Voltaire was quick-thinking and versatile. His works are famous for their sharp language and satirical style. He said, "Laughter can conquer everything. This is the most powerful weapon. " He was twice thrown into the Bastille for satirizing feudal absolutism. His books were banned and he himself was deported many times. He was forced into exile in England from 65438 to 0725, and became interested in the politics and culture of the British bourgeoisie. He studied the British bourgeois constitutional monarchy, Locke's materialist empiricism and Newton's theory of universal gravitation.
Voltaire wrote a large number of literary works, among which the famous ones are the epic Henry Yade, The Girl in Orleans, the tragedy Odeber, the comedy The dissolute Son and the philosophical novel The Honest Man. He also wrote many historical works, such as Louis XIV and On the Customs and Spirits of All Ethnic Groups. In philosophy, his representative works include Dictionary of Philosophy, Metaphysics and Principles of 4 Newton's Philosophy, among which the most influential work is Philosophical Exchange, which is called "the first bomb thrown into the old system".
Voltaire's extraordinary intelligence, keen thinking and exposure of dark feudal absolutism made him enjoy high prestige among the people. The ruler wants to use him, too. Louis XV asked him to be a court historian, Frederick II of Prussia treated him as a guest of honor, and Catherine II of Russia received him, but in the end, his rebellion broke with his thoughts. The painful experience made him decide not to associate with any king again.
Voltaire sharply criticized the dark rule of Cardiff Cardinal Conference. He compared the Pope to a biped, called the priest a "civilized villain" and called Catholicism "the most shameful deception trap set by some cunning people". He called on "everyone to fight the appalling religious fanaticism in their own way, and some people bit his ears;" Some people stepped on his stomach, and some people scolded him from a distance. "But Voltaire is not an atheist, but a deist. He believes that he wants to rule the people; Religion is indispensable. He said, "Even without God; We must also create a god. "
Voltaire believed in the theory of natural rights, believing that "people are equal in essence" and demanding that everyone enjoy "natural rights". He advocates that everyone is equal before the law, but he thinks that the inequality of property rights is inevitable. He idealized the British constitutional monarchy, and thought that the most ideal thing was an "enlightened" monarch to govern the country according to the opinions of philosophers. Philosophically, he acknowledged the objective existence of the material world and affirmed that knowledge originated from sensory experience, but he also believed that God was the "first promoter" of the universe. He despises the working people, thinking that they can only do rough work and can't think, saying, "When the people think, everything will be over."
As a bourgeois thinker, Voltaire has limitations in all aspects, which is not surprising. Because he is also deeply branded with the brand of his time and class. However, his great contribution to the anti-feudal enlightenment is still worthy of people's eternal commemoration.
Voltaire's literary views and interests basically inherited the legacy of classicism in the17th century, mainly in the creation of poems and tragedies. His epic "Henry Yade" (1728) takes the religious war in France in the 6th century as the theme, and writes that Henry IV of Bourbon dynasty ascended the throne after the victory of the civil war, and issued an amnesty in the south to protect the religious freedom of Protestants. Henry IV in the epic is regarded as a model of enlightened monarch. Voltaire's philosophical poems are thorough in reasoning, and satirical poems are witty, calm and unique. Voltaire was mainly engaged in drama creation in his life, and wrote more than 50 plays, most of which were tragedies. The most valuable of Voltaire's literary works is philosophical novels. This is a new genre initiated by him, telling absurd stories in a playful style, insinuating satirical reality and clarifying profound philosophy.
Voltaire settled in Fahrne Manor on the French-Swiss border in his later years.
In the meantime, religious factional struggles occurred in France, which led to a large number of escapes. Voltaire took in hundreds of refugees in his manor. He also repeatedly resisted injustice, upheld justice for the poor and rehabilitated unjust cases. The most influential event is the Kara incident.
17611kloc-0/013 A terrible tragedy happened in a house in Filati Street in Toulouse.
The owner of this family, Jean Kara, is a respected Huguenot businessman.
Late that night, Jean Carla found his eldest son, marc anthony, hanging himself in the shop. At that time, the whole family panicked, and his mother burst into tears, which alarmed the neighbors. Suddenly, someone in the crowd said, "marc anthony was killed by his parents because he chose Catholicism."
