle for the liberation of mankind.'" This is a true reflection of Paul's fighting life, but also a profound summary of his revolutionary optimism.