Hangzhou dialect belongs to the Wu Taihu Lake piece of Hangzhou small piece, Wu Taihu Lake piece of how big it is, roughly including the northern part of Zhejiang Province, the southern part of Jiangsu Province, Shanghai, **** 67 counties and cities, the population of more than 60 million. Then Hangzhou small piece of how small it, its jurisdiction of the 10 districts, only Xihu, Uptown, Downtown, Gongshu, Jianggan, the five, an area of more than six hundred square kilometers, the population of one or two million people, accounting for only about 5% of the population of the Taihu Lake piece.
Look at this map, Hangzhou small piece surrounded by Linshao Wu language and other small areas, seems to be one of the small island. Hangzhou ten districts in Binjiang, Xiaoshan, Fuyang belong to the Linshao small piece, Yuhang, Linan belong to Campsite small piece, the old saying that "ten miles of different sounds", here is a perfect interpretation.
The first reason why the Hangzhou dialect has become a separate part of the Wu dialect is related to the title of the ancient capital of Hangzhou. That's right, it's said to be Zhao Gong. After the Jin army invaded, he fled to Lin'an to set up his capital. A large number of people from the north also moved south, most of them with their families in the north of the clan, bureaucrats and scholars, gentry and merchants, as well as stationed in the city of Lin'an forbidden soldiers are also mostly "north". And the literati are countless, then there is "Northwest scholar in Qiantang" said. There are historical records from the Southern Song Dynasty Jianyan years to the Shaoxing years, just two or three decades, the influx of Lin'an residents of the population explosion, in which the population of Kaifeng at the time for the most. The number of foreigners settling in Hangzhou has long exceeded the number of native speakers, and some scholars have speculated that the ratio of native speakers to foreign speakers was even higher than that of foreign speakers.
The foreign population was not only numerically superior, but also politically superior. These officials and gentry migrated to Hangzhou, so that the usual sense of the host-guest phenomenon has been transformed, replaced by a strong political and economic into the main. Their settlements were within the ten gates of Hangzhou, and although Lin'an was surrounded by other Wu-speaking areas, it was the official language that prevailed in the city, and because of its authoritative status, it evolved the indigenous dialects into the official language. This is the reason why, as has been said, the words of Liu San-chang were sung in the official language in Hangzhou a hundred years later.
Shaoxing, by contrast, is another example. Shaoxing was then home to the mausoleum of the Southern Song royal family, as well as the Zhao clan, and the expatriate population outnumbered the native population. But at this time Shaoxing was neither a political center nor a disparate population ratio, so Shaoxing dialect was not affected by the northern official language, and still maintains the original flavor of the original appearance of the Wu language.
Other nearby counties are also similar to the situation in Shaoxing, only Hangzhou language by the influence of the official language, in the phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, produced a lot of changes, the two sides of the mutual integration of hundreds of years. It is conceivable that if it were not for the disparity in the proportion of people, if it were not for the privileged advantage of political status. The geographical range of Hangzhou dialect today would not be so small, and it would probably be very close to the neighboring Yuhang dialect. This shows the far-reaching impact of political and demographic changes on Hangzhou during the Southern Song Dynasty. It is also because of the Song dynasty south, so that the official language and Hangzhou dialect evolution and fusion, became a with the color of the northern official language of Wu, which is the origin of the current Hangzhou dialect.
During the Qing Dynasty, the Hubin area of Hangzhou was garrisoned by the Eight Banners for more than two hundred years. In the early years of the Republic of China, the eight banners were disbanded, which more than 50,000 officials, soldiers and their families, were scattered into the ordinary people. In order to integrate into the local community, these people began to learn Hangzhou dialect, and their own Beijing official language and Hangzhou language influence, so each other to form the characteristics of the current Hangzhou dialect. In the name of the place on the remnants of the Manchu language, Hangzhou, there is a street called "river on the Han", once upon a time the name of the street is in fact "on the river bank", which is obviously the Chinese pronunciation. And the word "Han" is the pronunciation of the Manchu language, meaning the river or the river. And this street is built along the canal, when this is a crowded, busy water transportation place.