Catholicism and Protestantism experienced a religious war in the16th century, which has been more than 200 years, but the opposition is still very sharp. After hearing the news, a judge in Toulouse arrested everyone who was at home on the night of the "murder" without investigating, interrogating or even looking at the scene.
Why did marc anthony commit suicide? It turned out that at the age of 28, he studied law and wanted to be a lawyer, but he was forced to engage in business because he could not get a Catholic certificate. He wanted to get some money from his father to do business, but his father refused. Disappointed, he went to the cafe every day to drown his sorrows. Later, because he was in debt, he felt that his future was bleak and he found a short-sighted idea.
How can an old man with gray hair and nearly sixty years old hang a strong young man? The crime of "murder" is obviously difficult to establish. Prosecutor Di Ku righteously appeared in court to defend old Carla, but was suspended for three months. Lawyer Huddle tried to clarify the truth, but the judge, who was in a frenzy of excitement, ignored it and thought the lawyer was incompetent. The presiding judge abused his power and forced Kara to give up his partner. Kara said flatly, "Since there is no crime, how can there be an accomplice?"
1762, 10 In March, the court rudely sentenced Kara to dismantle the car regardless of all the evidence of innocence. Before the execution, old Carla said bitterly, "I have told the truth, and I died innocently ..."
Shortly after the incident, Voltaire heard all kinds of rumors. He has always been skeptical about the church, believing that Catholicism and Protestantism are shameless people. The tragic experience of the old man Kara aroused his great indignation against the church and judicial authorities, and he was determined to fight for human dignity and freedom of belief.
Through various channels, he calmly investigated and collected evidence in person, summoned Carla's two sons exiled to Geneva to Ferné, and compared the details they provided with the reflections they heard from passing passengers, thus making a personal judgment on the whole incident.
In the meantime, he published the confessions of the two brothers Carla, wrote a pamphlet to expose this inhuman injustice, and provided all the expenses for Mrs Carla to take her to Paris, so as to attract the attention of public opinion.
1February 3, 763, Voltaire wrote an appeal in his own hand and made the conclusion that "I am sure this family is innocent". On March 7, the Privy Council ordered a retrial of the case, and Carla, the wronged old man, and his family were finally rehabilitated.
At the end of this year, Voltaire published the famous "On Religious Tolerance", which lashed out at the religious persecution of reactionary churches and the dark phenomenon that authoritarian regimes ignored human life, and expounded his idealism and materialism.
Later, he also ran for the 19-year-old knight Labar and Mr. sylvain, who was over half a year old, who were also persecuted by the church, and finally rehabilitated these two cases.
Throughout his later years, Voltaire engaged in a great deal of creation with more vigorous fighting spirit, and successively wrote 6 13 entries for the encyclopedia, which was compiled into a book in 1764 and published under the title of "Dictionary of Philosophy". In addition, he also published philosophical novels Chadiger, Naive Man, Historical Works, Russian History under Peter the Great and On Parliament.
It is worth mentioning that during his settlement in Fernai, he kept frequent correspondence with people from all walks of life in European countries. According to statistics, more than 10,000 letters of Voltaire have been preserved, and as many as 700 people corresponded with him. In this way, he discussed various social problems with his correspondents and publicized his anti-authoritarian and anti-church enlightenment thoughts. Voltaire's tireless struggle won him great fame. His name resounded all over Europe, and many celebrities came here to inquire about him. Fernand became the center of European public opinion, and the progressives at that time addressed Voltaire as "the patriarch of Fernand".
1778 February, 84-year-old Voltaire returned to Paris after 28 years' absence. As soon as the news spread, the whole city was a sensation. Some young people who have only heard his name but have never seen him are even more ecstatic, flocking to his place of residence, making the surrounding streets crowded. When he passed by, the women secretly pulled a hair or two from his fur coat and kept it as a sacred object.
In Paris, Voltaire was so excited that he was forced to stay in bed because of uremia. However, he insisted on dictating the last five-act poetic tragedy Irena. Although the script is unremarkable, Paris and Versailles reacted strongly during the performance. The Queen attended the performance, and Voltaire also dragged his sick body to enjoy this final honor and happiness at the scene.
Church people have ulterior motives and want to use Voltaire's prestige to improve their social status, so they try their best to make some money from Voltaire's illness.
One day, a priest sneaked into Voltaire's ward and asked Voltaire to make his last confession. Although Voltaire was not an atheist, but a deist, he was always at odds with the church. He knew the priest's purpose very well and sent him away rudely.
A few days later, another abbot named Morey did the same thing again. Voltaire saw him come in and asked:
"Dad, where are you from?"
"Ah, sir, I am sent by God!"
"Really? Can you show me God's letter? "
Although Voltaire was seriously ill, he still kept a clear head and mercilessly exposed the ugly faces of these "wolves in robes" with his unique spicy irony.
/kloc-in may of 0/2, Voltaire's hemoptysis continued, and his body temperature rose sharply. The Duke of Richelieu couldn't bear to see his old friend suffer like this, so he sent him tincture of opium. Voltaire was confused and drank all the sedatives with remarkable efficacy. While he was in a coma, three priests broke in. When he was a little sober, they asked him if he recognized the sanctity of Christ. Voltaire has given a negative answer in the Dictionary of Philosophy. When he heard the words "Christ" and "Holy", he flew into a rage, made an amazing move, propped up the sick body, pushed the priest angrily and said, "Let me die in peace."
Voltaire died on1on the afternoon of May 30th, 978 1 1. The reactionary church hated this blasphemous old enemy and ordered his body to be transported out of Paris overnight and abandoned.
However, Voltaire's contribution to the French Enlightenment in the18th century is undeniable. He was recognized as the leader and mentor of the people for most of his life. His thoughts and theories will educate generations, lay a theoretical foundation for the anti-feudal struggle and arm the minds of the French people for the coming bourgeois revolution.
After the bourgeois revolution, Voltaire's bones were buried in the Great Men's Cemetery.
The Enlightenment is the second cultural movement of the western bourgeoisie after the Renaissance in the18th century. It opposes the theocracy of the church and feudal autocracy, pursues political and academic freedom, advocates science and technology, and takes reason as the basis of thought and behavior. The word "enlightenment" is Aufkl in German? Rung, English for enlightenment, means enlightenment. In the Enlightenment, it was extended to use the brilliance of modern philosophy and literary knowledge to illuminate the ignorant and backward society caused by the superstition and deception of church and aristocratic autocracy and restore rational authority. Enlightenment is not only carried out in the cultural field, but also involves economy, politics, law, science, philosophy, social system and social fashion.
The Enlightenment took place after the death of Louis XIV in France and before the bourgeois revolution in France. Although the Renaissance struggled with the church and feudal rule for 300 to 400 years from 13 and 14 centuries to 15 and 16 centuries, Christian churches and feudal nobles ruled in Europe for more than a thousand years and were deeply rooted. At that time, industry and commerce had not developed on a large scale, and the bourgeoisie was still in a helpless position, weak in strength, incomplete in revolution, and easy to compromise with reactionary forces. The social development of western European countries is very uneven. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, France was in the so-called "big century", that is, the 14th century of Louis, and it was also a century in which feudal nobles and senior church monks joined hands to be autocratic. The bourgeoisie and the common people are the "third class" and are still in a position without power. Culture and education are entirely in the hands of Catholic Jesuit monks, who monopolize the Bible and a few Latin classical works. The public is in a state of considerable ignorance. This is the historical background of the Enlightenment.
/kloc-in the 0/8th century, the economic and political situation began to change dramatically. France and Britain face each other across the sea, and France lags behind Britain for a century economically and politically. Britain has maritime hegemony and developed industry and commerce; The bourgeoisie stepped onto the political stage and started the industrial revolution; The working class is increasingly active; The rise of the political Charter Movement laid the foundation of parliamentary democracy. In literature, after Shakespeare, Richardson and Stern appeared new novels featuring citizens. French encyclopedic leaders Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau all lived in England. They established close friendship with British empiricist philosophers such as Locke and Hume. They all appreciate the separation of powers and parliamentary democracy in Britain. The French Encyclopedia compiled by Diderot, an enlightenment thinker, was inspired by the encyclopaedia of spreading modern philosophy and scientific knowledge compiled by Chambers in England.