Xu Zhimo once said in a speech in Suzhou, "I'd rather listen to Suzhou people quarrel than listen to Hangzhou people talk. This famous quote, of course, has evolved into many versions since then. Although the "down there Suzhou and Hangzhou" but the two places of the tone of voice is completely different, if the Suzhou language is Wu Nong soft language, Hangzhou language is really a solid bone iron hard (read Ang).
After the Song Dynasty moved south to Hangzhou, everyone in the city spoke the "official language", which led to the formation of the Hangzhou dialect in the voice expression is mostly read, simply read the written language, the so-called speech crepe is the meaning of this. White reading refers to the early local inherent voice, with the official language is more different. Intuitively, if you read a book in Hangzhou dialect, there is basically no tangle between the literary and the white pronunciation. In Wu dialects, there are a lot of words with both white and white readings, but Hangzhou dialect is an exception, there is basically no white reading dialect, which is one of its major features. The evolution process may be like this: after the Song dynasty moved south, the local white pronunciation was very different from the official language, and was gradually rejected. The literary pronunciation, which is similar to that of the northern official languages, gained dominance and replaced the white pronunciation in the following centuries. In the Republic of China, some scholars investigated the Hangzhou dialect and found that there was no difference between white and written pronunciation. Phonetically speaking, many words such as home, flower, street, cross, between, river, and so on, in Hangzhou dialect, the literary pronunciation and the white pronunciation are the same. In other small areas of the Wu language, there is still a difference between the literary and white readings.
The main difference between Hangzhou and neighboring Wu languages is that the vocabulary system is similar to that of Mandarin. For example, in Hangzhou, the personal pronouns are expressed as "I, you, and he", and the plural is added with "們", which is the same as that of Mandarin. In Shanghainese, however, the pronouns are "I, Nong, Yi", and the plurals are "阿拉，? In Shaoxing, it is "我，侬，伊", the plural is "阿拉，? In Shaoxing, it is "I, Nong, Yi", plural is "捱, 乃, 野". In Hangzhou Yuhang, it is "I, Er, Yi", plural "捱, 乃, 茄". Personal pronouns are in fact the most stable basic vocabulary in linguistics, and this shows the uniqueness of Hangzhou dialect. So to determine whether a person is speaking Hangzhou dialect or not, all you have to do is listen to how they say personal pronouns. In many other vocabulary uses, Hangzhou dialect is also consistent with Mandarin. For example, to wash your face, in Wu, there is the use of tide face, tide face. The word "daughter" is used in Nui (囡), which is pronounced differently but uses the same characters. The negative word "no" is more commonly used in Wu as "don't" or "do not". The Hangzhou dialect is more official than the neighboring Wu dialects.
On the one hand, many of the Wu words in Hangzhou dialect are covered by the northern languages, and on the other hand, the surrounding Wu languages have formed an encirclement of Hangzhou dialect, which makes the influence of the Wu language penetrate all the time. The fusion of the two has resulted in a vocabulary that is half Mandarin and half Wu. For example, in Mandarin, the word for face is often used in the neighboring Wu dialects, while the Hangzhou dialect says face, which is clearly a combination of the two. The word "groom", Hangzhou dialect with the bridegroom, is also influenced by the new herdsman this Wu vocabulary.
One of the more significant influences on Hangzhou is the Shaoxing dialect. There is an old saying that Hangzhou radish Shaoxing species. Many Hangzhou people look through the family tree, maybe three generations ago, there are more Shaoxing ancestors, the reason for this is the recent history of war caused by. The first time is 1861, the Taiping Army siege of the city for two months, the local people were killed and injured, resulting in a huge decline in population, the urgent need to fill, Shaoxing immigrants to Hangzhou from this. The second is the anti-Japanese war period, the Japanese invaders often bombarded the Shaoxing area, sweeping, the people suffered from war, in order to avoid the war there are a lot of people came to Hangzhou to make a living.