During the 20 years of encyclopedia activities in France, they were constantly attacked and persecuted by reactionary forces. Some people were put in prison, while others were forced into exile. Encyclopedias are prohibited from being published or burned. At that time, the prosecutor accused the Encyclopedia School in the Supreme Court that "they formed a group that supported materialism, destroyed religion, advocated independence and freedom, and corrupted customs". But the encyclopedia finally came out 1772. From 65438 to 0789, the bourgeois revolution broke out in France. Condorcet, one of the leaders of Encyclopedia School, took part in this revolution and was elected as a court member of the revolutionary government. During the revolution, the two Declarations of Human Rights both declared that human rights are human's gifts (that is, innate rights), including "equality, freedom, security and property", which reflected the ideal of the Encyclopedia School. Thus, the Enlightenment made the necessary ideological preparations for the French bourgeois revolution. Engels pointed out in the introduction of anti-Turin that "modern socialism ... in terms of its theoretical form, it was initially manifested as a further and seemingly more thorough development of various principles put forward by the great French enlightenment scholars in the18th century".
Victor? Hugo (L802 ~ 1885) is the leader of the French romantic movement and one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature. His life almost spanned the whole19th century, and his literary career lasted for 60 years, with enduring creation. His romantic novels are wonderful and moving, vigorous and powerful, and have permanent charm for readers.
Hugo 1802 was born in Shaoshangsong City in the south of France. My grandfather was a carpenter and my father was an American army officer. He was once killed by Napoleon's brother, King Joseph of Spain. Bonaparte was awarded the rank of general and was trusted by the king.
Hugo is very talented and smart. At the age of 9, he began to write poems. Go back to Paris to study at the age of 65,438+00. After graduating from high school, he entered law school, but his interest was writing. /kloc-when he was 0/5 years old, he wrote Reading Music at the French Academy, which was rewarded by the French Academy. 17 years old, won the first prize of "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition". At the age of 20, he published a collection of poems, Poetry and Fu. Later, he was disappointed with the Bourbon Dynasty and the July Dynasty and became a pacifist. He also wrote many poems, plays and plays. He created a large number of novels with distinctive features and practiced his thoughts.
1827, Hugo published the play Cromwell and its preface. Although the script was not performed, the preface was regarded as a declaration of French romanticism and an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It greatly promoted the development of French romantic literature.
From 65438 to 0830, Hugo's play Onani was staged in the Grand Theatre of the French Academy, which had a great influence and established the leading position of romanticism in French literature.
Onani tells the story of a robber from Spain, Onani, who rebelled against the king in the16th century. Hugo praised the robber's chivalry and aristocratic temperament, showing a strong anti-feudal tendency.
1830 In July, the "July Revolution" occurred in France, and the feudal restoration dynasty was overthrown. Hugo enthusiastically praised the revolution, the revolutionaries, and wrote poems to mourn the heroes who died in the street fighting.
Notre Dame de Paris, published in 183 1, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of the novel is bizarre, tense, vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.
The story happened in the Middle Ages. On April Fool's Day, wandering gypsy artists performed songs and dances in the square. A gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted passers-by. She dances beautifully.
At this time, the vice bishop of Notre Dame de Paris Claude? Frollo suddenly fell in love with the beautiful Melada, and he fell madly in love with her. So he ordered the church bell ringer, and ugly quasimodo took Esmeralda away. As a result, Fabi, the captain of the French king's bow and arrow, saved Esmeralda and captured quasimodo. He took the bell ringer to the square and whipped him, but the kind gypsy girl gave quasimodo water to drink.
The bell ringer is ugly in appearance, but pure and noble in heart. He was very grateful to Esmeralda and fell in love with her. Naive Esmeralda fell in love with Fabi at first sight. When they were dating, frollo followed them quietly. Out of jealousy, he stabbed Fabi with a knife and ran away. Hermes Rada was sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo took Esmeralda out from under the gallows and hid it in Notre Dame. Frollo took the opportunity to threaten gypsy girls to satisfy his lust. After being rejected, he handed her over to the king's army and the innocent girl was hanged. Quasimodo angrily pushed frollo out of the church and died. He hugged Esmeralda's body and died.
The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred for the feudal government and the church, and also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower classes.
After the "July Revolution", France established the financier Louis? The July dynasty was ruled by the big bourgeoisie headed by Philip. The July dynasty kept wooing Hugo, and Hugo was elected to the French Academy on 184 1, and on 1845, Louis? Philip made him a French aristocrat and became a member of the House of Lords. Hugo's enthusiasm for struggle in creation has weakened. 1843, he wrote a mysterious play "garrison officer", which was booed by the audience and failed. Hugo was silent for nearly 10 years without writing.
1848 In June, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July Dynasty and established the Republic of China. Hugo didn't understand the revolution at first, but when the big bourgeoisie plotted to destroy the Republic, Hugo became a staunch pacifist. 185 1 year 65438+ February, Louis? Bonaparte staged a coup, and Hugo took part in the anti-coup uprising organized by * * * and party member. Louis? After Bonaparte came to power, the Second Empire of France was established. He pursued a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Hugo was persecuted and had to go into exile.
During his exile, Hugo persisted in his struggle with Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. He wrote political satirical pamphlets and poems and lashed out at Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's dictatorship. During this period, he published the novels Les Miserables, Marine Laborers and Smiling Man.
Les Miserables is Hugo's masterpiece. The plot of the novel is roughly like this: Jean Valjean, a poor worker from a peasant background, once saw his sister's child crying with hunger and went to steal bread. Unfortunately, he was caught and sentenced to five years in prison. He escaped from prison many times, was arrested and sentenced to 14 years in prison. As a result, he spent 19 years in prison for a piece of bread. After he got out of prison, Jean Valjean was looked down upon everywhere, with no job and no food. He vowed to take revenge on society. At this time, a bishop named milian influenced him, and he was determined to do good deeds and be a good person.
He changed his name to Madeleine, set up a factory in a city and became a rich man. He provides jobs for the poor and gives them food and houses. He was always ready to help others and was elected mayor by the citizens. At this time, a girl named Shan Ting came to the city. She is a rural girl who went to work in the city and was cheated into giving birth to a daughter. She put her daughter Cosette in foster care with the owner of a hotel. The boss is a villain and took the opportunity to blackmail her. Mountain was forced to sell her beautiful hair and teeth and become a prostitute. Finally, she was poor and ill. When Jean Valjean heard this, he immediately took care of her and promised to raise his daughter Cosette after her death. At this time, the police Javert was chasing Jean Valjean, a convict who had been missing for many years. In Madeleine, he arrested a poor worker, thinking that he was Jean Valjean, and was going to send him to prison. In order to save innocent workers, Jean Valjean stepped forward and voluntarily admitted his identity. He fell into the hands of the police again. On the way to the prison, he managed to escape.
Jean Valjean immediately found Cosette and hid her in a secluded monastery. Over the years, Cosette has grown into a beautiful girl who fell in love with Marius, a Republican. 1832, an uprising led by the party broke out in Paris and was brutally suppressed by the July dynasty. Marius was seriously injured, and Jean Valjean risked his life to save him from the sewer. At this time, Javert sneaked into the rebel army for reconnaissance, was caught and sentenced to death. Jean Valjean executed the order and shot Javert, but Jean Valjean let Javert go. Javert was ashamed of Jean Valjean's noble personality and committed suicide by throwing himself into the river.
Cosette married Marius, and the young man was very happy. Jean Valjean left a lonely life, and finally he died in Cosette's arms.
Les Miserables exposes the sharp contradiction and disparity between the rich and the poor in capitalist society, describes the painful fate of the lower class, and puts forward three problems that need to be solved urgently in society at that time: "Poverty makes men poor, hunger makes women degenerate, and darkness makes children weak", and lashes out at the hypocrisy of bourgeois laws. It fully reflects the social and political life of France in the first half of the19th century. Therefore, the novel is welcomed by people all over the world. In the 20th century, it was adapted into a film for many times, which also attracted countless audiences.
1870 When the Franco-Prussian War broke out, after France was defeated in Sedan, the Prussian army pushed Paris. At the critical moment of national peril, Hugo returned to the motherland after 19 years in exile. He made speeches everywhere, calling on the French people to rise up against the German aggressors and defend the motherland. He also bought two cannons with the reward of his work and reading poems, which showed his lofty patriotism.
When the Paris Commune revolted, Hugo didn't understand the revolution. However, when the commune failed and the reactionary government frantically suppressed the commune members, Hugo angrily condemned the cruelty of the reactionaries. He called for the pardon of all commune members and announced in the newspaper that his residence in Brussels, Belgium would be used as a refuge for exiled members. To this end, his home was attacked by reactionary thugs, and he almost died, but he still held his ground.
Hugo died in 1885. The French people held a state funeral for this great poet. His body was buried in the pantheon built for the burial of great men.
The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 190 1 year, but Hugo died in 1885, so despite his high literary achievements, he still missed the Nobel Prize.
well-known saying
The widest ocean in the world, the sky wider than the ocean, and the human mind wider than the sky.
The future will belong to two kinds of people: those who think and those who work. In fact, these two kinds of people are the same kind of people, because thinking is also labor.
On top of the absolutely correct revolution, there is absolutely correct humanism.
People's wisdom holds three keys, one is to open numbers, the other is to open letters and the other is to open notes. Knowledge, thoughts and fantasies are all in it.
What the world lacks is perseverance, not strength.
What the world lacks is perseverance, not strength.
Boldness is the price of progress.
You should believe that you are a strong person in life.
The road to art is full of thorns, which is also a good thing. Ordinary people are timid, except those who are strong-willed
Whoever wastes his life, his youth will fade, and life will abandon them.
Laughter, like sunshine, drives away the winter on people's faces.
It is better to refuse frankly than to agree reluctantly.
It is the human heart that releases infinite light, and it is also the human heart that creates boundless darkness.
Books are tools to cultivate the mind.
People can only live by material things; One must have ideals to talk about life.
Where the steps cannot be reached, the eyes can reach them; Where the eyes cannot reach, the spirit can fly.
One more school can save a prison.
Life is a smile.
Man has two ears, one hears the voice of God and the other hears the voice of the devil.
I would rather rely on my own strength to explore the future than seek the favor of the powerful.
The first hunger of mankind is ignorance.
Chronicle of events
1802 was born in Besancon in the east of France on February 26th.
18 19 co-founded the conservative literary biweekly with the romantic poet Winnie the Pooh and others. Publish the first poem in a journal.
1822 compiled the first collection of poems, poems and miscellaneous poems. Marry Edna at St. Supes Cathedral.
1825 was awarded the medal of honor to attend the coronation ceremony of Charles X.
1827 published Cromwell and the famous romantic manifesto, and became the leader of the romantic movement.
183 1 year completed the romantic literary masterpiece and novel Notre Dame de Paris (that is, the hunchback of Notre Dame de Paris).
184 1 was elected to the French Academy in and publicly expressed his support for constitutional monarchy.
1843, the script Les Burgraves failed, and his daughter Leo Paulding died unexpectedly, so he stopped his new work and turned to politics.
/kloc-became a nobleman in 0/845 and was named Count Hugo.
1848 set up a major event magazine.
He was arrested and imprisoned on 1850, and Hugo fled Paris under the pseudonym of Wen Lan.
185 1 year, louis bonaparte launched a coup to declare monarchy, and Hugo was forced into exile.
1853 published a collection of poems full of ironic political meanings.
1862, he published the immortal social novel Les Miserables.
Hugo's wife Edna died in 1868.
1870, the third government was established, ending 19 years of exile and returning to Paris.
187 1 was elected as a representative of the national assembly.
Hugo 1876 was elected senator.
1883, the third volume of the century legend is completed.
1May 22, 885, died in Paris. /kloc-in June, 2000, Hugo's coffin was placed under the Arc de Triomphe for all the people to see and buried in the Great Man Cemetery in Paris.
Main work
1827: Cromwell (script)
1829: Oriental (Poetry)
1830: El Nani (script)
183 1: the hunchback of Notre Dame de Paris (novel)
1838: Ruybras (script)
1853: Poetry
1856: Meditation (Poetry)
1862: Les Miserables (novel)
1869: men's quick words (novel)
1859-1883: The Legend of Siecles (Poetry)
1874: quart-Wingate-Treize (novel)
Selected works of writers:/waiguo2005/y/yuguo/index.html.