It is for this reason that Hangzhou dialect has been influenced by Shaoxing dialect, and some of the literary and white pronunciations have changed. For example, the word "say" in Hangzhou dialect, the old school issued the sound of suo, now more use wuo sound, which is consistent with the Shaoxing dialect. In Hangzhou dialect, for example, the word "big" is pronounced da (大), or "big coat" (大衣). It is also pronounced do, "big man", "big foot", "big leg". There are also two pronunciations that can be used, big ah, big boss. In Shaoxing, on the other hand, the word "big" is pronounced do, and these are clear examples.
Many friends know that Hangzhou people like to use "儿", and the use is very rich, "儿 "字加其他词根形成了一大批词。 This is and the Southern Song "official language" fusion and evolution of a major feature, but also with the neighboring Wu language differences, but it has a very different with the use of the northern language.
In terms of pronunciation, the Hangzhou dialect's "儿" is an independent syllable, whereas the northern dialect's "儿" is attached to the root of the word and pronounced on the back of the tongue. For example, "小孩儿" in Hangzhou is xiao hai er, while in the north it is xiao hair, where "儿" is pronounced softly. The Hangzhou word "儿" is used as a separate syllable, so it sounds hard to northern people, while neighboring Wu-speaking areas find it out of place. Take Xiaoshan, which is separated by a river, for example, Hangzhou says "凳儿"(凳子), but Xiaoshan doesn't have "儿", it only says "凳". In terms of lexical meaning, "儿" in the northern dialect has been deflated, and the removal of the suffix does not affect it. In Hangzhou, there are similar words, such as "old man", "flower", "fish", and "bag". If you hear Hangzhou people say "they are playing Ta'er", it means they are mostly joking. But if they say "they are fighting", then they are fighting. If you say a child is crying, it will be associated with a child being beaten and crying, scolded and crying, or hurt and crying. But to say that the child is "crying" is the exact opposite of what is meant, which is that the child is playing a bad game.
Going back a thousand years, the pronunciation of the Chinese "child" is also from the "child tail" to "child" development. The word "儿" in the Tang and Song poems, whether it is the original meaning or the word "儿缀词", is an independent syllable, not like the current children's voice in the northern dialect. From this we can see that the word "儿" in the Southern Song Dynasty is an independent syllable, which should be undoubted. Song and Yuan reflecting the life of Qian Tang notes "Mengliang Records", "Wulin Old Story" and other historical materials, recorded a lot of Hangzhou at that time the word child suffixes. Such as cage, shrimp, bag of incense, eight children, cake, hat, dish, pots, cans, tans, and other words. These words have hundreds of years so far, still in Hangzhou people's oral tradition, indicating that the city class Hangzhou language "child" from a long time ago. In the Ming Dynasty, the rise of vernacular novels, such as "Water Margin", "Jin Ping Mei", "Journey to the West" and so on, recorded a lot of the marketplace at that time, which also has a large number of children's end words. Then compare the Southern Song historical materials found that the two repeated each other, and these words in the structure, semantics, largely consistent, which can be inferred that the children of the Ming Dynasty novel affixed to the word is the upper bearing of the Song and Yuan Dynasty, followed by the modern Hangzhou dialect.
Throughout the years of change, but also due to special historical reasons and geographical conditions, by both the north and south of the integration and constraints of the evolution of the Hangzhou dialect has also undergone several subtle changes. Although Hangzhou dialect is only a very small part of the Wu language, it is also a very rich part. The cultural factors accumulated in the language are like the slowly unfolding scroll of the Qingming Shanghe Tu, floating and flowing in the long river of a thousand years of history. Finally, I would like to conclude with Xu Wenchang's wonderful couplet: